This document should help new developers get started. Like all of Wine, it is a work in progress. SOURCE TREE STRUCTURE ===================== The Wine source tree is loosely based on the original Windows modules. Most of the source is concerned with implementing the Wine API, although there are also various tools, documentation, sample Winelib code, and code specific to the binary loader. Note that several of the libraries listed here are "stubbed out", meaning they still need to be implemented. DLLs: ----- dlls/ - All the DLLs implemented by Wine advapi32/ - Crypto, systeminfo, security, eventlogging avicap32/ - AVI capture window class avifil32/ - COM object to play AVI files cabinet/ - Cabinet file interface comcat/ - Component category manager comctl32/ - Common controls commdlg/ - Common dialog boxes (both 16 & 32 bit) crtdll/ - Old C runtime library crypt32/ - Cryptography ctl3d/ - 3D Effects for Common GUI Components d3d8/ - Direct3D (3D graphics) d3d9/ - Direct3D (3D graphics) d3dim/ - Direct3D Immediate Mode d3dx8/ - Direct3D (3D graphics) dciman32/ - DCI Manager (graphics) ddraw/ - DirectDraw (graphics) devenum/ - Device enumeration (part of DirectShow) dinput/ - DirectInput (device input) dinput8/ - DirectInput (device input) dmband/ - DirectMusic dmcompos/ - DirectMusic dmime/ - DirectMusic dmloader/ - DirectMusic dmscript/ - DirectMusic dmstyle/ - DirectMusic dmsynth/ - DirectMusic dmusic/ - DirectMusic dmusic32/ - DirectMusic dplay/ - DirectPlay (networking) dplayx/ - DirectPlay (networking) dpnhpast/ - DirectPlay NAT Helper dsound/ - DirectSound (audio) gdi/ - GDI (graphics) enhmetafiledrv/ - Enhanced metafile driver metafiledrv/ - Metafile driver glu32/ - OpenGL Utility library (graphics) icmp/ - ICMP protocol (networking) imagehlp/ - PE (Portable Executable) Image Helper lib imm32/ - Input Method Manager iphlpapi/ - IP Helper API kernel/ - The Windows kernel lzexpand/ - Lempel-Ziv compression/decompression mapi32/ - Mail interface mpr/ - Multi-Protocol Router (networking) msacm/ - Audio Compression Manager (multimedia) msdmo/ - DirectX Media Objects msimg32/ - Gradient and transparency (graphics) msisys/ - System information msi/ - Microsoft Installer msnet32/ - Network interface msvcrt/ - C runtime library msvcrt20/ - C runtime library version 2.0 msvcrtd/ - C runtime library debugging msvideo/ - 16 bit video manager mswsock/ - Misc networking netapi32/ - Network interface ntdll/ - NT implementation of kernel calls odbc32/ - Open DataBase Connectivity driver manager ole32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 libraries oleaut32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 automation olecli/ - 16 bit OLE client oledlg/ - OLE 2.0 user interface support olepro32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 automation olesvr/ - 16 bit OLE server opengl32/ - OpenGL implementation (graphics) psapi/ - Process Status interface qcap/ - DirectShow runtime quartz/ - DirectShow runtime rasapi32/ - Remote Access Server interface richedit/ - Rich text editing control rpcrt4/ - Remote Procedure Call runtime serialui/ - Serial port property pages setupapi/ - Setup interface shdocvw/ - Shell document object and control shfolder/ - Shell folder service shell32/ - COM object implementing shell views shlwapi/ - Shell Light-Weight interface snmpapi/ - SNMP protocol interface (networking) sti/ - Still Image service tapi32/ - Telephone interface ttydrv/ - TTY display driver (Wine specific) twain/ - TWAIN Imaging device communications url/ - Internet shortcut shell extension urlmon/ - URL Moniker allows binding to a URL (like KIO/gnome-vfs) user/ - Window management, standard controls, etc. version/ - File installation library win32s/ - 32-bit function access for 16-bit systems winaspi/ - 16 bit Advanced SCSI Peripheral Interface winedos/ - DOS features and BIOS calls (interrupts) (wine specific) wineps/ - Postscript driver (Wine specific) wininet/ - Internet extensions winmm/ - Multimedia (16 & 32 bit) mciXXX/ - Various MCI drivers midimap/ - MIDI mapper wavemap/ - Audio mapper winealsa/ - ALSA audio driver winearts/ - aRts audio driver winejack/ - JACK audio server driver wineoss/ - OSS audio driver winnls/ - National Language Support winsock/ - Sockets 2.0 (networking) wsock32/ - Sockets 1.1 (networking) wintab32/ - Tablet device interface winspool/ - Printing & Print Spooler wintrust/ - Trust verification interface wow32/ - WOW subsystem x11drv/ - X11 display driver (Wine specific) Winelib programs: ----------------- programs/ - All the Winelib programs avitools/ - AVI information