6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of
26 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
27 in-depth introduction.
29 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
30 page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
31 individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
32 manual page gives you an overview of the command line command syntax.
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest Git documentation
35 can be viewed at `http://git-htmldocs.googlecode.com/git/git.html`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of Git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.8.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.4]
49 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4],
50 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3],
51 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2],
52 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1],
53 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1].
55 * link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3]
58 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3],
59 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2],
60 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1],
61 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0].
63 * link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
66 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4],
67 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3],
68 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2],
69 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1],
70 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12].
72 * link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
75 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
76 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6],
77 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
78 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
79 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
80 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
81 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
82 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
84 * link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
87 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
88 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
89 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
90 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
91 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
92 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
94 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
97 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
98 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
99 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
100 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
101 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
102 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
103 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
104 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
106 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
109 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
110 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
111 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
112 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
113 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
114 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
115 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
117 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
120 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
121 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
122 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
123 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
124 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
125 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
126 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
127 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
129 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
132 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
133 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
134 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
135 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
136 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
137 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
138 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
140 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
143 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
144 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
145 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
146 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
147 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
149 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
152 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
153 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
154 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
155 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
156 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
157 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
159 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
162 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
163 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
164 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
165 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
166 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
167 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
169 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
172 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
173 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
174 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
175 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
176 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
177 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
179 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
182 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
183 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
184 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
185 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
186 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
188 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
191 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
192 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
193 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
194 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
195 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
196 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
197 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
198 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
199 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
200 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
202 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
205 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
206 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
207 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
208 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
210 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
213 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
214 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
215 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
216 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
217 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
218 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
219 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
220 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
221 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
222 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
224 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
227 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
228 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
229 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
230 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
231 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
232 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
234 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
237 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
238 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
239 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
240 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
241 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
244 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
245 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
246 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
247 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
248 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
249 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
251 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
254 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
255 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
256 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
257 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
259 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
262 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
263 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
264 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
265 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
266 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
267 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
268 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
270 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
273 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
274 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
275 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
276 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
277 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
278 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
279 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
281 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
284 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
285 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
286 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
287 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
288 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
289 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
290 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
292 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
295 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
296 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
297 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
298 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
299 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
300 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
301 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
302 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
304 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
307 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
308 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
309 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
310 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
311 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
312 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
313 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
314 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
315 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
317 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
320 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
321 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
322 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
323 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
324 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
325 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
327 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
330 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
331 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
332 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
333 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
334 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
335 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
336 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
338 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
341 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
342 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
343 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
344 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
345 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
346 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
347 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
349 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
350 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
351 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
352 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
361 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
364 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
365 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
366 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
367 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
369 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
370 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
371 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
375 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
376 given will override values from configuration files.
377 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
378 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
380 --exec-path[=<path>]::
381 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
382 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
383 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
384 the current setting and then exit.
387 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
388 documentation is installed and exit.
391 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
392 this version of Git and exit.
395 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
396 version of Git are installed and exit.
400 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
401 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
402 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
406 Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
409 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
410 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
411 path or relative path to current working directory.
414 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
415 or a path relative to the current working directory.
416 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
417 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
418 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
419 more detailed discussion).
422 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
423 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
427 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
428 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
431 --no-replace-objects::
432 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
433 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
435 --literal-pathspecs::
436 Treat pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. This is
437 equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
444 We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
445 ("plumbing") commands.
447 High-level commands (porcelain)
448 -------------------------------
450 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
451 ancillary user utilities.
453 Main porcelain commands
454 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
456 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
462 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
466 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
469 Interacting with Others
470 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
472 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
473 people via patch over e-mail.
475 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
478 Low-level commands (plumbing)
479 -----------------------------
481 Although Git includes its
482 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
483 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
484 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
485 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
487 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
488 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
489 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
490 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
491 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
494 The following description divides
495 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
496 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
497 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
501 Manipulation commands
502 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
504 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
507 Interrogation commands
508 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
510 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
512 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
516 Synching repositories
517 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
519 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
521 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
522 typically do not use them directly.
524 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
527 Internal helper commands
528 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
530 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
531 users typically do not use them directly.
533 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
536 Configuration Mechanism
537 -----------------------
539 Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
540 repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look
545 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
550 ; Don't trust file modes
555 name = "Junio C Hamano"
556 email = "gitster@pobox.com"
560 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
561 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
562 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
565 Identifier Terminology
566 ----------------------
568 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
571 Indicates a blob object name.
574 Indicates a tree object name.
577 Indicates a commit object name.
580 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
581 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
582 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
583 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
586 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
587 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
588 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
589 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
592 Indicates that an object type is required.
593 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
596 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
597 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
601 Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
605 indicates the head of the current branch.
609 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
613 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
615 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
616 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
619 File/Directory Structure
620 ------------------------
622 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
624 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
626 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
632 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
635 Environment Variables
636 ---------------------
637 Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
641 These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
642 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
643 Git so take care if using Cogito etc.
646 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
647 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
650 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
651 If the object storage directory is specified via this
652 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
653 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
656 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
657 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
658 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
659 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
660 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
661 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
664 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
665 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
666 for the base of the repository.
667 The '--git-dir' command-line option also sets this value.
670 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
671 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
672 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
673 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
674 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
677 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
678 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
680 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
681 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
682 If set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir
683 up into while looking for a repository directory.
684 It will not exclude the current working directory or
685 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
686 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
688 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
689 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
690 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
691 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
692 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
693 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
694 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
695 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
703 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
704 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
705 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
707 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
712 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
713 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
714 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
715 value passed on the Git diff command line.
717 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
718 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
719 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
720 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
721 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
723 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
727 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
728 contents of <old|new>,
729 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
730 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
732 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
733 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
734 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
735 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
736 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
738 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
743 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
744 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
745 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
746 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
749 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
750 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
751 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
752 linkgit:git-config[1].
755 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
756 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
757 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
758 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
761 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
762 and 'git push' will use this command instead
763 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
764 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
765 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
766 shell command to execute on that remote system.
768 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
769 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
770 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
772 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
773 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
777 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
778 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
779 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
780 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
781 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
783 'GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM'::
784 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
785 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can
786 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
787 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
788 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
789 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
792 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
793 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
794 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
795 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
796 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
797 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
798 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
799 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
802 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
803 is case insensitive), Git will print `trace:` messages on
804 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
805 execution and external command execution.
806 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
807 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
808 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
809 trace messages into this file descriptor.
810 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
811 (starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
812 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
815 GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS::
816 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
817 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
818 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
819 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
820 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
821 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
822 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
825 Discussion[[Discussion]]
826 ------------------------
828 More detail on the following is available from the
829 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
830 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
832 A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
833 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
834 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
835 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
836 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
837 as tags and branch heads.
839 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
840 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
841 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
842 and some number of parent commits.
844 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
845 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
846 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
847 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
849 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
850 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
851 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
852 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
855 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
856 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
858 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
859 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
860 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
861 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
862 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
863 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
865 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
866 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
867 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
868 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
869 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
870 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
871 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
872 content stored in the index.
874 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
875 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
876 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
878 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
879 ---------------------
881 See the references in the "description" section to get started
882 using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
883 for a first-time user.
885 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
886 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
887 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
889 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
891 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
894 The internals are documented in the
895 link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
897 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
898 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
903 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
904 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
905 <git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.ohloh.net/p/git/contributors/summary
906 gives you a more complete list of contributors.
908 If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
909 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
910 the authors for specific parts of the project.
915 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
916 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
917 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
921 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
922 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
923 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
924 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
925 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
929 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite