Merge branch 'jv/pack-objects-narrower-ref-iteration'

[git] / merge-ort.c

/*
 * "Ostensibly Recursive's Twin" merge strategy, or "ort" for short.  Meant
 * as a drop-in replacement for the "recursive" merge strategy, allowing one
 * to replace
 *
 *   git merge [-s recursive]
 *
 * with
 *
 *   git merge -s ort
 *
 * Note: git's parser allows the space between '-s' and its argument to be
 * missing.  (Should I have backronymed "ham", "alsa", "kip", "nap, "alvo",
 * "cale", "peedy", or "ins" instead of "ort"?)
 */

#include "cache.h"
#include "merge-ort.h"

#include "alloc.h"
#include "blob.h"
#include "cache-tree.h"
#include "commit.h"
#include "commit-reach.h"
#include "diff.h"
#include "diffcore.h"
#include "dir.h"
#include "ll-merge.h"
#include "object-store.h"
#include "revision.h"
#include "strmap.h"
#include "submodule.h"
#include "tree.h"
#include "unpack-trees.h"
#include "xdiff-interface.h"

/*
 * We have many arrays of size 3.  Whenever we have such an array, the
 * indices refer to one of the sides of the three-way merge.  This is so
 * pervasive that the constants 0, 1, and 2 are used in many places in the
 * code (especially in arithmetic operations to find the other side's index
 * or to compute a relevant mask), but sometimes these enum names are used
 * to aid code clarity.
 *
 * See also 'filemask' and 'dirmask' in struct conflict_info; the "ith side"
 * referred to there is one of these three sides.
 */
enum merge_side {
        MERGE_BASE = 0,
        MERGE_SIDE1 = 1,
        MERGE_SIDE2 = 2
};

struct rename_info {
        /*
         * pairs: pairing of filenames from diffcore_rename()
         *
         * Index 1 and 2 correspond to sides 1 & 2 as used in
         * conflict_info.stages.  Index 0 unused.
         */
        struct diff_queue_struct pairs[3];

        /*
         * needed_limit: value needed for inexact rename detection to run
         *
         * If the current rename limit wasn't high enough for inexact
         * rename detection to run, this records the limit needed.  Otherwise,
         * this value remains 0.
         */
        int needed_limit;
};

struct merge_options_internal {
        /*
         * paths: primary data structure in all of merge ort.
         *
         * The keys of paths:
         *   * are full relative paths from the toplevel of the repository
         *     (e.g. "drivers/firmware/raspberrypi.c").
         *   * store all relevant paths in the repo, both directories and
         *     files (e.g. drivers, drivers/firmware would also be included)
         *   * these keys serve to intern all the path strings, which allows
         *     us to do pointer comparison on directory names instead of
         *     strcmp; we just have to be careful to use the interned strings.
         *     (Technically paths_to_free may track some strings that were
         *      removed from froms paths.)
         *
         * The values of paths:
         *   * either a pointer to a merged_info, or a conflict_info struct
         *   * merged_info contains all relevant information for a
         *     non-conflicted entry.
         *   * conflict_info contains a merged_info, plus any additional
         *     information about a conflict such as the higher orders stages
         *     involved and the names of the paths those came from (handy
         *     once renames get involved).
         *   * a path may start "conflicted" (i.e. point to a conflict_info)
         *     and then a later step (e.g. three-way content merge) determines
         *     it can be cleanly merged, at which point it'll be marked clean
         *     and the algorithm will ignore any data outside the contained
         *     merged_info for that entry
         *   * If an entry remains conflicted, the merged_info portion of a
         *     conflict_info will later be filled with whatever version of
         *     the file should be placed in the working directory (e.g. an
         *     as-merged-as-possible variation that contains conflict markers).
         */
        struct strmap paths;

        /*
         * conflicted: a subset of keys->values from "paths"
         *
         * conflicted is basically an optimization between process_entries()
         * and record_conflicted_index_entries(); the latter could loop over
         * ALL the entries in paths AGAIN and look for the ones that are
         * still conflicted, but since process_entries() has to loop over
         * all of them, it saves the ones it couldn't resolve in this strmap
         * so that record_conflicted_index_entries() can iterate just the
         * relevant entries.
         */
        struct strmap conflicted;

        /*
         * paths_to_free: additional list of strings to free
         *
         * If keys are removed from "paths", they are added to paths_to_free
         * to ensure they are later freed.  We avoid free'ing immediately since
         * other places (e.g. conflict_info.pathnames[]) may still be
         * referencing these paths.
         */
        struct string_list paths_to_free;

        /*
         * output: special messages and conflict notices for various paths
         *
         * This is a map of pathnames (a subset of the keys in "paths" above)
         * to strbufs.  It gathers various warning/conflict/notice messages
         * for later processing.
         */
        struct strmap output;

        /*
         * renames: various data relating to rename detection
         */
        struct rename_info renames;

        /*
         * current_dir_name: temporary var used in collect_merge_info_callback()
         *
         * Used to set merged_info.directory_name; see documentation for that
         * variable and the requirements placed on that field.
         */
        const char *current_dir_name;

        /* call_depth: recursion level counter for merging merge bases */
        int call_depth;
};

struct version_info {
        struct object_id oid;
        unsigned short mode;
};

struct merged_info {
        /* if is_null, ignore result.  otherwise result has oid & mode */
        struct version_info result;
        unsigned is_null:1;

        /*
         * clean: whether the path in question is cleanly merged.
         *
         * see conflict_info.merged for more details.
         */
        unsigned clean:1;

        /*
         * basename_offset: offset of basename of path.
         *
         * perf optimization to avoid recomputing offset of final '/'
         * character in pathname (0 if no '/' in pathname).
         */
        size_t basename_offset;

         /*
          * directory_name: containing directory name.
          *
          * Note that we assume directory_name is constructed such that
          *    strcmp(dir1_name, dir2_name) == 0 iff dir1_name == dir2_name,
          * i.e. string equality is equivalent to pointer equality.  For this
          * to hold, we have to be careful setting directory_name.
          */
        const char *directory_name;
};

struct conflict_info {
        /*
         * merged: the version of the path that will be written to working tree
         *
         * WARNING: It is critical to check merged.clean and ensure it is 0
         * before reading any conflict_info fields outside of merged.
         * Allocated merge_info structs will always have clean set to 1.
         * Allocated conflict_info structs will have merged.clean set to 0
         * initially.  The merged.clean field is how we know if it is safe
         * to access other parts of conflict_info besides merged; if a
         * conflict_info's merged.clean is changed to 1, the rest of the
         * algorithm is not allowed to look at anything outside of the
         * merged member anymore.
         */
        struct merged_info merged;

        /* oids & modes from each of the three trees for this path */
        struct version_info stages[3];

        /* pathnames for each stage; may differ due to rename detection */
        const char *pathnames[3];

        /* Whether this path is/was involved in a directory/file conflict */
        unsigned df_conflict:1;

        /*
         * Whether this path is/was involved in a non-content conflict other
         * than a directory/file conflict (e.g. rename/rename, rename/delete,
         * file location based on possible directory rename).
         */
        unsigned path_conflict:1;

        /*
         * For filemask and dirmask, the ith bit corresponds to whether the
         * ith entry is a file (filemask) or a directory (dirmask).  Thus,
         * filemask & dirmask is always zero, and filemask | dirmask is at
         * most 7 but can be less when a path does not appear as either a
         * file or a directory on at least one side of history.
         *
         * Note that these masks are related to enum merge_side, as the ith
         * entry corresponds to side i.
         *
         * These values come from a traverse_trees() call; more info may be
         * found looking at tree-walk.h's struct traverse_info,
         * particularly the documentation above the "fn" member (note that
         * filemask = mask & ~dirmask from that documentation).
         */
        unsigned filemask:3;
        unsigned dirmask:3;

        /*
         * Optimization to track which stages match, to avoid the need to
         * recompute it in multiple steps. Either 0 or at least 2 bits are
         * set; if at least 2 bits are set, their corresponding stages match.
         */
        unsigned match_mask:3;
};

/*** Function Grouping: various utility functions ***/

/*
 * For the next three macros, see warning for conflict_info.merged.
 *
 * In each of the below, mi is a struct merged_info*, and ci was defined
 * as a struct conflict_info* (but we need to verify ci isn't actually
 * pointed at a struct merged_info*).
 *
 * INITIALIZE_CI: Assign ci to mi but only if it's safe; set to NULL otherwise.
 * VERIFY_CI: Ensure that something we assigned to a conflict_info* is one.
 * ASSIGN_AND_VERIFY_CI: Similar to VERIFY_CI but do assignment first.
 */
#define INITIALIZE_CI(ci, mi) do {                                           \
        (ci) = (!(mi) || (mi)->clean) ? NULL : (struct conflict_info *)(mi); \
} while (0)
#define VERIFY_CI(ci) assert(ci && !ci->merged.clean);
#define ASSIGN_AND_VERIFY_CI(ci, mi) do {    \
        (ci) = (struct conflict_info *)(mi);  \
        assert((ci) && !(mi)->clean);        \
} while (0)

static void free_strmap_strings(struct strmap *map)
{
        struct hashmap_iter iter;
        struct strmap_entry *entry;

        strmap_for_each_entry(map, &iter, entry) {
                free((char*)entry->key);
        }
}

static void clear_or_reinit_internal_opts(struct merge_options_internal *opti,
                                          int reinitialize)
{
        void (*strmap_func)(struct strmap *, int) =
                reinitialize ? strmap_partial_clear : strmap_clear;

        /*
         * We marked opti->paths with strdup_strings = 0, so that we
         * wouldn't have to make another copy of the fullpath created by
         * make_traverse_path from setup_path_info().  But, now that we've
         * used it and have no other references to these strings, it is time
         * to deallocate them.
         */
        free_strmap_strings(&opti->paths);
        strmap_func(&opti->paths, 1);

        /*
         * All keys and values in opti->conflicted are a subset of those in
         * opti->paths.  We don't want to deallocate anything twice, so we
         * don't free the keys and we pass 0 for free_values.
         */
        strmap_func(&opti->conflicted, 0);

        /*
         * opti->paths_to_free is similar to opti->paths; we created it with
         * strdup_strings = 0 to avoid making _another_ copy of the fullpath
         * but now that we've used it and have no other references to these
         * strings, it is time to deallocate them.  We do so by temporarily
         * setting strdup_strings to 1.
         */
        opti->paths_to_free.strdup_strings = 1;
        string_list_clear(&opti->paths_to_free, 0);
        opti->paths_to_free.strdup_strings = 0;

        if (!reinitialize) {
                struct hashmap_iter iter;
                struct strmap_entry *e;

                /* Release and free each strbuf found in output */
                strmap_for_each_entry(&opti->output, &iter, e) {
                        struct strbuf *sb = e->value;
                        strbuf_release(sb);
                        /*
                         * While strictly speaking we don't need to free(sb)
                         * here because we could pass free_values=1 when
                         * calling strmap_clear() on opti->output, that would
                         * require strmap_clear to do another
                         * strmap_for_each_entry() loop, so we just free it
                         * while we're iterating anyway.
                         */
                        free(sb);
                }
                strmap_clear(&opti->output, 0);
        }
}

static int err(struct merge_options *opt, const char *err, ...)
{
        va_list params;
        struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;

        strbuf_addstr(&sb, "error: ");
        va_start(params, err);
        strbuf_vaddf(&sb, err, params);
        va_end(params);

        error("%s", sb.buf);
        strbuf_release(&sb);

        return -1;
}

static void format_commit(struct strbuf *sb,
                          int indent,
                          struct commit *commit)
{
        struct merge_remote_desc *desc;
        struct pretty_print_context ctx = {0};
        ctx.abbrev = DEFAULT_ABBREV;

        strbuf_addchars(sb, ' ', indent);
        desc = merge_remote_util(commit);
        if (desc) {
                strbuf_addf(sb, "virtual %s\n", desc->name);
                return;
        }

        format_commit_message(commit, "%h %s", sb, &ctx);
        strbuf_addch(sb, '\n');
}

