4 If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format
5 is not 'oneline', 'email' or 'raw', an additional line is
6 inserted before the 'Author:' line. This line begins with
7 "Merge: " and the hashes of ancestral commits are printed,
8 separated by spaces. Note that the listed commits may not
9 necessarily be the list of the *direct* parent commits if you
10 have limited your view of history: for example, if you are
11 only interested in changes related to a certain directory or
14 There are several built-in formats, and you can define
15 additional formats by setting a pretty.<name>
16 config option to either another format name, or a
17 'format:' string, as described below (see
18 linkgit:git-config[1]). Here are the details of the
25 This is designed to be as compact as possible.
58 AuthorDate: <author date>
60 CommitDate: <committer date>
68 <abbrev hash> (<title line>, <short author date>)
70 This format is used to refer to another commit in a commit message and
71 is the same as `--pretty='format:%C(auto)%h (%s, %ad)'`. By default,
72 the date is formatted with `--date=short` unless another `--date` option
73 is explicitly specified. As with any `format:` with format
74 placeholders, its output is not affected by other options like
75 `--decorate` and `--walk-reflogs`.
82 Subject: [PATCH] <title line>
88 The 'raw' format shows the entire commit exactly as
89 stored in the commit object. Notably, the hashes are
90 displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or
91 --no-abbrev are used, and 'parents' information show the
92 true parent commits, without taking grafts or history
93 simplification into account. Note that this format affects the way
94 commits are displayed, but not the way the diff is shown e.g. with
95 `git log --raw`. To get full object names in a raw diff format,
100 The 'format:<string>' format allows you to specify which information
101 you want to show. It works a little bit like printf format,
102 with the notable exception that you get a newline with '%n'
105 E.g, 'format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was >>%s<<%n"'
106 would show something like this:
109 The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
110 The title was >>t4119: test autocomputing -p<n> for traditional diff input.<<
114 The placeholders are:
116 - Placeholders that expand to a single literal character:
119 '%x00':: print a byte from a hex code
121 - Placeholders that affect formatting of later placeholders:
122 '%Cred':: switch color to red
123 '%Cgreen':: switch color to green
124 '%Cblue':: switch color to blue
125 '%Creset':: reset color
126 '%C(...)':: color specification, as described under Values in the
127 "CONFIGURATION FILE" section of linkgit:git-config[1]. By
128 default, colors are shown only when enabled for log output
129 (by `color.diff`, `color.ui`, or `--color`, and respecting
130 the `auto` settings of the former if we are going to a
131 terminal). `%C(auto,...)` is accepted as a historical
132 synonym for the default (e.g., `%C(auto,red)`). Specifying
133 `%C(always,...)` will show the colors even when color is
134 not otherwise enabled (though consider just using
135 `--color=always` to enable color for the whole output,
136 including this format and anything else git might color).
137 `auto` alone (i.e. `%C(auto)`) will turn on auto coloring
138 on the next placeholders until the color is switched
140 '%m':: left (`<`), right (`>`) or boundary (`-`) mark
141 '%w([<w>[,<i1>[,<i2>]]])':: switch line wrapping, like the -w option of
142 linkgit:git-shortlog[1].
143 '%<(<N>[,trunc|ltrunc|mtrunc])':: make the next placeholder take at
144 least N columns, padding spaces on
145 the right if necessary. Optionally
146 truncate at the beginning (ltrunc),
147 the middle (mtrunc) or the end
148 (trunc) if the output is longer than
149 N columns. Note that truncating
150 only works correctly with N >= 2.
151 '%<|(<N>)':: make the next placeholder take at least until Nth
152 columns, padding spaces on the right if necessary
153 '%>(<N>)', '%>|(<N>)':: similar to '%<(<N>)', '%<|(<N>)' respectively,
154 but padding spaces on the left
155 '%>>(<N>)', '%>>|(<N>)':: similar to '%>(<N>)', '%>|(<N>)'
156 respectively, except that if the next
157 placeholder takes more spaces than given and
158 there are spaces on its left, use those
160 '%><(<N>)', '%><|(<N>)':: similar to '%<(<N>)', '%<|(<N>)'
161 respectively, but padding both sides
162 (i.e. the text is centered)
164 - Placeholders that expand to information extracted from the commit:
166 '%h':: abbreviated commit hash
168 '%t':: abbreviated tree hash
170 '%p':: abbreviated parent hashes
172 '%aN':: author name (respecting .mailmap, see linkgit:git-shortlog[1]
173 or linkgit:git-blame[1])
175 '%aE':: author email (respecting .mailmap, see linkgit:git-shortlog[1]
176 or linkgit:git-blame[1])
177 '%al':: author email local-part (the part before the '@' sign)
178 '%aL':: author local-part (see '%al') respecting .mailmap, see
179 linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1])
180 '%ad':: author date (format respects --date= option)
181 '%aD':: author date, RFC2822 style
182 '%ar':: author date, relative
183 '%at':: author date, UNIX timestamp
184 '%ai':: author date, ISO 8601-like format
185 '%aI':: author date, strict ISO 8601 format
186 '%as':: author date, short format (`YYYY-MM-DD`)
187 '%cn':: committer name
188 '%cN':: committer name (respecting .mailmap, see
189 linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1])
190 '%ce':: committer email
191 '%cE':: committer email (respecting .mailmap, see
192 linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1])
193 '%cl':: author email local-part (the part before the '@' sign)
194 '%cL':: author local-part (see '%cl') respecting .mailmap, see
195 linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1])
196 '%cd':: committer date (format respects --date= option)
197 '%cD':: committer date, RFC2822 style
198 '%cr':: committer date, relative
199 '%ct':: committer date, UNIX timestamp
200 '%ci':: committer date, ISO 8601-like format
201 '%cI':: committer date, strict ISO 8601 format
202 '%cs':: committer date, short format (`YYYY-MM-DD`)
203 '%d':: ref names, like the --decorate option of linkgit:git-log[1]
204 '%D':: ref names without the " (", ")" wrapping.