viewer and player clock/ - Graphical clock cmdlgtst/ - Common dialog tests control/ - Control panel expand/ - Decompress Lempel-Ziv compressed archive notepad/ - Notepad with RichEdit functionality osversioncheck/ - Check version of Windows being indicated progman/ - Program manager regapi/ - Command line Registry implementation regedit/ - Registry editor regsvr32/ - Register COM server regtest/ - Registry testing program rpcss/ - RPC services rundll32/ - Execute DLL functions directly uninstaller/ - Remove installed programs view/ - Metafile viewer wcmd/ - Command line interface wineconsole/ - Console winedbg/ - Debugger winefile/ - File manager winemine/ - Mine game winepath/ - Translate between Wine and Unix paths winhelp/ - Help viewer winver/ - Windows Version Program Support programs, libraries, etc: --------------------------------- documentation/ - some documentation include/ - Windows standard includes libs/ - the Wine libraries miscemu/ - the main Wine program server/ - the Wine server tools/ - relay code builder, resource compiler, etc. unicode/ - Unicode support shared Miscellaneous: -------------- Note: these directories will ultimately get moved into their respective dlls. files/ - KERNEL file I/O loader/ - KERNEL loader code memory/ - KERNEL memory management misc/ - KERNEL shell, registry, winsock, etc. msdos/ - KERNEL DOS support relay32/ - KERNEL 32-bit relay code scheduler/ - KERNEL process and thread management win32/ - KERNEL misc Win32 functions graphics/ - GDI graphics drivers objects/ - GDI logical objects controls/ - USER built-in widgets windows/ - USER window management IMPLEMENTING NEW API CALLS ========================== This is the simple version, and covers only Win32. Win16 is slightly uglier, because of the Pascal heritage and the segmented memory model. All of the Win32 APIs known to Wine are listed in the .spec file of their corresponding dll. An unimplemented call will look like (from gdi32.spec) 269 stub PolyBezierTo To implement this call, you need to do the following four things. 1. Find the appropriate parameters for the call, and add a prototype to the correct header file. In this case, that means [include/wingdi.h], and it might look like BOOL WINAPI PolyBezierTo(HDC, LPCVOID, DWORD); If the function has both an ASCII and a Unicode version, you need to define both and add a #define WINELIB_NAME_AW declaration. See below for discussion of function naming conventions. 2. Modify the .spec file to tell Wine that the function has an implementation, what the parameters look like and what Wine function to use for the implementation. In Win32, things are simple--everything is 32-bits. However, the relay code handles pointers and pointers to strings slightly differently, so you should use 'str' and 'wstr' for strings, 'ptr' for other pointer types, and 'long' for everything else. 269 stdcall PolyBezierTo(long ptr long) PolyBezierTo The 'PolyBezierTo' at the end of the line is which Wine function to use for the implementation. 3. Implement the function as a stub. Once you add the function to the .spec file, you must add the function to the Wine source before it will link. Add a function called 'PolyBezierTo' somewhere. Good things to put into a stub: o a correct prototype, including the WINAPI o header comments, including full documentation for the function and arguments (see documentation/README.documentation) o A FIXME message and an appropriate return value are good things to put in a stub. /************************************************************ * PolyBezierTo (GDI32.269) * * Draw many Bezier curves. * * RETURNS * Success: Non-zero. * Failure: FALSE. Use GetLastError() to find the error cause. * * BUGS * Unimplemented */ BOOL WINAPI PolyBezierTo(HDC hdc, /* [In] Device context to draw to */ LPCVOID p, /* [In] Array of POINT structs */ DWORD count /* [In] Number of points in p */ ) { /* tell the user they've got a substandard implementation */ FIXME(gdi, ":(%x,%p,%d): stub\n", hdc, p, count); /* some programs may be able to compensate, * if they know what happened */ SetLastError(ERROR_CALL_NOT_IMPLEMENTED); return FALSE; /* error value */ } 4. Implement and test the rest of the function. IMPLEMENTING A NEW DLL ====================== Generic directions ------------------ Apart from writing the set of needed .c files, you also need to do the following: 1. Create a directory where to store the implementation of the DLL. This directory has to be put under the dlls/ directory. If the DLL exists under Windows as both 16 and 32 bit DLL, you should have a single directory with both implementations. 