__attribute__((format (printf, 4, 5)))
static void path_msg(struct merge_options *opt,
                     const char *path,
                     int omittable_hint, /* skippable under --remerge-diff */
                     const char *fmt, ...)
{
        va_list ap;
        struct strbuf *sb = strmap_get(&opt->priv->output, path);
        if (!sb) {
                sb = xmalloc(sizeof(*sb));
                strbuf_init(sb, 0);
                strmap_put(&opt->priv->output, path, sb);
        }

        va_start(ap, fmt);
        strbuf_vaddf(sb, fmt, ap);
        va_end(ap);

        strbuf_addch(sb, '\n');
}

/* add a string to a strbuf, but converting "/" to "_" */
static void add_flattened_path(struct strbuf *out, const char *s)
{
        size_t i = out->len;
        strbuf_addstr(out, s);
        for (; i < out->len; i++)
                if (out->buf[i] == '/')
                        out->buf[i] = '_';
}

static char *unique_path(struct strmap *existing_paths,
                         const char *path,
                         const char *branch)
{
        struct strbuf newpath = STRBUF_INIT;
        int suffix = 0;
        size_t base_len;

        strbuf_addf(&newpath, "%s~", path);
        add_flattened_path(&newpath, branch);

        base_len = newpath.len;
        while (strmap_contains(existing_paths, newpath.buf)) {
                strbuf_setlen(&newpath, base_len);
                strbuf_addf(&newpath, "_%d", suffix++);
        }

        return strbuf_detach(&newpath, NULL);
}

/*** Function Grouping: functions related to collect_merge_info() ***/

static void setup_path_info(struct merge_options *opt,
                            struct string_list_item *result,
                            const char *current_dir_name,
                            int current_dir_name_len,
                            char *fullpath, /* we'll take over ownership */
                            struct name_entry *names,
                            struct name_entry *merged_version,
                            unsigned is_null,     /* boolean */
                            unsigned df_conflict, /* boolean */
                            unsigned filemask,
                            unsigned dirmask,
                            int resolved          /* boolean */)
{
        /* result->util is void*, so mi is a convenience typed variable */
        struct merged_info *mi;

        assert(!is_null || resolved);
        assert(!df_conflict || !resolved); /* df_conflict implies !resolved */
        assert(resolved == (merged_version != NULL));

        mi = xcalloc(1, resolved ? sizeof(struct merged_info) :
                                   sizeof(struct conflict_info));
        mi->directory_name = current_dir_name;
        mi->basename_offset = current_dir_name_len;
        mi->clean = !!resolved;
        if (resolved) {
                mi->result.mode = merged_version->mode;
                oidcpy(&mi->result.oid, &merged_version->oid);
                mi->is_null = !!is_null;
        } else {
                int i;
                struct conflict_info *ci;

                ASSIGN_AND_VERIFY_CI(ci, mi);
                for (i = MERGE_BASE; i <= MERGE_SIDE2; i++) {
                        ci->pathnames[i] = fullpath;
                        ci->stages[i].mode = names[i].mode;
                        oidcpy(&ci->stages[i].oid, &names[i].oid);
                }
                ci->filemask = filemask;
                ci->dirmask = dirmask;
                ci->df_conflict = !!df_conflict;
                if (dirmask)
                        /*
                         * Assume is_null for now, but if we have entries
                         * under the directory then when it is complete in
                         * write_completed_directory() it'll update this.
                         * Also, for D/F conflicts, we have to handle the
                         * directory first, then clear this bit and process
                         * the file to see how it is handled -- that occurs
                         * near the top of process_entry().
                         */
                        mi->is_null = 1;
        }
        strmap_put(&opt->priv->paths, fullpath, mi);
        result->string = fullpath;
        result->util = mi;
}

static int collect_merge_info_callback(int n,
                                       unsigned long mask,
                                       unsigned long dirmask,
                                       struct name_entry *names,
                                       struct traverse_info *info)
{
        /*
         * n is 3.  Always.
         * common ancestor (mbase) has mask 1, and stored in index 0 of names
         * head of side 1  (side1) has mask 2, and stored in index 1 of names
         * head of side 2  (side2) has mask 4, and stored in index 2 of names
         */
        struct merge_options *opt = info->data;
        struct merge_options_internal *opti = opt->priv;
        struct string_list_item pi;  /* Path Info */
        struct conflict_info *ci; /* typed alias to pi.util (which is void*) */
        struct name_entry *p;
        size_t len;
        char *fullpath;
        const char *dirname = opti->current_dir_name;
        unsigned filemask = mask & ~dirmask;
        unsigned match_mask = 0; /* will be updated below */
        unsigned mbase_null = !(mask & 1);
        unsigned side1_null = !(mask & 2);
        unsigned side2_null = !(mask & 4);
        unsigned side1_matches_mbase = (!side1_null && !mbase_null &&
                                        names[0].mode == names[1].mode &&
                                        oideq(&names[0].oid, &names[1].oid));
        unsigned side2_matches_mbase = (!side2_null && !mbase_null &&
                                        names[0].mode == names[2].mode &&
                                        oideq(&names[0].oid, &names[2].oid));
        unsigned sides_match = (!side1_null && !side2_null &&
                                names[1].mode == names[2].mode &&
                                oideq(&names[1].oid, &names[2].oid));

        /*
         * Note: When a path is a file on one side of history and a directory
         * in another, we have a directory/file conflict.  In such cases, if
         * the conflict doesn't resolve from renames and deletions, then we
         * always leave directories where they are and move files out of the
         * way.  Thus, while struct conflict_info has a df_conflict field to
         * track such conflicts, we ignore that field for any directories at
         * a path and only pay attention to it for files at the given path.
         * The fact that we leave directories were they are also means that
         * we do not need to worry about getting additional df_conflict
         * information propagated from parent directories down to children
         * (unlike, say traverse_trees_recursive() in unpack-trees.c, which
         * sets a newinfo.df_conflicts field specifically to propagate it).
         */
        unsigned df_conflict = (filemask != 0) && (dirmask != 0);

        /* n = 3 is a fundamental assumption. */
        if (n != 3)
                BUG("Called collect_merge_info_callback wrong");

        /*
         * A bunch of sanity checks verifying that traverse_trees() calls
         * us the way I expect.  Could just remove these at some point,
         * though maybe they are helpful to future code readers.
         */
        assert(mbase_null == is_null_oid(&names[0].oid));
        assert(side1_null == is_null_oid(&names[1].oid));
        assert(side2_null == is_null_oid(&names[2].oid));
        assert(!mbase_null || !side1_null || !side2_null);
        assert(mask > 0 && mask < 8);

        /* Determine match_mask */
        if (side1_matches_mbase)
                match_mask = (side2_matches_mbase ? 7 : 3);
        else if (side2_matches_mbase)
                match_mask = 5;
        else if (sides_match)
                match_mask = 6;

        /*
         * Get the name of the relevant filepath, which we'll pass to
         * setup_path_info() for tracking.
         */
        p = names;
        while (!p->mode)
                p++;
        len = traverse_path_len(info, p->pathlen);

        /* +1 in both of the following lines to include the NUL byte */
        fullpath = xmalloc(len + 1);
        make_traverse_path(fullpath, len + 1, info, p->path, p->pathlen);

        /*
         * If mbase, side1, and side2 all match, we can resolve early.  Even
         * if these are trees, there will be no renames or anything
         * underneath.
         */
        if (side1_matches_mbase && side2_matches_mbase) {
                /* mbase, side1, & side2 all match; use mbase as resolution */
                setup_path_info(opt, &pi, dirname, info->pathlen, fullpath,
                                names, names+0, mbase_null, 0,
                                filemask, dirmask, 1);
                return mask;
        }

        /*
         * Record information about the path so we can resolve later in
         * process_entries.
         */
        setup_path_info(opt, &pi, dirname, info->pathlen, fullpath,
                        names, NULL, 0, df_conflict, filemask, dirmask, 0);

        ci = pi.util;
        VERIFY_CI(ci);
        ci->match_mask = match_mask;

        /* If dirmask, recurse into subdirectories */
        if (dirmask) {
                struct traverse_info newinfo;
                struct tree_desc t[3];
                void *buf[3] = {NULL, NULL, NULL};
                const char *original_dir_name;
                int i, ret;

                ci->match_mask &= filemask;
                newinfo = *info;
                newinfo.prev = info;
                newinfo.name = p->path;
                newinfo.namelen = p->pathlen;
                newinfo.pathlen = st_add3(newinfo.pathlen, p->pathlen, 1);
                /*
                 * If this directory we are about to recurse into cared about
                 * its parent directory (the current directory) having a D/F
                 * conflict, then we'd propagate the masks in this way:
                 *    newinfo.df_conflicts |= (mask & ~dirmask);
                 * But we don't worry about propagating D/F conflicts.  (See
                 * comment near setting of local df_conflict variable near
                 * the beginning of this function).
                 */

                for (i = MERGE_BASE; i <= MERGE_SIDE2; i++) {
                        if (i == 1 && side1_matches_mbase)
                                t[1] = t[0];
                        else if (i == 2 && side2_matches_mbase)
                                t[2] = t[0];
                        else if (i == 2 && sides_match)
                                t[2] = t[1];
                        else {
                                const struct object_id *oid = NULL;
                                if (dirmask & 1)
                                        oid = &names[i].oid;
                                buf[i] = fill_tree_descriptor(opt->repo,
                                                              t + i, oid);
                        }
                        dirmask >>= 1;
                }

                original_dir_name = opti->current_dir_name;
                opti->current_dir_name = pi.string;
                ret = traverse_trees(NULL, 3, t, &newinfo);
                opti->current_dir_name = original_dir_name;

                for (i = MERGE_BASE; i <= MERGE_SIDE2; i++)
                        free(buf[i]);

                if (ret < 0)
                        return -1;
        }

        return mask;
}

static int collect_merge_info(struct merge_options *opt,
                              struct tree *merge_base,
                              struct tree *side1,
                              struct tree *side2)
{
        int ret;
        struct tree_desc t[3];
        struct traverse_info info;
        const char *toplevel_dir_placeholder = "";

        opt->priv->current_dir_name = toplevel_dir_placeholder;
        setup_traverse_info(&info, toplevel_dir_placeholder);
        info.fn = collect_merge_info_callback;
        info.data = opt;
        info.show_all_errors = 1;

        parse_tree(merge_base);
        parse_tree(side1);
        parse_tree(side2);
        init_tree_desc(t + 0, merge_base->buffer, merge_base->size);
        init_tree_desc(t + 1, side1->buffer, side1->size);
        init_tree_desc(t + 2, side2->buffer, side2->size);

        ret = traverse_trees(NULL, 3, t, &info);

        return ret;
}

/*** Function Grouping: functions related to threeway content merges ***/

static int find_first_merges(struct repository *repo,
                             const char *path,
                             struct commit *a,
                             struct commit *b,
                             struct object_array *result)
{
        int i, j;
        struct object_array merges = OBJECT_ARRAY_INIT;
        struct commit *commit;
        int contains_another;

        char merged_revision[GIT_MAX_HEXSZ + 2];
        const char *rev_args[] = { "rev-list", "--merges", "--ancestry-path",
                                   "--all", merged_revision, NULL };
        struct rev_info revs;
        struct setup_revision_opt rev_opts;

        memset(result, 0, sizeof(struct object_array));
        memset(&rev_opts, 0, sizeof(rev_opts));