205 '%S':: ref name given on the command line by which the commit was reached
206 (like `git log --source`), only works with `git log`
209 '%f':: sanitized subject line, suitable for a filename
211 '%B':: raw body (unwrapped subject and body)
212 ifndef::git-rev-list[]
214 endif::git-rev-list[]
215 '%GG':: raw verification message from GPG for a signed commit
216 '%G?':: show "G" for a good (valid) signature,
217 "B" for a bad signature,
218 "U" for a good signature with unknown validity,
219 "X" for a good signature that has expired,
220 "Y" for a good signature made by an expired key,
221 "R" for a good signature made by a revoked key,
222 "E" if the signature cannot be checked (e.g. missing key)
223 and "N" for no signature
224 '%GS':: show the name of the signer for a signed commit
225 '%GK':: show the key used to sign a signed commit
226 '%GF':: show the fingerprint of the key used to sign a signed commit
227 '%GP':: show the fingerprint of the primary key whose subkey was used
228 to sign a signed commit
229 '%gD':: reflog selector, e.g., `refs/stash@{1}` or `refs/stash@{2
230 minutes ago}`; the format follows the rules described for the
231 `-g` option. The portion before the `@` is the refname as
232 given on the command line (so `git log -g refs/heads/master`
233 would yield `refs/heads/master@{0}`).
234 '%gd':: shortened reflog selector; same as `%gD`, but the refname
235 portion is shortened for human readability (so
236 `refs/heads/master` becomes just `master`).
237 '%gn':: reflog identity name
238 '%gN':: reflog identity name (respecting .mailmap, see
239 linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1])
240 '%ge':: reflog identity email
241 '%gE':: reflog identity email (respecting .mailmap, see
242 linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1])
243 '%gs':: reflog subject
244 '%(trailers[:options])':: display the trailers of the body as
246 linkgit:git-interpret-trailers[1]. The
247 `trailers` string may be followed by a colon
248 and zero or more comma-separated options:
249 ** 'key=<K>': only show trailers with specified key. Matching is done
250 case-insensitively and trailing colon is optional. If option is
251 given multiple times trailer lines matching any of the keys are
252 shown. This option automatically enables the `only` option so that
253 non-trailer lines in the trailer block are hidden. If that is not
254 desired it can be disabled with `only=false`. E.g.,
255 `%(trailers:key=Reviewed-by)` shows trailer lines with key
257 ** 'only[=val]': select whether non-trailer lines from the trailer
258 block should be included. The `only` keyword may optionally be
259 followed by an equal sign and one of `true`, `on`, `yes` to omit or
260 `false`, `off`, `no` to show the non-trailer lines. If option is
261 given without value it is enabled. If given multiple times the last
263 ** 'separator=<SEP>': specify a separator inserted between trailer
264 lines. When this option is not given each trailer line is
265 terminated with a line feed character. The string SEP may contain
266 the literal formatting codes described above. To use comma as
267 separator one must use `%x2C` as it would otherwise be parsed as
268 next option. If separator option is given multiple times only the
269 last one is used. E.g., `%(trailers:key=Ticket,separator=%x2C )`
270 shows all trailer lines whose key is "Ticket" separated by a comma
272 ** 'unfold[=val]': make it behave as if interpret-trailer's `--unfold`
273 option was given. In same way as to for `only` it can be followed
274 by an equal sign and explicit value. E.g.,
275 `%(trailers:only,unfold=true)` unfolds and shows all trailer lines.
276 ** 'valueonly[=val]': skip over the key part of the trailer line and only
277 show the value part. Also this optionally allows explicit value.
279 NOTE: Some placeholders may depend on other options given to the
280 revision traversal engine. For example, the `%g*` reflog options will
281 insert an empty string unless we are traversing reflog entries (e.g., by
282 `git log -g`). The `%d` and `%D` placeholders will use the "short"
283 decoration format if `--decorate` was not already provided on the command
286 If you add a `+` (plus sign) after '%' of a placeholder, a line-feed
287 is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
288 placeholder expands to a non-empty string.
290 If you add a `-` (minus sign) after '%' of a placeholder, all consecutive
291 line-feeds immediately preceding the expansion are deleted if and only if the
292 placeholder expands to an empty string.
294 If you add a ` ` (space) after '%' of a placeholder, a space
295 is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
296 placeholder expands to a non-empty string.
300 The 'tformat:' format works exactly like 'format:', except that it
301 provides "terminator" semantics instead of "separator" semantics. In
302 other words, each commit has the message terminator character (usually a
303 newline) appended, rather than a separator placed between entries.
304 This means that the final entry of a single-line format will be properly
305 terminated with a new line, just as the "oneline" format does.
308 ---------------------
309 $ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \
310 | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
312 7134973 -- NO NEWLINE
314 $ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \
315 | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
318 ---------------------
320 In addition, any unrecognized string that has a `%` in it is interpreted
321 as if it has `tformat:` in front of it. For example, these two are
324 ---------------------
325 $ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef
326 $ git log -2 --pretty=%h 4da45bef
327 ---------------------