2. Create the Makefile.in in the ./dlls// directory. You can copy an existing Makefile.in from another ./dlls/ subdirectory. You need at least to change the MODULE and C_SRCS macros. 3. Add the directory in ./configure.ac (in AC_OUTPUT macro at the end of the file to trigger the Makefile generation) 4. Run ./make_dlls in the dlls directory to update Makefile.in in that directory. 5. You can now regenerate ./configure file (with 'make configure') and the various Makefiles (with 'configure; make depend') (run from the top of Wine's tree). You should now have a Makefile file in ./dlls// 6. Create the .spec file for the DLL exported functions in your directory. Refer to 'Implementation of new API calls' earlier in this document for more information on this part. 7. You can now start adding .c files. For the .h files, if they are standard Windows one, put them in include/. If they are linked to *your* implementation of the dll, put them in your newly created directory. Debug channels -------------- If you need to create a new debug channel, just add the WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL to your .c file(s), and use them. All the housekeeping will happen automatically. Resources --------- If you also need to add resources to your DLL, then create the .rc file. Add to your ./dlls//Makefile.in, in the RC_SRCS macro, the list of .rc files to add to the DLL. See dlls/comctl32/ for an example of this. Thunking -------- If you're building a 16 & 32 bit DLLs pair, then from the 32 bit code you might need to call 16 bit routine. The way to do it to add in the code, fragments like: /* ### Start build ### */ extern WORD CALLBACK _CallTo16_word_wwlll(FARPROC16,WORD,WORD,LONG,LONG,LONG); /* ### stop build ### */ Where _ is an internal prefix for your module. The first parameter is always of type FARPROC16. Then, you can get the regular list of parameters. The _word_wwlll indicates the type of return (long or word) and the size of the parameters (here l=>long, w=>word; which maps to WORD,WORD,LONG,LONG,LONG. You can put several functions between the Start/Stop build pair. You can also read the winebuild manpage for more details on this. Then, add to ./dlls//Makefile.in a line like: EXTRA_OBJS = $(MODULE).glue.o See dlls/winmm/ for an example of this. MEMORY AND SEGMENTS =================== NE (Win16) executables consist of multiple segments. The Wine loader loads each segment into a unique location in the Wine processes memory and assigns a selector to that segment. Because of this, it's not possible to exchange addresses freely between 16-bit and 32-bit code. Addresses used by 16-bit code are segmented addresses (16:16), formed by a 16-bit selector and a 16-bit offset. Those used by the Wine code are regular 32-bit linear addresses. There are four ways to obtain a segmented pointer: - Using the MapLS function (recommended). - Allocate a block of memory from the global heap and use WIN16_GlobalLock to get its segmented address. - Declare the argument as 'segptr' instead of 'ptr' in the spec file for a given API function. Once you have a segmented pointer, it must be converted to a linear pointer before you can use it from 32-bit code. This can be done with the MapSL function. The linear pointer can then be used freely with standard Unix functions like memcpy() etc. without worrying about 64k boundaries. Note: there's no easy way to convert back from a linear to a segmented address. In most cases, you don't need to worry about segmented address, as the conversion is made automatically by the callback code and the API functions only see linear addresses. However, in some cases it is necessary to manipulate segmented addresses; the most frequent cases are: - API functions that return a pointer - lParam of Windows messages that point to a structure - Pointers contained inside structures accessed by 16-bit code. It is usually a good practice to used the type 'SEGPTR' for segmented pointers, instead of something like 'LPSTR' or 'char *'. As SEGPTR is defined as a DWORD, you'll get a compilation warning if you mistakenly use it as a regular 32-bit pointer. STRUCTURE PACKING ================= Under Windows, data structures are tightly packed, i.e. there is no padding between structure members. On the other hand, by default gcc aligns structure members (e.g. WORDs are on a WORD boundary, etc.). This means that a structure like struct { BYTE x; WORD y; }; will take 3 bytes under Windows, but 4 with gcc, because gcc will add a dummy byte between x and y. To have the correct layout for structures used by