        /* get all revisions that merge commit a */
        xsnprintf(merged_revision, sizeof(merged_revision), "^%s",
                  oid_to_hex(&a->object.oid));
        repo_init_revisions(repo, &revs, NULL);
        rev_opts.submodule = path;
        /* FIXME: can't handle linked worktrees in submodules yet */
        revs.single_worktree = path != NULL;
        setup_revisions(ARRAY_SIZE(rev_args)-1, rev_args, &revs, &rev_opts);

        /* save all revisions from the above list that contain b */
        if (prepare_revision_walk(&revs))
                die("revision walk setup failed");
        while ((commit = get_revision(&revs)) != NULL) {
                struct object *o = &(commit->object);
                if (in_merge_bases(b, commit))
                        add_object_array(o, NULL, &merges);
        }
        reset_revision_walk();

        /* Now we've got all merges that contain a and b. Prune all
         * merges that contain another found merge and save them in
         * result.
         */
        for (i = 0; i < merges.nr; i++) {
                struct commit *m1 = (struct commit *) merges.objects[i].item;

                contains_another = 0;
                for (j = 0; j < merges.nr; j++) {
                        struct commit *m2 = (struct commit *) merges.objects[j].item;
                        if (i != j && in_merge_bases(m2, m1)) {
                                contains_another = 1;
                                break;
                        }
                }

                if (!contains_another)
                        add_object_array(merges.objects[i].item, NULL, result);
        }

        object_array_clear(&merges);
        return result->nr;
}

static int merge_submodule(struct merge_options *opt,
                           const char *path,
                           const struct object_id *o,
                           const struct object_id *a,
                           const struct object_id *b,
                           struct object_id *result)
{
        struct commit *commit_o, *commit_a, *commit_b;
        int parent_count;
        struct object_array merges;
        struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;

        int i;
        int search = !opt->priv->call_depth;

        /* store fallback answer in result in case we fail */
        oidcpy(result, opt->priv->call_depth ? o : a);

        /* we can not handle deletion conflicts */
        if (is_null_oid(o))
                return 0;
        if (is_null_oid(a))
                return 0;
        if (is_null_oid(b))
                return 0;

        if (add_submodule_odb(path)) {
                path_msg(opt, path, 0,
                         _("Failed to merge submodule %s (not checked out)"),
                         path);
                return 0;
        }

        if (!(commit_o = lookup_commit_reference(opt->repo, o)) ||
            !(commit_a = lookup_commit_reference(opt->repo, a)) ||
            !(commit_b = lookup_commit_reference(opt->repo, b))) {
                path_msg(opt, path, 0,
                         _("Failed to merge submodule %s (commits not present)"),
                         path);
                return 0;
        }

        /* check whether both changes are forward */
        if (!in_merge_bases(commit_o, commit_a) ||
            !in_merge_bases(commit_o, commit_b)) {
                path_msg(opt, path, 0,
                         _("Failed to merge submodule %s "
                           "(commits don't follow merge-base)"),
                         path);
                return 0;
        }

        /* Case #1: a is contained in b or vice versa */
        if (in_merge_bases(commit_a, commit_b)) {
                oidcpy(result, b);
                path_msg(opt, path, 1,
                         _("Note: Fast-forwarding submodule %s to %s"),
                         path, oid_to_hex(b));
                return 1;
        }
        if (in_merge_bases(commit_b, commit_a)) {
                oidcpy(result, a);
                path_msg(opt, path, 1,
                         _("Note: Fast-forwarding submodule %s to %s"),
                         path, oid_to_hex(a));
                return 1;
        }

        /*
         * Case #2: There are one or more merges that contain a and b in
         * the submodule. If there is only one, then present it as a
         * suggestion to the user, but leave it marked unmerged so the
         * user needs to confirm the resolution.
         */

        /* Skip the search if makes no sense to the calling context.  */
        if (!search)
                return 0;

        /* find commit which merges them */
        parent_count = find_first_merges(opt->repo, path, commit_a, commit_b,
                                         &merges);
        switch (parent_count) {
        case 0:
                path_msg(opt, path, 0, _("Failed to merge submodule %s"), path);
                break;

        case 1:
                format_commit(&sb, 4,
                              (struct commit *)merges.objects[0].item);
                path_msg(opt, path, 0,
                         _("Failed to merge submodule %s, but a possible merge "
                           "resolution exists:\n%s\n"),
                         path, sb.buf);
                path_msg(opt, path, 1,
                         _("If this is correct simply add it to the index "
                           "for example\n"
                           "by using:\n\n"
                           "  git update-index --cacheinfo 160000 %s \"%s\"\n\n"
                           "which will accept this suggestion.\n"),
                         oid_to_hex(&merges.objects[0].item->oid), path);
                strbuf_release(&sb);
                break;
        default:
                for (i = 0; i < merges.nr; i++)
                        format_commit(&sb, 4,
                                      (struct commit *)merges.objects[i].item);
                path_msg(opt, path, 0,
                         _("Failed to merge submodule %s, but multiple "
                           "possible merges exist:\n%s"), path, sb.buf);
                strbuf_release(&sb);
        }

        object_array_clear(&merges);
        return 0;
}

static int merge_3way(struct merge_options *opt,
                      const char *path,
                      const struct object_id *o,
                      const struct object_id *a,
                      const struct object_id *b,
                      const char *pathnames[3],
                      const int extra_marker_size,
                      mmbuffer_t *result_buf)
{
        mmfile_t orig, src1, src2;
        struct ll_merge_options ll_opts = {0};
        char *base, *name1, *name2;
        int merge_status;

        ll_opts.renormalize = opt->renormalize;
        ll_opts.extra_marker_size = extra_marker_size;
        ll_opts.xdl_opts = opt->xdl_opts;

        if (opt->priv->call_depth) {
                ll_opts.virtual_ancestor = 1;
                ll_opts.variant = 0;
        } else {
                switch (opt->recursive_variant) {
                case MERGE_VARIANT_OURS:
                        ll_opts.variant = XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_OURS;
                        break;
                case MERGE_VARIANT_THEIRS:
                        ll_opts.variant = XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_THEIRS;
                        break;
                default:
                        ll_opts.variant = 0;
                        break;
                }
        }

        assert(pathnames[0] && pathnames[1] && pathnames[2] && opt->ancestor);
        if (pathnames[0] == pathnames[1] && pathnames[1] == pathnames[2]) {
                base  = mkpathdup("%s", opt->ancestor);
                name1 = mkpathdup("%s", opt->branch1);
                name2 = mkpathdup("%s", opt->branch2);
        } else {
                base  = mkpathdup("%s:%s", opt->ancestor, pathnames[0]);
                name1 = mkpathdup("%s:%s", opt->branch1,  pathnames[1]);
                name2 = mkpathdup("%s:%s", opt->branch2,  pathnames[2]);
        }

        read_mmblob(&orig, o);
        read_mmblob(&src1, a);
        read_mmblob(&src2, b);

        merge_status = ll_merge(result_buf, path, &orig, base,
                                &src1, name1, &src2, name2,
                                opt->repo->index, &ll_opts);

        free(base);
        free(name1);
        free(name2);
        free(orig.ptr);
        free(src1.ptr);
        free(src2.ptr);
        return merge_status;
}

static int handle_content_merge(struct merge_options *opt,
                                const char *path,
                                const struct version_info *o,
                                const struct version_info *a,
                                const struct version_info *b,
                                const char *pathnames[3],
                                const int extra_marker_size,
                                struct version_info *result)
{
        /*
         * path is the target location where we want to put the file, and
         * is used to determine any normalization rules in ll_merge.
         *
         * The normal case is that path and all entries in pathnames are
         * identical, though renames can affect which path we got one of
         * the three blobs to merge on various sides of history.
         *
         * extra_marker_size is the amount to extend conflict markers in
         * ll_merge; this is neeed if we have content merges of content
         * merges, which happens for example with rename/rename(2to1) and
         * rename/add conflicts.
         */
        unsigned clean = 1;

        /*
         * handle_content_merge() needs both files to be of the same type, i.e.
         * both files OR both submodules OR both symlinks.  Conflicting types
         * needs to be handled elsewhere.
         */
        assert((S_IFMT & a->mode) == (S_IFMT & b->mode));

        /* Merge modes */
        if (a->mode == b->mode || a->mode == o->mode)
                result->mode = b->mode;
        else {
                /* must be the 100644/100755 case */
                assert(S_ISREG(a->mode));
                result->mode = a->mode;
                clean = (b->mode == o->mode);
                /*
                 * FIXME: If opt->priv->call_depth && !clean, then we really
                 * should not make result->mode match either a->mode or
                 * b->mode; that causes t6036 "check conflicting mode for
                 * regular file" to fail.  It would be best to use some other
                 * mode, but we'll confuse all kinds of stuff if we use one
                 * where S_ISREG(result->mode) isn't true, and if we use
                 * something like 0100666, then tree-walk.c's calls to
                 * canon_mode() will just normalize that to 100644 for us and
                 * thus not solve anything.
                 *
                 * Figure out if there's some kind of way we can work around
                 * this...
                 */
        }

        /*
         * Trivial oid merge.
         *
         * Note: While one might assume that the next four lines would
         * be unnecessary due to the fact that match_mask is often
         * setup and already handled, renames don't always take care
         * of that.
         */
        if (oideq(&a->oid, &b->oid) || oideq(&a->oid, &o->oid))
                oidcpy(&result->oid, &b->oid);
        else if (oideq(&b->oid, &o->oid))
                oidcpy(&result->oid, &a->oid);

        /* Remaining rules depend on file vs. submodule vs. symlink. */
        else if (S_ISREG(a->mode)) {
                mmbuffer_t result_buf;
                int ret = 0, merge_status;
                int two_way;

                /*
                 * If 'o' is different type, treat it as null so we do a
                 * two-way merge.
                 */
                two_way = ((S_IFMT & o->mode) != (S_IFMT & a->mode));

                merge_status = merge_3way(opt, path,
                                          two_way ? &null_oid : &o->oid,
                                          &a->oid, &b->oid,
                                          pathnames, extra_marker_size,
                                          &result_buf);

                if ((merge_status < 0) || !result_buf.ptr)
                        ret = err(opt, _("Failed to execute internal merge"));

                if (!ret &&
                    write_object_file(result_buf.ptr, result_buf.size,
                                      blob_type, &result->oid))
                        ret = err(opt, _("Unable to add %s to database"),
                                  path);

                free(result_buf.ptr);
                if (ret)
                        return -1;
                clean &= (merge_status == 0);
                path_msg(opt, path, 1, _("Auto-merging %s"), path);
        } else if (S_ISGITLINK(a->mode)) {
                int two_way = ((S_IFMT & o->mode) != (S_IFMT & a->mode));
                clean = merge_submodule(opt, pathnames[0],
                                        two_way ? &null_oid : &o->oid,
                                        &a->oid, &b->oid, &result->oid);
                if (opt->priv->call_depth && two_way && !clean) {
                        result->mode = o->mode;
                        oidcpy(&result->oid, &o->oid);
                }
        } else if (S_ISLNK(a->mode)) {
                if (opt->priv->call_depth) {
                        clean = 0;
                        result->mode = o->mode;
                        oidcpy(&result->oid, &o->oid);
                } else {
                        switch (opt->recursive_variant) {
                        case MERGE_VARIANT_NORMAL:
                                clean = 0;
                                oidcpy(&result->oid, &a->oid);
                                break;
                        case MERGE_VARIANT_OURS:
                                oidcpy(&result->oid, &a->oid);
                                break;
                        case MERGE_VARIANT_THEIRS:
                                oidcpy(&result->oid, &b->oid);
                                break;
                        }
                }
        } else
                BUG("unsupported object type in the tree: %06o for %s",
                    a->mode, path);

        return clean;
}

/*** Function Grouping: functions related to detect_and_process_renames(), ***
 *** which are split into directory and regular rename detection sections. ***/

/*** Function Grouping: functions related to directory rename detection ***/

/*** Function Grouping: functions related to regular rename detection ***/

static int process_renames(struct merge_options *opt,
                           struct diff_queue_struct *renames)
{
        int clean_merge = 1, i;

        for (i = 0; i < renames->nr; ++i) {
                const char *oldpath = NULL, *newpath;
                struct diff_filepair *pair = renames->queue[i];
                struct conflict_info *oldinfo = NULL, *newinfo = NULL;
                struct strmap_entry *old_ent, *new_ent;
                unsigned int old_sidemask;
                int target_index, other_source_index;
                int source_deleted, collision, type_changed;
                const char *rename_branch = NULL, *delete_branch = NULL;

                old_ent = strmap_get_entry(&opt->priv->paths, pair->one->path);
                oldpath = old_ent->key;
                oldinfo = old_ent->value;

                new_ent = strmap_get_entry(&opt->priv->paths, pair->two->path);
                newpath = new_ent->key;
                newinfo = new_ent->value;

                /*
                 * diff_filepairs have copies of pathnames, thus we have to
                 * use standard 'strcmp()' (negated) instead of '=='.
                 */
                if (i + 1 < renames->nr &&
                    !strcmp(oldpath, renames->queue[i+1]->one->path)) {
                        /* Handle rename/rename(1to2) or rename/rename(1to1) */
                        const char *pathnames[3];
                        struct version_info merged;
                        struct conflict_info *base, *side1, *side2;
                        unsigned was_binary_blob = 0;

                        pathnames[0] = oldpath;
                        pathnames[1] = newpath;
                        pathnames[2] = renames->queue[i+1]->two->path;

                        base = strmap_get(&opt->priv->paths, pathnames[0]);
                        side1 = strmap_get(&opt->priv->paths, pathnames[1]);
                        side2 = strmap_get(&opt->priv->paths, pathnames[2]);

                        VERIFY_CI(base);
                        VERIFY_CI(side1);
                        VERIFY_CI(side2);

                        if (!strcmp(pathnames[1], pathnames[2])) {
                                /* Both sides renamed the same way */
                                assert(side1 == side2);
                                memcpy(&side1->stages[0], &base->stages[0],
                                       sizeof(merged));
                                side1->filemask |= (1 << MERGE_BASE);
                                /* Mark base as resolved by removal */
                                base->merged.is_null = 1;
                                base->merged.clean = 1;

                                /* We handled both renames, i.e. i+1 handled */
                                i++;
                                /* Move to next rename */
                                continue;
                        }

                        /* This is a rename/rename(1to2) */
                        clean_merge = handle_content_merge(opt,
                                                           pair->one->path,
                                                           &base->stages[0],
                                                           &side1->stages[1],
                                                           &side2->stages[2],
                                                           pathnames,
                                                           1 + 2 * opt->priv->call_depth,
                                                           &merged);
                        if (!clean_merge &&
                            merged.mode == side1->stages[1].mode &&
                            oideq(&merged.oid, &side1->stages[1].oid))
                                was_binary_blob = 1;
                        memcpy(&side1->stages[1], &merged, sizeof(merged));
                        if (was_binary_blob) {
                                /*
                                 * Getting here means we were attempting to
                                 * merge a binary blob.
                                 *
                                 * Since we can't merge binaries,
                                 * handle_content_merge() just takes one
                                 * side.  But we don't want to copy the
                                 * contents of one side to both paths.  We
                                 * used the contents of side1 above for
                                 * side1->stages, let's use the contents of
                                 * side2 for side2->stages below.
                                 */
                                oidcpy(&merged.oid, &side2->stages[2].oid);
                                merged.mode = side2->stages[2].mode;
                        }
                        memcpy(&side2->stages[2], &merged, sizeof(merged));

                        side1->path_conflict = 1;
                        side2->path_conflict = 1;
                        /*
                         * TODO: For renames we normally remove the path at the
                         * old name.  It would thus seem consistent to do the
                         * same for rename/rename(1to2) cases, but we haven't
                         * done so traditionally and a number of the regression
                         * tests now encode an expectation that the file is
                         * left there at stage 1.  If we ever decide to change
                         * this, add the following two lines here:
                         *    base->merged.is_null = 1;
                         *    base->merged.clean = 1;
                         * and remove the setting of base->path_conflict to 1.
                         */
                        base->path_conflict = 1;
                        path_msg(opt, oldpath, 0,
                                 _("CONFLICT (rename/rename): %s renamed to "
                                   "%s in %s and to %s in %s."),
                                 pathnames[0],
                                 pathnames[1], opt->branch1,
                                 pathnames[2], opt->branch2);

                        i++; /* We handled both renames, i.e. i+1 handled */
                        continue;
                }

                VERIFY_CI(oldinfo);
                VERIFY_CI(newinfo);
                target_index = pair->score; /* from collect_renames() */
                assert(target_index == 1 || target_index == 2);
                other_source_index = 3 - target_index;
                old_sidemask = (1 << other_source_index); /* 2 or 4 */
                source_deleted = (oldinfo->filemask == 1);
                collision = ((newinfo->filemask & old_sidemask) != 0);
                type_changed = !source_deleted &&
                        (S_ISREG(oldinfo->stages[other_source_index].mode) !=
                         S_ISREG(newinfo->stages[target_index].mode));
                if (type_changed && collision) {
                        /*
                         * special handling so later blocks can handle this...
                         *
                         * if type_changed && collision are both true, then this
                         * was really a double rename, but one side wasn't
                         * detected due to lack of break detection.  I.e.
                         * something like
                         *    orig: has normal file 'foo'
                         *    side1: renames 'foo' to 'bar', adds 'foo' symlink
                         *    side2: renames 'foo' to 'bar'
                         * In this case, the foo->bar rename on side1 won't be
                         * detected because the new symlink named 'foo' is
                         * there and we don't do break detection.  But we detect
                         * this here because we don't want to merge the content
                         * of the foo symlink with the foo->bar file, so we
                         * have some logic to handle this special case.  The
                         * easiest way to do that is make 'bar' on side1 not
                         * be considered a colliding file but the other part
                         * of a normal rename.  If the file is very different,
                         * well we're going to get content merge conflicts
                         * anyway so it doesn't hurt.  And if the colliding
                         * file also has a different type, that'll be handled
                         * by the content merge logic in process_entry() too.
                         *
                         * See also t6430, 'rename vs. rename/symlink'
                         */
                        collision = 0;
                }
                if (source_deleted) {
                        if (target_index == 1) {
                                rename_branch = opt->branch1;
                                delete_branch = opt->branch2;
                        } else {
                                rename_branch = opt->branch2;
                                delete_branch = opt->branch1;
                        }
                }

                assert(source_deleted || oldinfo->filemask & old_sidemask);

                /* Need to check for special types of rename conflicts... */
                if (collision && !source_deleted) {
                        /* collision: rename/add or rename/rename(2to1) */
                        const char *pathnames[3];
                        struct version_info merged;

                        struct conflict_info *base, *side1, *side2;
                        unsigned clean;

                        pathnames[0] = oldpath;
                        pathnames[other_source_index] = oldpath;
                        pathnames[target_index] = newpath;

                        base = strmap_get(&opt->priv->paths, pathnames[0]);
                        side1 = strmap_get(&opt->priv->paths, pathnames[1]);
                        side2 = strmap_get(&opt->priv->paths, pathnames[2]);

                        VERIFY_CI(base);
                        VERIFY_CI(side1);
                        VERIFY_CI(side2);

                        clean = handle_content_merge(opt, pair->one->path,
                                                     &base->stages[0],
                                                     &side1->stages[1],
                                                     &side2->stages[2],
                                                     pathnames,
                                                     1 + 2 * opt->priv->call_depth,
                                                     &merged);

                        memcpy(&newinfo->stages[target_index], &merged,
                               sizeof(merged));
                        if (!clean) {
                                path_msg(opt, newpath, 0,
                                         _("CONFLICT (rename involved in "
                                           "collision): rename of %s -> %s has "
                                           "content conflicts AND collides "
                                           "with another path; this may result "
                                           "in nested conflict markers."),
                                         oldpath, newpath);
                        }
                } else if (collision && source_deleted) {
                        /*
                         * rename/add/delete or rename/rename(2to1)/delete:
                         * since oldpath was deleted on the side that didn't
                         * do the rename, there's not much of a content merge
                         * we can do for the rename.  oldinfo->merged.is_null
                         * was already set, so we just leave things as-is so
                         * they look like an add/add conflict.
                         */

                        newinfo->path_conflict = 1;
                        path_msg(opt, newpath, 0,
                                 _("CONFLICT (rename/delete): %s renamed "
                                   "to %s in %s, but deleted in %s."),
                                 oldpath, newpath, rename_branch, delete_branch);
                } else {
                        /*
                         * a few different cases...start by copying the
                         * existing stage(s) from oldinfo over the newinfo
                         * and update the pathname(s).
                         */
                        memcpy(&newinfo->stages[0], &oldinfo->stages[0],
                               sizeof(newinfo->stages[0]));
                        newinfo->filemask |= (1 << MERGE_BASE);
                        newinfo->pathnames[0] = oldpath;
                        if (type_changed) {
                                /* rename vs. typechange */
                                /* Mark the original as resolved by removal */
                                memcpy(&oldinfo->stages[0].oid, &null_oid,
                                       sizeof(oldinfo->stages[0].oid));
                                oldinfo->stages[0].mode = 0;
                                oldinfo->filemask &= 0x06;
                        } else if (source_deleted) {
                                /* rename/delete */
                                newinfo->path_conflict = 1;
                                path_msg(opt, newpath, 0,
                                         _("CONFLICT (rename/delete): %s renamed"
                                           " to %s in %s, but deleted in %s."),
                                         oldpath, newpath,
                                         rename_branch, delete_branch);
                        } else {
                                /* normal rename */
                                memcpy(&newinfo->stages[other_source_index],
                                       &oldinfo->stages[other_source_index],
                                       sizeof(newinfo->stages[0]));
                                newinfo->filemask |= (1 << other_source_index);
                                newinfo->pathnames[other_source_index] = oldpath;
                        }
                }

                if (!type_changed) {
                        /* Mark the original as resolved by removal */
                        oldinfo->merged.is_null = 1;
                        oldinfo->merged.clean = 1;
                }