Windows code, you need to embed the struct within two special #include's which will take care of the packing for you: #include "pshpack1.h" struct { BYTE x; WORD y; }; #include "poppack1.h" For alignment on a 2-byte boundary, there is a "pshpack2.h", etc. The use of the WINE_PACKED attribute is obsolete. Please remove these in favour of the above solution. Using WINE_PACKED, you would declare the above structure like this: struct { BYTE x; WORD y WINE_PACKED; }; You had to do this every time a structure member is not aligned correctly under Windows (i.e. a WORD not on an even address, or a DWORD on a address that was not a multiple of 4). NAMING CONVENTIONS FOR API FUNCTIONS AND TYPES ============================================== In order to support both Win16 and Win32 APIs within the same source code, the following convention must be used in naming all API functions and types. If the Windows API uses the name 'xxx', the Wine code must use: - 'xxx16' for the Win16 version, - 'xxx' for the Win32 version when no ASCII/Unicode strings are involved, - 'xxxA' for the Win32 version with ASCII strings, - 'xxxW' for the Win32 version with Unicode strings. If the function has both ASCII and Unicode version, you should then use the macros WINELIB_NAME_AW(xxx) or DECL_WINELIB_TYPE_AW(xxx) (defined in include/windef.h) to define the correct 'xxx' function or type for Winelib. When compiling Wine itself, 'xxx' is _not_ defined, meaning that code inside of Wine must always specify explicitly the ASCII or Unicode version. If 'xxx' is the same in Win16 and Win32, you can simply use the same name as Windows, i.e. just 'xxx'. If 'xxx' is Win16 only, you could use the name as is, but it's preferable to use 'xxx16' to make it clear it is a Win16 function. Examples: typedef struct { /* Win32 ASCII data structure */ } WNDCLASSA; typedef struct { /* Win32 Unicode data structure */ } WNDCLASSW; typedef struct { /* Win16 data structure */ } WNDCLASS16; DECL_WINELIB_TYPE_AW(WNDCLASS); ATOM RegisterClass16( WNDCLASS16 * ); ATOM RegisterClassA( WNDCLASSA * ); ATOM RegisterClassW( WNDCLASSW * ); #define RegisterClass WINELIB_NAME_AW(RegisterClass) The Winelib user can then say: WNDCLASS wc = { ... }; RegisterClass( &wc ); and this will use the correct declaration depending on the definition of the UNICODE symbol. NAMING CONVENTIONS FOR NON-API FUNCTIONS AND TYPES ================================================== Functions and data which are internal to your code (or at least shouldn't be visible to any Winelib or Windows program) should be preceded by an identifier to the module: Examples: ENUMPRINTERS_GetDWORDFromRegistryA() (in dlls/winspool/info.c) IAVIFile_fnRelease() (in dlls/avifil32/avifile.c) X11DRV_CreateDC() (in graphics/x11drv/init.c) if you need prototypes for these, there are a few possibilities: - within same source file only: put the prototypes at the top of your file and mark them as prototypes. - within the same module: create a header file within the subdirectory where that module resides, e.g. graphics/ddraw_private.h - from a totally different module, or for use in winelib: you should never do that. Only exported APIs can be called across module boundaries. DEBUG MESSAGES ============== To display a message only during debugging, you normally write something like this: TRACE("abc..."); or FIXME("abc..."); or WARN("abc..."); or ERR("abc..."); depending on the seriousness of the problem. (documentation/degug-msgs explains when it is appropriate to use each of them). You need to declare the debug channel name at the top of the file (after the includes) using the WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL macro, like so: WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL(win); If your debugging code is more complex than just printf, you can use the macros: TRACE_ON(xxx), WARN_ON(xxx), ERR_ON(xxx) and FIXME_ON(xxx) to test if the given channel is enabled. Thus, you can write: if (TRACE_ON(win)) DumpSomeStructure(&str); Don't worry about the inefficiency of the test. If it is permanently disabled (that is TRACE_ON(win) is 0 at compile time), the compiler will eliminate the dead code. For more info about debugging messages, read: documentation/debug-msgs MORE INFO ========= 1. There is a FREE online version of the MSDN library (including documentation for the Win32 API) on http://msdn.microsoft.com/ or http://www.msdn.com/ 2. Windows apilist: http://www.mentalis.org/apilist/apilist.php 3. http://www.sonic.net/~undoc/bookstore.html 4. In 1993 Dr. Dobbs Journal published a column called "Undocumented Corner".