        }

        return clean_merge;
}

static int compare_pairs(const void *a_, const void *b_)
{
        const struct diff_filepair *a = *((const struct diff_filepair **)a_);
        const struct diff_filepair *b = *((const struct diff_filepair **)b_);

        return strcmp(a->one->path, b->one->path);
}

/* Call diffcore_rename() to compute which files have changed on given side */
static void detect_regular_renames(struct merge_options *opt,
                                   struct tree *merge_base,
                                   struct tree *side,
                                   unsigned side_index)
{
        struct diff_options diff_opts;
        struct rename_info *renames = &opt->priv->renames;

        repo_diff_setup(opt->repo, &diff_opts);
        diff_opts.flags.recursive = 1;
        diff_opts.flags.rename_empty = 0;
        diff_opts.detect_rename = DIFF_DETECT_RENAME;
        diff_opts.rename_limit = opt->rename_limit;
        if (opt->rename_limit <= 0)
                diff_opts.rename_limit = 1000;
        diff_opts.rename_score = opt->rename_score;
        diff_opts.show_rename_progress = opt->show_rename_progress;
        diff_opts.output_format = DIFF_FORMAT_NO_OUTPUT;
        diff_setup_done(&diff_opts);
        diff_tree_oid(&merge_base->object.oid, &side->object.oid, "",
                      &diff_opts);
        diffcore_std(&diff_opts);

        if (diff_opts.needed_rename_limit > renames->needed_limit)
                renames->needed_limit = diff_opts.needed_rename_limit;

        renames->pairs[side_index] = diff_queued_diff;

        diff_opts.output_format = DIFF_FORMAT_NO_OUTPUT;
        diff_queued_diff.nr = 0;
        diff_queued_diff.queue = NULL;
        diff_flush(&diff_opts);
}

/*
 * Get information of all renames which occurred in 'side_pairs', discarding
 * non-renames.
 */
static int collect_renames(struct merge_options *opt,
                           struct diff_queue_struct *result,
                           unsigned side_index)
{
        int i, clean = 1;
        struct diff_queue_struct *side_pairs;
        struct rename_info *renames = &opt->priv->renames;

        side_pairs = &renames->pairs[side_index];

        for (i = 0; i < side_pairs->nr; ++i) {
                struct diff_filepair *p = side_pairs->queue[i];

                if (p->status != 'R') {
                        diff_free_filepair(p);
                        continue;
                }

                /*
                 * p->score comes back from diffcore_rename_extended() with
                 * the similarity of the renamed file.  The similarity is
                 * was used to determine that the two files were related
                 * and are a rename, which we have already used, but beyond
                 * that we have no use for the similarity.  So p->score is
                 * now irrelevant.  However, process_renames() will need to
                 * know which side of the merge this rename was associated
                 * with, so overwrite p->score with that value.
                 */
                p->score = side_index;
                result->queue[result->nr++] = p;
        }

        return clean;
}

static int detect_and_process_renames(struct merge_options *opt,
                                      struct tree *merge_base,
                                      struct tree *side1,
                                      struct tree *side2)
{
        struct diff_queue_struct combined;
        struct rename_info *renames = &opt->priv->renames;
        int s, clean = 1;

        memset(&combined, 0, sizeof(combined));

        detect_regular_renames(opt, merge_base, side1, MERGE_SIDE1);
        detect_regular_renames(opt, merge_base, side2, MERGE_SIDE2);

        ALLOC_GROW(combined.queue,
                   renames->pairs[1].nr + renames->pairs[2].nr,
                   combined.alloc);
        clean &= collect_renames(opt, &combined, MERGE_SIDE1);
        clean &= collect_renames(opt, &combined, MERGE_SIDE2);
        QSORT(combined.queue, combined.nr, compare_pairs);

        clean &= process_renames(opt, &combined);

        /* Free memory for renames->pairs[] and combined */
        for (s = MERGE_SIDE1; s <= MERGE_SIDE2; s++) {
                free(renames->pairs[s].queue);
                DIFF_QUEUE_CLEAR(&renames->pairs[s]);
        }
        if (combined.nr) {
                int i;
                for (i = 0; i < combined.nr; i++)
                        diff_free_filepair(combined.queue[i]);
                free(combined.queue);
        }

        return clean;
}

/*** Function Grouping: functions related to process_entries() ***/

static int string_list_df_name_compare(const char *one, const char *two)
{
        int onelen = strlen(one);
        int twolen = strlen(two);
        /*
         * Here we only care that entries for D/F conflicts are
         * adjacent, in particular with the file of the D/F conflict
         * appearing before files below the corresponding directory.
         * The order of the rest of the list is irrelevant for us.
         *
         * To achieve this, we sort with df_name_compare and provide
         * the mode S_IFDIR so that D/F conflicts will sort correctly.
         * We use the mode S_IFDIR for everything else for simplicity,
         * since in other cases any changes in their order due to
         * sorting cause no problems for us.
         */
        int cmp = df_name_compare(one, onelen, S_IFDIR,
                                  two, twolen, S_IFDIR);
        /*
         * Now that 'foo' and 'foo/bar' compare equal, we have to make sure
         * that 'foo' comes before 'foo/bar'.
         */
        if (cmp)
                return cmp;
        return onelen - twolen;
}

struct directory_versions {
        /*
         * versions: list of (basename -> version_info)
         *
         * The basenames are in reverse lexicographic order of full pathnames,
         * as processed in process_entries().  This puts all entries within
         * a directory together, and covers the directory itself after
         * everything within it, allowing us to write subtrees before needing
         * to record information for the tree itself.
         */
        struct string_list versions;

        /*
         * offsets: list of (full relative path directories -> integer offsets)
         *
         * Since versions contains basenames from files in multiple different
         * directories, we need to know which entries in versions correspond
         * to which directories.  Values of e.g.
         *     ""             0
         *     src            2
         *     src/moduleA    5
         * Would mean that entries 0-1 of versions are files in the toplevel
         * directory, entries 2-4 are files under src/, and the remaining
         * entries starting at index 5 are files under src/moduleA/.
         */
        struct string_list offsets;

        /*
         * last_directory: directory that previously processed file found in
         *
         * last_directory starts NULL, but records the directory in which the
         * previous file was found within.  As soon as
         *    directory(current_file) != last_directory
         * then we need to start updating accounting in versions & offsets.
         * Note that last_directory is always the last path in "offsets" (or
         * NULL if "offsets" is empty) so this exists just for quick access.
         */
        const char *last_directory;

        /* last_directory_len: cached computation of strlen(last_directory) */
        unsigned last_directory_len;
};

static int tree_entry_order(const void *a_, const void *b_)
{
        const struct string_list_item *a = a_;
        const struct string_list_item *b = b_;

        const struct merged_info *ami = a->util;
        const struct merged_info *bmi = b->util;
        return base_name_compare(a->string, strlen(a->string), ami->result.mode,
                                 b->string, strlen(b->string), bmi->result.mode);
}

static void write_tree(struct object_id *result_oid,
                       struct string_list *versions,
                       unsigned int offset,
                       size_t hash_size)
{
        size_t maxlen = 0, extra;
        unsigned int nr = versions->nr - offset;
        struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
        struct string_list relevant_entries = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
        int i;

        /*
         * We want to sort the last (versions->nr-offset) entries in versions.
         * Do so by abusing the string_list API a bit: make another string_list
         * that contains just those entries and then sort them.
         *
         * We won't use relevant_entries again and will let it just pop off the
         * stack, so there won't be allocation worries or anything.
         */
        relevant_entries.items = versions->items + offset;
        relevant_entries.nr = versions->nr - offset;
        QSORT(relevant_entries.items, relevant_entries.nr, tree_entry_order);

        /* Pre-allocate some space in buf */
        extra = hash_size + 8; /* 8: 6 for mode, 1 for space, 1 for NUL char */
        for (i = 0; i < nr; i++) {
                maxlen += strlen(versions->items[offset+i].string) + extra;
        }
        strbuf_grow(&buf, maxlen);

        /* Write each entry out to buf */
        for (i = 0; i < nr; i++) {
                struct merged_info *mi = versions->items[offset+i].util;
                struct version_info *ri = &mi->result;
                strbuf_addf(&buf, "%o %s%c",
                            ri->mode,
                            versions->items[offset+i].string, '\0');
                strbuf_add(&buf, ri->oid.hash, hash_size);
        }

        /* Write this object file out, and record in result_oid */
        write_object_file(buf.buf, buf.len, tree_type, result_oid);
        strbuf_release(&buf);
}

static void record_entry_for_tree(struct directory_versions *dir_metadata,
                                  const char *path,
                                  struct merged_info *mi)
{
        const char *basename;

        if (mi->is_null)
                /* nothing to record */
                return;

        basename = path + mi->basename_offset;
        assert(strchr(basename, '/') == NULL);
        string_list_append(&dir_metadata->versions,
                           basename)->util = &mi->result;
}

static void write_completed_directory(struct merge_options *opt,
                                      const char *new_directory_name,
                                      struct directory_versions *info)
{
        const char *prev_dir;
        struct merged_info *dir_info = NULL;
        unsigned int offset;

        /*
         * Some explanation of info->versions and info->offsets...
         *
         * process_entries() iterates over all relevant files AND
         * directories in reverse lexicographic order, and calls this
         * function.  Thus, an example of the paths that process_entries()
         * could operate on (along with the directories for those paths
         * being shown) is:
         *
         *     xtract.c             ""
         *     tokens.txt           ""
         *     src/moduleB/umm.c    src/moduleB
         *     src/moduleB/stuff.h  src/moduleB
         *     src/moduleB/baz.c    src/moduleB
         *     src/moduleB          src
         *     src/moduleA/foo.c    src/moduleA
         *     src/moduleA/bar.c    src/moduleA
         *     src/moduleA          src
         *     src                  ""
         *     Makefile             ""
         *
         * info->versions:
         *
         *     always contains the unprocessed entries and their
         *     version_info information.  For example, after the first five
         *     entries above, info->versions would be:
         *
         *         xtract.c     <xtract.c's version_info>
         *         token.txt    <token.txt's version_info>
         *         umm.c        <src/moduleB/umm.c's version_info>
         *         stuff.h      <src/moduleB/stuff.h's version_info>
         *         baz.c        <src/moduleB/baz.c's version_info>
         *
         *     Once a subdirectory is completed we remove the entries in
         *     that subdirectory from info->versions, writing it as a tree
         *     (write_tree()).  Thus, as soon as we get to src/moduleB,
         *     info->versions would be updated to
         *
         *         xtract.c     <xtract.c's version_info>
         *         token.txt    <token.txt's version_info>
         *         moduleB      <src/moduleB's version_info>
         *
         * info->offsets:
         *
         *     helps us track which entries in info->versions correspond to
         *     which directories.  When we are N directories deep (e.g. 4
         *     for src/modA/submod/subdir/), we have up to N+1 unprocessed
         *     directories (+1 because of toplevel dir).  Corresponding to
         *     the info->versions example above, after processing five entries
         *     info->offsets will be:
         *
         *         ""           0
         *         src/moduleB  2
         *
         *     which is used to know that xtract.c & token.txt are from the
         *     toplevel dirctory, while umm.c & stuff.h & baz.c are from the
         *     src/moduleB directory.  Again, following the example above,
         *     once we need to process src/moduleB, then info->offsets is
         *     updated to
         *
         *         ""           0
         *         src          2
         *
         *     which says that moduleB (and only moduleB so far) is in the
         *     src directory.
         *
         *     One unique thing to note about info->offsets here is that
         *     "src" was not added to info->offsets until there was a path
         *     (a file OR directory) immediately below src/ that got
         *     processed.
         *
         * Since process_entry() just appends new entries to info->versions,
         * write_completed_directory() only needs to do work if the next path
         * is in a directory that is different than the last directory found
         * in info->offsets.
         */

        /*
         * If we are working with the same directory as the last entry, there
         * is no work to do.  (See comments above the directory_name member of
         * struct merged_info for why we can use pointer comparison instead of
         * strcmp here.)
         */
        if (new_directory_name == info->last_directory)
                return;

        /*
         * If we are just starting (last_directory is NULL), or last_directory
         * is a prefix of the current directory, then we can just update
         * info->offsets to record the offset where we started this directory
         * and update last_directory to have quick access to it.
         */
        if (info->last_directory == NULL ||
            !strncmp(new_directory_name, info->last_directory,
                     info->last_directory_len)) {
                uintptr_t offset = info->versions.nr;

                info->last_directory = new_directory_name;
                info->last_directory_len = strlen(info->last_directory);
                /*
                 * Record the offset into info->versions where we will
                 * start recording basenames of paths found within
                 * new_directory_name.
                 */
                string_list_append(&info->offsets,
                                   info->last_directory)->util = (void*)offset;
                return;
        }

        /*
         * The next entry that will be processed will be within
         * new_directory_name.  Since at this point we know that
         * new_directory_name is within a different directory than
         * info->last_directory, we have all entries for info->last_directory
         * in info->versions and we need to create a tree object for them.
         */
        dir_info = strmap_get(&opt->priv->paths, info->last_directory);
        assert(dir_info);
        offset = (uintptr_t)info->offsets.items[info->offsets.nr-1].util;
        if (offset == info->versions.nr) {
                /*
                 * Actually, we don't need to create a tree object in this
                 * case.  Whenever all files within a directory disappear
                 * during the merge (e.g. unmodified on one side and
                 * deleted on the other, or files were renamed elsewhere),
                 * then we get here and the directory itself needs to be
                 * omitted from its parent tree as well.
                 */
                dir_info->is_null = 1;
        } else {
                /*
                 * Write out the tree to the git object directory, and also
                 * record the mode and oid in dir_info->result.
                 */
                dir_info->is_null = 0;
                dir_info->result.mode = S_IFDIR;
                write_tree(&dir_info->result.oid, &info->versions, offset,
                           opt->repo->hash_algo->rawsz);
        }

        /*
         * We've now used several entries from info->versions and one entry
         * from info->offsets, so we get rid of those values.
         */
        info->offsets.nr--;
        info->versions.nr = offset;

        /*
         * Now we've taken care of the completed directory, but we need to
         * prepare things since future entries will be in
         * new_directory_name.  (In particular, process_entry() will be
         * appending new entries to info->versions.)  So, we need to make
         * sure new_directory_name is the last entry in info->offsets.
         */
        prev_dir = info->offsets.nr == 0 ? NULL :
                   info->offsets.items[info->offsets.nr-1].string;
        if (new_directory_name != prev_dir) {
                uintptr_t c = info->versions.nr;
                string_list_append(&info->offsets,
                                   new_directory_name)->util = (void*)c;
        }

        /* And, of course, we need to update last_directory to match. */
        info->last_directory = new_directory_name;
        info->last_directory_len = strlen(info->last_directory);
}

/* Per entry merge function */
static void process_entry(struct merge_options *opt,
                          const char *path,
                          struct conflict_info *ci,
                          struct directory_versions *dir_metadata)
{
        int df_file_index = 0;

        VERIFY_CI(ci);
        assert(ci->filemask >= 0 && ci->filemask <= 7);
        /* ci->match_mask == 7 was handled in collect_merge_info_callback() */
        assert(ci->match_mask == 0 || ci->match_mask == 3 ||
               ci->match_mask == 5 || ci->match_mask == 6);

        if (ci->dirmask) {
                record_entry_for_tree(dir_metadata, path, &ci->merged);
                if (ci->filemask == 0)
                        /* nothing else to handle */
                        return;
                assert(ci->df_conflict);
        }

        if (ci->df_conflict && ci->merged.result.mode == 0) {
                int i;

                /*
                 * directory no longer in the way, but we do have a file we
                 * need to place here so we need to clean away the "directory
                 * merges to nothing" result.
                 */
                ci->df_conflict = 0;
                assert(ci->filemask != 0);
                ci->merged.clean = 0;
                ci->merged.is_null = 0;
                /* and we want to zero out any directory-related entries */
                ci->match_mask = (ci->match_mask & ~ci->dirmask);
                ci->dirmask = 0;
                for (i = MERGE_BASE; i <= MERGE_SIDE2; i++) {
                        if (ci->filemask & (1 << i))
                                continue;
                        ci->stages[i].mode = 0;
                        oidcpy(&ci->stages[i].oid, &null_oid);
                }
        } else if (ci->df_conflict && ci->merged.result.mode != 0) {
                /*
                 * This started out as a D/F conflict, and the entries in
                 * the competing directory were not removed by the merge as
                 * evidenced by write_completed_directory() writing a value
                 * to ci->merged.result.mode.
                 */
                struct conflict_info *new_ci;
                const char *branch;
                const char *old_path = path;
                int i;

                assert(ci->merged.result.mode == S_IFDIR);

                /*
                 * If filemask is 1, we can just ignore the file as having
                 * been deleted on both sides.  We do not want to overwrite
                 * ci->merged.result, since it stores the tree for all the
                 * files under it.
                 */
                if (ci->filemask == 1) {
                        ci->filemask = 0;
                        return;
                }

                /*
                 * This file still exists on at least one side, and we want
                 * the directory to remain here, so we need to move this
                 * path to some new location.
                 */
                new_ci = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*new_ci));
                /* We don't really want new_ci->merged.result copied, but it'll
                 * be overwritten below so it doesn't matter.  We also don't
                 * want any directory mode/oid values copied, but we'll zero
                 * those out immediately.  We do want the rest of ci copied.
                 */
                memcpy(new_ci, ci, sizeof(*ci));
                new_ci->match_mask = (new_ci->match_mask & ~new_ci->dirmask);
                new_ci->dirmask = 0;
                for (i = MERGE_BASE; i <= MERGE_SIDE2; i++) {
                        if (new_ci->filemask & (1 << i))
                                continue;
                        /* zero out any entries related to directories */
                        new_ci->stages[i].mode = 0;
                        oidcpy(&new_ci->stages[i].oid, &null_oid);
                }

                /*
                 * Find out which side this file came from; note that we
                 * cannot just use ci->filemask, because renames could cause
                 * the filemask to go back to 7.  So we use dirmask, then
                 * pick the opposite side's index.
                 */
                df_file_index = (ci->dirmask & (1 << 1)) ? 2 : 1;
                branch = (df_file_index == 1) ? opt->branch1 : opt->branch2;
                path = unique_path(&opt->priv->paths, path, branch);
                strmap_put(&opt->priv->paths, path, new_ci);

                path_msg(opt, path, 0,
                         _("CONFLICT (file/directory): directory in the way "
                           "of %s from %s; moving it to %s instead."),
                         old_path, branch, path);

                /*
                 * Zero out the filemask for the old ci.  At this point, ci
                 * was just an entry for a directory, so we don't need to
                 * do anything more with it.
                 */
                ci->filemask = 0;

                /*
                 * Now note that we're working on the new entry (path was
                 * updated above.
                 */
                ci = new_ci;
        }

        /*
         * NOTE: Below there is a long switch-like if-elseif-elseif... block
         *       which the code goes through even for the df_conflict cases
         *       above.
         */
        if (ci->match_mask) {
                ci->merged.clean = 1;
                if (ci->match_mask == 6) {
                        /* stages[1] == stages[2] */
                        ci->merged.result.mode = ci->stages[1].mode;
                        oidcpy(&ci->merged.result.oid, &ci->stages[1].oid);
                } else {
                        /* determine the mask of the side that didn't match */
                        unsigned int othermask = 7 & ~ci->match_mask;
                        int side = (othermask == 4) ? 2 : 1;

                        ci->merged.result.mode = ci->stages[side].mode;
                        ci->merged.is_null = !ci->merged.result.mode;
                        oidcpy(&ci->merged.result.oid, &ci->stages[side].oid);

                        assert(othermask == 2 || othermask == 4);
                        assert(ci->merged.is_null ==
                               (ci->filemask == ci->match_mask));
                }
        } else if (ci->filemask >= 6 &&
                   (S_IFMT & ci->stages[1].mode) !=
                   (S_IFMT & ci->stages[2].mode)) {
                /* Two different items from (file/submodule/symlink) */
                if (opt->priv->call_depth) {
                        /* Just use the version from the merge base */
                        ci->merged.clean = 0;
                        oidcpy(&ci->merged.result.oid, &ci->stages[0].oid);
                        ci->merged.result.mode = ci->stages[0].mode;
                        ci->merged.is_null = (ci->merged.result.mode == 0);
                } else {
                        /* Handle by renaming one or both to separate paths. */
                        unsigned o_mode = ci->stages[0].mode;
                        unsigned a_mode = ci->stages[1].mode;
                        unsigned b_mode = ci->stages[2].mode;
                        struct conflict_info *new_ci;
                        const char *a_path = NULL, *b_path = NULL;
                        int rename_a = 0, rename_b = 0;

                        new_ci = xmalloc(sizeof(*new_ci));

                        if (S_ISREG(a_mode))
                                rename_a = 1;
                        else if (S_ISREG(b_mode))
                                rename_b = 1;
                        else {
                                rename_a = 1;
                                rename_b = 1;
                        }

                        path_msg(opt, path, 0,
                                 _("CONFLICT (distinct types): %s had different "
                                   "types on each side; renamed %s of them so "
                                   "each can be recorded somewhere."),
                                 path,
                                 (rename_a && rename_b) ? _("both") : _("one"));

                        ci->merged.clean = 0;
                        memcpy(new_ci, ci, sizeof(*new_ci));

                        /* Put b into new_ci, removing a from stages */
                        new_ci->merged.result.mode = ci->stages[2].mode;
                        oidcpy(&new_ci->merged.result.oid, &ci->stages[2].oid);
                        new_ci->stages[1].mode = 0;
                        oidcpy(&new_ci->stages[1].oid, &null_oid);
                        new_ci->filemask = 5;
                        if ((S_IFMT & b_mode) != (S_IFMT & o_mode)) {
                                new_ci->stages[0].mode = 0;
                                oidcpy(&new_ci->stages[0].oid, &null_oid);
                                new_ci->filemask = 4;
                        }

                        /* Leave only a in ci, fixing stages. */
                        ci->merged.result.mode = ci->stages[1].mode;
                        oidcpy(&ci->merged.result.oid, &ci->stages[1].oid);
                        ci->stages[2].mode = 0;
                        oidcpy(&ci->stages[2].oid, &null_oid);
                        ci->filemask = 3;
                        if ((S_IFMT & a_mode) != (S_IFMT & o_mode)) {
                                ci->stages[0].mode = 0;
                                oidcpy(&ci->stages[0].oid, &null_oid);
                                ci->filemask = 2;
                        }

                        /* Insert entries into opt->priv_paths */
                        assert(rename_a || rename_b);
                        if (rename_a) {
                                a_path = unique_path(&opt->priv->paths,
                                                     path, opt->branch1);
                                strmap_put(&opt->priv->paths, a_path, ci);
                        }

                        if (rename_b)
                                b_path = unique_path(&opt->priv->paths,
                                                     path, opt->branch2);
                        else
                                b_path = path;
                        strmap_put(&opt->priv->paths, b_path, new_ci);

                        if (rename_a && rename_b) {
                                strmap_remove(&opt->priv->paths, path, 0);
                                /*
                                 * We removed path from opt->priv->paths.  path
                                 * will also eventually need to be freed, but
                                 * it may still be used by e.g.  ci->pathnames.
                                 * So, store it in another string-list for now.
                                 */
                                string_list_append(&opt->priv->paths_to_free,
                                                   path);
                        }

                        /*
                         * Do special handling for b_path since process_entry()
                         * won't be called on it specially.
                         */
                        strmap_put(&opt->priv->conflicted, b_path, new_ci);
                        record_entry_for_tree(dir_metadata, b_path,
                                              &new_ci->merged);

                        /*
                         * Remaining code for processing this entry should
                         * think in terms of processing a_path.
                         */
                        if (a_path)
                                path = a_path;
                }
        } else if (ci->filemask >= 6) {
                /* Need a two-way or three-way content merge */
                struct version_info merged_file;
                unsigned clean_merge;
                struct version_info *o = &ci->stages[0];
                struct version_info *a = &ci->stages[1];
                struct version_info *b = &ci->stages[2];

                clean_merge = handle_content_merge(opt, path, o, a, b,
                                                   ci->pathnames,
                                                   opt->priv->call_depth * 2,
                                                   &merged_file);
                ci->merged.clean = clean_merge &&
                                   !ci->df_conflict && !ci->path_conflict;
                ci->merged.result.mode = merged_file.mode;
                ci->merged.is_null = (merged_file.mode == 0);
                oidcpy(&ci->merged.result.oid, &merged_file.oid);
                if (clean_merge && ci->df_conflict) {
                        assert(df_file_index == 1 || df_file_index == 2);
                        ci->filemask = 1 << df_file_index;
                        ci->stages[df_file_index].mode = merged_file.mode;
                        oidcpy(&ci->stages[df_file_index].oid, &merged_file.oid);
                }
                if (!clean_merge) {
                        const char *reason = _("content");
                        if (ci->filemask == 6)
                                reason = _("add/add");
                        if (S_ISGITLINK(merged_file.mode))
                                reason = _("submodule");
                        path_msg(opt, path, 0,
                                 _("CONFLICT (%s): Merge conflict in %s"),
                                 reason, path);
                }
        } else if (ci->filemask == 3 || ci->filemask == 5) {
                /* Modify/delete */
                const char *modify_branch, *delete_branch;
                int side = (ci->filemask == 5) ? 2 : 1;
                int index = opt->priv->call_depth ? 0 : side;

                ci->merged.result.mode = ci->stages[index].mode;
                oidcpy(&ci->merged.result.oid, &ci->stages[index].oid);
                ci->merged.clean = 0;

                modify_branch = (side == 1) ? opt->branch1 : opt->branch2;
                delete_branch = (side == 1) ? opt->branch2 : opt->branch1;

                if (ci->path_conflict &&
                    oideq(&ci->stages[0].oid, &ci->stages[side].oid)) {
                        /*
                         * This came from a rename/delete; no action to take,
                         * but avoid printing "modify/delete" conflict notice
                         * since the contents were not modified.
                         */
                } else {
                        path_msg(opt, path, 0,
                                 _("CONFLICT (modify/delete): %s deleted in %s "
                                   "and modified in %s.  Version %s of %s left "
                                   "in tree."),
                                 path, delete_branch, modify_branch,
                                 modify_branch, path);
                }
        } else if (ci->filemask == 2 || ci->filemask == 4) {
                /* Added on one side */
                int side = (ci->filemask == 4) ? 2 : 1;
                ci->merged.result.mode = ci->stages[side].mode;
                oidcpy(&ci->merged.result.oid, &ci->stages[side].oid);
                ci->merged.clean = !ci->df_conflict && !ci->path_conflict;
        } else if (ci->filemask == 1) {
                /* Deleted on both sides */
                ci->merged.is_null = 1;
                ci->merged.result.mode = 0;
                oidcpy(&ci->merged.result.oid, &null_oid);
                ci->merged.clean = !ci->path_conflict;
        }

        /*
         * If still conflicted, record it separately.  This allows us to later
         * iterate over just conflicted entries when updating the index instead
         * of iterating over all entries.
         */
        if (!ci->merged.clean)
                strmap_put(&opt->priv->conflicted, path, ci);
        record_entry_for_tree(dir_metadata, path, &ci->merged);
}

static void process_entries(struct merge_options *opt,
                            struct object_id *result_oid)
{
        struct hashmap_iter iter;
        struct strmap_entry *e;
        struct string_list plist = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
        struct string_list_item *entry;
        struct directory_versions dir_metadata = { STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP,
                                                   STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP,
                                                   NULL, 0 };

        if (strmap_empty(&opt->priv->paths)) {
                oidcpy(result_oid, opt->repo->hash_algo->empty_tree);
                return;
        }

        /* Hack to pre-allocate plist to the desired size */
        ALLOC_GROW(plist.items, strmap_get_size(&opt->priv->paths), plist.alloc);

        /* Put every entry from paths into plist, then sort */
        strmap_for_each_entry(&opt->priv->paths, &iter, e) {
                string_list_append(&plist, e->key)->util = e->value;
        }
        plist.cmp = string_list_df_name_compare;
        string_list_sort(&plist);

        /*
         * Iterate over the items in reverse order, so we can handle paths
         * below a directory before needing to handle the directory itself.
         *
         * This allows us to write subtrees before we need to write trees,
         * and it also enables sane handling of directory/file conflicts
         * (because it allows us to know whether the directory is still in
         * the way when it is time to process the file at the same path).
         */
        for (entry = &plist.items[plist.nr-1]; entry >= plist.items; --entry) {
                char *path = entry->string;
                /*
                 * NOTE: mi may actually be a pointer to a conflict_info, but
                 * we have to check mi->clean first to see if it's safe to
                 * reassign to such a pointer type.
                 */
                struct merged_info *mi = entry->util;

                write_completed_directory(opt, mi->directory_name,
                                          &dir_metadata);
                if (mi->clean)
                        record_entry_for_tree(&dir_metadata, path, mi);
                else {
                        struct conflict_info *ci = (struct conflict_info *)mi;
                        process_entry(opt, path, ci, &dir_metadata);
                }
        }

        if (dir_metadata.offsets.nr != 1 ||
            (uintptr_t)dir_metadata.offsets.items[0].util != 0) {
                printf("dir_metadata.offsets.nr = %d (should be 1)\n",
                       dir_metadata.offsets.nr);
                printf("dir_metadata.offsets.items[0].util = %u (should be 0)\n",
                       (unsigned)(uintptr_t)dir_metadata.offsets.items[0].util);
                fflush(stdout);
                BUG("dir_metadata accounting completely off; shouldn't happen");
        }
        write_tree(result_oid, &dir_metadata.versions, 0,
                   opt->repo->hash_algo->rawsz);
        string_list_clear(&plist, 0);
        string_list_clear(&dir_metadata.versions, 0);
        string_list_clear(&dir_metadata.offsets, 0);
}

/*** Function Grouping: functions related to merge_switch_to_result() ***/

static int checkout(struct merge_options *opt,
                    struct tree *prev,
                    struct tree *next)
{
        /* Switch the index/working copy from old to new */
        int ret;
        struct tree_desc trees[2];
        struct unpack_trees_options unpack_opts;

        memset(&unpack_opts, 0, sizeof(unpack_opts));
        unpack_opts.head_idx = -1;
        unpack_opts.src_index = opt->repo->index;
        unpack_opts.dst_index = opt->repo->index;

        setup_unpack_trees_porcelain(&unpack_opts, "merge");

        /*
         * NOTE: if this were just "git checkout" code, we would probably
         * read or refresh the cache and check for a conflicted index, but
         * builtin/merge.c or sequencer.c really needs to read the index
         * and check for conflicted entries before starting merging for a
         * good user experience (no sense waiting for merges/rebases before
         * erroring out), so there's no reason to duplicate that work here.
         */

        /* 2-way merge to the new branch */
        unpack_opts.update = 1;
        unpack_opts.merge = 1;
        unpack_opts.quiet = 0; /* FIXME: sequencer might want quiet? */
        unpack_opts.verbose_update = (opt->verbosity > 2);
        unpack_opts.fn = twoway_merge;
        if (1/* FIXME: opts->overwrite_ignore*/) {
                unpack_opts.dir = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*unpack_opts.dir));
                unpack_opts.dir->flags |= DIR_SHOW_IGNORED;
                setup_standard_excludes(unpack_opts.dir);
        }
        parse_tree(prev);
        init_tree_desc(&trees[0], prev->buffer, prev->size);
        parse_tree(next);
        init_tree_desc(&trees[1], next->buffer, next->size);

        ret = unpack_trees(2, trees, &unpack_opts);
        clear_unpack_trees_porcelain(&unpack_opts);
        dir_clear(unpack_opts.dir);
        FREE_AND_NULL(unpack_opts.dir);
        return ret;
}

static int record_conflicted_index_entries(struct merge_options *opt,
                                           struct index_state *index,
                                           struct strmap *paths,
                                           struct strmap *conflicted)
{
        struct hashmap_iter iter;
        struct strmap_entry *e;
        int errs = 0;
        int original_cache_nr;

        if (strmap_empty(conflicted))
                return 0;

        original_cache_nr = index->cache_nr;

        /* Put every entry from paths into plist, then sort */
        strmap_for_each_entry(conflicted, &iter, e) {
                const char *path = e->key;
                struct conflict_info *ci = e->value;
                int pos;
                struct cache_entry *ce;
                int i;

                VERIFY_CI(ci);

                /*
                 * The index will already have a stage=0 entry for this path,
                 * because we created an as-merged-as-possible version of the
                 * file and checkout() moved the working copy and index over
                 * to that version.
                 *
                 * However, previous iterations through this loop will have
                 * added unstaged entries to the end of the cache which
                 * ignore the standard alphabetical ordering of cache
                 * entries and break invariants needed for index_name_pos()
                 * to work.  However, we know the entry we want is before
                 * those appended cache entries, so do a temporary swap on
                 * cache_nr to only look through entries of interest.
                 */
                SWAP(index->cache_nr, original_cache_nr);
                pos = index_name_pos(index, path, strlen(path));
                SWAP(index->cache_nr, original_cache_nr);
                if (pos < 0) {
                        if (ci->filemask != 1)
                                BUG("Conflicted %s but nothing in basic working tree or index; this shouldn't happen", path);
                        cache_tree_invalidate_path(index, path);
                } else {
                        ce = index->cache[pos];

                        /*
                         * Clean paths with CE_SKIP_WORKTREE set will not be
                         * written to the working tree by the unpack_trees()
                         * call in checkout().  Our conflicted entries would
                         * have appeared clean to that code since we ignored
                         * the higher order stages.  Thus, we need override
                         * the CE_SKIP_WORKTREE bit and manually write those
                         * files to the working disk here.
                         *
                         * TODO: Implement this CE_SKIP_WORKTREE fixup.
                         */

                        /*
                         * Mark this cache entry for removal and instead add
                         * new stage>0 entries corresponding to the
                         * conflicts.  If there are many conflicted entries, we
                         * want to avoid memmove'ing O(NM) entries by
                         * inserting the new entries one at a time.  So,
                         * instead, we just add the new cache entries to the
                         * end (ignoring normal index requirements on sort
                         * order) and sort the index once we're all done.
                         */
                        ce->ce_flags |= CE_REMOVE;
                }

                for (i = MERGE_BASE; i <= MERGE_SIDE2; i++) {
                        struct version_info *vi;
                        if (!(ci->filemask & (1ul << i)))
                                continue;
                        vi = &ci->stages[i];
                        ce = make_cache_entry(index, vi->mode, &vi->oid,
                                              path, i+1, 0);
                        add_index_entry(index, ce, ADD_CACHE_JUST_APPEND);
                }
        }

        /*
         * Remove the unused cache entries (and invalidate the relevant
         * cache-trees), then sort the index entries to get the conflicted
         * entries we added to the end into their right locations.
         */
        remove_marked_cache_entries(index, 1);
        QSORT(index->cache, index->cache_nr, cmp_cache_name_compare);

        return errs;
}

void merge_switch_to_result(struct merge_options *opt,
                            struct tree *head,
                            struct merge_result *result,
                            int update_worktree_and_index,
                            int display_update_msgs)
{
        assert(opt->priv == NULL);
        if (result->clean >= 0 && update_worktree_and_index) {
                struct merge_options_internal *opti = result->priv;

                if (checkout(opt, head, result->tree)) {
                        /* failure to function */
                        result->clean = -1;
                        return;
                }

                if (record_conflicted_index_entries(opt, opt->repo->index,
                                                    &opti->paths,
                                                    &opti->conflicted)) {
                        /* failure to function */
                        result->clean = -1;
                        return;
                }
        }

        if (display_update_msgs) {
                struct merge_options_internal *opti = result->priv;
                struct hashmap_iter iter;
                struct strmap_entry *e;
                struct string_list olist = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
                int i;

                /* Hack to pre-allocate olist to the desired size */
                ALLOC_GROW(olist.items, strmap_get_size(&opti->output),
                           olist.alloc);

                /* Put every entry from output into olist, then sort */
                strmap_for_each_entry(&opti->output, &iter, e) {
                        string_list_append(&olist, e->key)->util = e->value;
                }
                string_list_sort(&olist);

                /* Iterate over the items, printing them */
                for (i = 0; i < olist.nr; ++i) {
                        struct strbuf *sb = olist.items[i].util;

                        printf("%s", sb->buf);
                }
                string_list_clear(&olist, 0);

                /* Also include needed rename limit adjustment now */
                diff_warn_rename_limit("merge.renamelimit",
                                       opti->renames.needed_limit, 0);
        }

        merge_finalize(opt, result);
}

void merge_finalize(struct merge_options *opt,
                    struct merge_result *result)
{
        struct merge_options_internal *opti = result->priv;

        assert(opt->priv == NULL);

        clear_or_reinit_internal_opts(opti, 0);
        FREE_AND_NULL(opti);
}

/*** Function Grouping: helper functions for merge_incore_*() ***/

static inline void set_commit_tree(struct commit *c, struct tree *t)
{
        c->maybe_tree = t;
}

static struct commit *make_virtual_commit(struct repository *repo,
                                          struct tree *tree,
                                          const char *comment)
{
        struct commit *commit = alloc_commit_node(repo);

        set_merge_remote_desc(commit, comment, (struct object *)commit);
        set_commit_tree(commit, tree);
        commit->object.parsed = 1;
        return commit;
}

static void merge_start(struct merge_options *opt, struct merge_result *result)
{
        /* Sanity checks on opt */
        assert(opt->repo);

        assert(opt->branch1 && opt->branch2);

        assert(opt->detect_directory_renames >= MERGE_DIRECTORY_RENAMES_NONE &&
               opt->detect_directory_renames <= MERGE_DIRECTORY_RENAMES_TRUE);
        assert(opt->rename_limit >= -1);
        assert(opt->rename_score >= 0 && opt->rename_score <= MAX_SCORE);
        assert(opt->show_rename_progress >= 0 && opt->show_rename_progress <= 1);

        assert(opt->xdl_opts >= 0);
        assert(opt->recursive_variant >= MERGE_VARIANT_NORMAL &&
               opt->recursive_variant <= MERGE_VARIANT_THEIRS);

        /*
         * detect_renames, verbosity, buffer_output, and obuf are ignored
         * fields that were used by "recursive" rather than "ort" -- but
         * sanity check them anyway.
         */
        assert(opt->detect_renames >= -1 &&
               opt->detect_renames <= DIFF_DETECT_COPY);
        assert(opt->verbosity >= 0 && opt->verbosity <= 5);
        assert(opt->buffer_output <= 2);
        assert(opt->obuf.len == 0);

        assert(opt->priv == NULL);

        /* Default to histogram diff.  Actually, just hardcode it...for now. */
        opt->xdl_opts = DIFF_WITH_ALG(opt, HISTOGRAM_DIFF);

        /* Initialization of opt->priv, our internal merge data */
        opt->priv = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*opt->priv));

        /*
         * Although we initialize opt->priv->paths with strdup_strings=0,
         * that's just to avoid making yet another copy of an allocated
         * string.  Putting the entry into paths means we are taking
         * ownership, so we will later free it.  paths_to_free is similar.
         *
         * In contrast, conflicted just has a subset of keys from paths, so
         * we don't want to free those (it'd be a duplicate free).
         */
        strmap_init_with_options(&opt->priv->paths, NULL, 0);
        strmap_init_with_options(&opt->priv->conflicted, NULL, 0);
        string_list_init(&opt->priv->paths_to_free, 0);

        /*
         * keys & strbufs in output will sometimes need to outlive "paths",
         * so it will have a copy of relevant keys.  It's probably a small
         * subset of the overall paths that have special output.
         */
        strmap_init(&opt->priv->output);
}

/*** Function Grouping: merge_incore_*() and their internal variants ***/

/*
 * Originally from merge_trees_internal(); heavily adapted, though.
 */
static void merge_ort_nonrecursive_internal(struct merge_options *opt,
                                            struct tree *merge_base,
                                            struct tree *side1,
                                            struct tree *side2,
                                            struct merge_result *result)
{
        struct object_id working_tree_oid;

        if (collect_merge_info(opt, merge_base, side1, side2) != 0) {
                /*
                 * TRANSLATORS: The %s arguments are: 1) tree hash of a merge
                 * base, and 2-3) the trees for the two trees we're merging.
                 */
                err(opt, _("collecting merge info failed for trees %s, %s, %s"),
                    oid_to_hex(&merge_base->object.oid),
                    oid_to_hex(&side1->object.oid),
                    oid_to_hex(&side2->object.oid));
                result->clean = -1;
                return;
        }

        result->clean = detect_and_process_renames(opt, merge_base,
                                                   side1, side2);
        process_entries(opt, &working_tree_oid);

        /* Set return values */
        result->tree = parse_tree_indirect(&working_tree_oid);
        /* existence of conflicted entries implies unclean */
        result->clean &= strmap_empty(&opt->priv->conflicted);
        if (!opt->priv->call_depth) {
                result->priv = opt->priv;
                opt->priv = NULL;
        }
}

/*
 * Originally from merge_recursive_internal(); somewhat adapted, though.
 */
static void merge_ort_internal(struct merge_options *opt,
                               struct commit_list *merge_bases,
                               struct commit *h1,
                               struct commit *h2,
                               struct merge_result *result)
{
        struct commit_list *iter;
        struct commit *merged_merge_bases;
        const char *ancestor_name;
        struct strbuf merge_base_abbrev = STRBUF_INIT;

        if (!merge_bases) {
                merge_bases = get_merge_bases(h1, h2);
                /* See merge-ort.h:merge_incore_recursive() declaration NOTE */
                merge_bases = reverse_commit_list(merge_bases);
        }

        merged_merge_bases = pop_commit(&merge_bases);
        if (merged_merge_bases == NULL) {
                /* if there is no common ancestor, use an empty tree */
                struct tree *tree;

                tree = lookup_tree(opt->repo, opt->repo->hash_algo->empty_tree);
                merged_merge_bases = make_virtual_commit(opt->repo, tree,
                                                         "ancestor");
                ancestor_name = "empty tree";
        } else if (merge_bases) {
                ancestor_name = "merged common ancestors";
        } else {
                strbuf_add_unique_abbrev(&merge_base_abbrev,
                                         &merged_merge_bases->object.oid,
                                         DEFAULT_ABBREV);
                ancestor_name = merge_base_abbrev.buf;
        }

        for (iter = merge_bases; iter; iter = iter->next) {
                const char *saved_b1, *saved_b2;
                struct commit *prev = merged_merge_bases;

                opt->priv->call_depth++;
                /*
                 * When the merge fails, the result contains files
                 * with conflict markers. The cleanness flag is
                 * ignored (unless indicating an error), it was never
                 * actually used, as result of merge_trees has always
                 * overwritten it: the committed "conflicts" were
                 * already resolved.
                 */
                saved_b1 = opt->branch1;
                saved_b2 = opt->branch2;
                opt->branch1 = "Temporary merge branch 1";
                opt->branch2 = "Temporary merge branch 2";
                merge_ort_internal(opt, NULL, prev, iter->item, result);
                if (result->clean < 0)
                        return;
                opt->branch1 = saved_b1;
                opt->branch2 = saved_b2;
                opt->priv->call_depth--;

                merged_merge_bases = make_virtual_commit(opt->repo,
                                                         result->tree,
                                                         "merged tree");
                commit_list_insert(prev, &merged_merge_bases->parents);
                commit_list_insert(iter->item,
                                   &merged_merge_bases->parents->next);

                clear_or_reinit_internal_opts(opt->priv, 1);
        }

        opt->ancestor = ancestor_name;
        merge_ort_nonrecursive_internal(opt,
                                        repo_get_commit_tree(opt->repo,
                                                             merged_merge_bases),
                                        repo_get_commit_tree(opt->repo, h1),
                                        repo_get_commit_tree(opt->repo, h2),
                                        result);
        strbuf_release(&merge_base_abbrev);
        opt->ancestor = NULL;  /* avoid accidental re-use of opt->ancestor */
}

void merge_incore_nonrecursive(struct merge_options *opt,
                               struct tree *merge_base,
                               struct tree *side1,
                               struct tree *side2,
                               struct merge_result *result)
{
        assert(opt->ancestor != NULL);
        merge_start(opt, result);
        merge_ort_nonrecursive_internal(opt, merge_base, side1, side2, result);
}

void merge_incore_recursive(struct merge_options *opt,
                            struct commit_list *merge_bases,
                            struct commit *side1,
                            struct commit *side2,
                            struct merge_result *result)
{
        /* We set the ancestor label based on the merge_bases */
        assert(opt->ancestor == NULL);

        merge_start(opt, result);
        merge_ort_internal(opt, merge_bases, side1, side2, result);
}