2 * "git clean" builtin command
4 * Copyright (C) 2007 Shawn Bohrer
6 * Based on git-clean.sh by Pavel Roskin
12 #include "parse-options.h"
13 #include "string-list.h"
19 static int force = -1; /* unset */
20 static int interactive;
21 static struct string_list del_list = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
22 static unsigned int colopts;
24 static const char *const builtin_clean_usage[] = {
25 N_("git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pattern>] [-x | -X] [--] <paths>..."),
29 static const char *msg_remove = N_("Removing %s\n");
30 static const char *msg_would_remove = N_("Would remove %s\n");
31 static const char *msg_skip_git_dir = N_("Skipping repository %s\n");
32 static const char *msg_would_skip_git_dir = N_("Would skip repository %s\n");
33 static const char *msg_warn_remove_failed = N_("failed to remove %s");
35 static int clean_use_color = -1;
36 static char clean_colors[][COLOR_MAXLEN] = {
38 GIT_COLOR_NORMAL, /* PLAIN */
39 GIT_COLOR_BOLD_BLUE, /* PROMPT */
40 GIT_COLOR_BOLD, /* HEADER */
41 GIT_COLOR_BOLD_RED, /* HELP */
42 GIT_COLOR_BOLD_RED, /* ERROR */
45 CLEAN_COLOR_RESET = 0,
46 CLEAN_COLOR_PLAIN = 1,
47 CLEAN_COLOR_PROMPT = 2,
48 CLEAN_COLOR_HEADER = 3,
53 #define MENU_OPTS_SINGLETON 01
54 #define MENU_OPTS_IMMEDIATE 02
55 #define MENU_OPTS_LIST_ONLY 04
63 #define MENU_RETURN_NO_LOOP 10
72 enum menu_stuff_type {
73 MENU_STUFF_TYPE_STRING_LIST = 1,
74 MENU_STUFF_TYPE_MENU_ITEM
78 enum menu_stuff_type type;
83 static int parse_clean_color_slot(const char *var)
85 if (!strcasecmp(var, "reset"))
86 return CLEAN_COLOR_RESET;
87 if (!strcasecmp(var, "plain"))
88 return CLEAN_COLOR_PLAIN;
89 if (!strcasecmp(var, "prompt"))
90 return CLEAN_COLOR_PROMPT;
91 if (!strcasecmp(var, "header"))
92 return CLEAN_COLOR_HEADER;
93 if (!strcasecmp(var, "help"))
94 return CLEAN_COLOR_HELP;
95 if (!strcasecmp(var, "error"))
96 return CLEAN_COLOR_ERROR;
100 static int git_clean_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb)
102 const char *slot_name;
104 if (starts_with(var, "column."))
105 return git_column_config(var, value, "clean", &colopts);
107 /* honors the color.interactive* config variables which also
108 applied in git-add--interactive and git-stash */
109 if (!strcmp(var, "color.interactive")) {
110 clean_use_color = git_config_colorbool(var, value);
113 if (skip_prefix(var, "color.interactive.", &slot_name)) {
114 int slot = parse_clean_color_slot(slot_name);
118 return config_error_nonbool(var);
119 return color_parse(value, clean_colors[slot]);
122 if (!strcmp(var, "clean.requireforce")) {
123 force = !git_config_bool(var, value);
127 /* inspect the color.ui config variable and others */
128 return git_color_default_config(var, value, cb);
131 static const char *clean_get_color(enum color_clean ix)
133 if (want_color(clean_use_color))
134 return clean_colors[ix];
138 static void clean_print_color(enum color_clean ix)
140 printf("%s", clean_get_color(ix));
143 static int exclude_cb(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
145 struct string_list *exclude_list = opt->value;
146 string_list_append(exclude_list, arg);
150 static int remove_dirs(struct strbuf *path, const char *prefix, int force_flag,
151 int dry_run, int quiet, int *dir_gone)
154 struct strbuf quoted = STRBUF_INIT;
156 int res = 0, ret = 0, gone = 1, original_len = path->len, len;
157 struct string_list dels = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
161 if ((force_flag & REMOVE_DIR_KEEP_NESTED_GIT) && is_nonbare_repository_dir(path)) {
163 quote_path_relative(path->buf, prefix, "ed);
164 printf(dry_run ? _(msg_would_skip_git_dir) : _(msg_skip_git_dir),
172 dir = opendir(path->buf);
174 /* an empty dir could be removed even if it is unreadble */
175 res = dry_run ? 0 : rmdir(path->buf);
177 int saved_errno = errno;
178 quote_path_relative(path->buf, prefix, "ed);
180 warning_errno(_(msg_warn_remove_failed), quoted.buf);
186 strbuf_complete(path, '/');
189 while ((e = readdir(dir)) != NULL) {
191 if (is_dot_or_dotdot(e->d_name))
194 strbuf_setlen(path, len);
195 strbuf_addstr(path, e->d_name);
196 if (lstat(path->buf, &st))
198 else if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
199 if (remove_dirs(path, prefix, force_flag, dry_run, quiet, &gone))
202 quote_path_relative(path->buf, prefix, "ed);
203 string_list_append(&dels, quoted.buf);
208 res = dry_run ? 0 : unlink(path->buf);
210 quote_path_relative(path->buf, prefix, "ed);
211 string_list_append(&dels, quoted.buf);
213 int saved_errno = errno;
214 quote_path_relative(path->buf, prefix, "ed);
216 warning_errno(_(msg_warn_remove_failed), quoted.buf);
223 /* path too long, stat fails, or non-directory still exists */
230 strbuf_setlen(path, original_len);
233 res = dry_run ? 0 : rmdir(path->buf);
237 int saved_errno = errno;
238 quote_path_relative(path->buf, prefix, "ed);
240 warning_errno(_(msg_warn_remove_failed), quoted.buf);
246 if (!*dir_gone && !quiet) {
248 for (i = 0; i < dels.nr; i++)
249 printf(dry_run ? _(msg_would_remove) : _(msg_remove), dels.items[i].string);
251 string_list_clear(&dels, 0);
255 static void pretty_print_dels(void)
257 struct string_list list = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
258 struct string_list_item *item;
259 struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
261 struct column_options copts;
263 for_each_string_list_item(item, &del_list) {
264 qname = quote_path_relative(item->string, NULL, &buf);
265 string_list_append(&list, qname);
269 * always enable column display, we only consult column.*
270 * about layout strategy and stuff
272 colopts = (colopts & ~COL_ENABLE_MASK) | COL_ENABLED;
273 memset(&copts, 0, sizeof(copts));
276 print_columns(&list, colopts, &copts);
277 strbuf_release(&buf);
278 string_list_clear(&list, 0);
281 static void pretty_print_menus(struct string_list *menu_list)
283 unsigned int local_colopts = 0;
284 struct column_options copts;
286 local_colopts = COL_ENABLED | COL_ROW;
287 memset(&copts, 0, sizeof(copts));
290 print_columns(menu_list, local_colopts, &copts);
293 static void prompt_help_cmd(int singleton)
295 clean_print_color(CLEAN_COLOR_HELP);
298 "1 - select a numbered item\n"
299 "foo - select item based on unique prefix\n"
300 " - (empty) select nothing\n") :
302 "1 - select a single item\n"
303 "3-5 - select a range of items\n"
304 "2-3,6-9 - select multiple ranges\n"
305 "foo - select item based on unique prefix\n"
306 "-... - unselect specified items\n"
307 "* - choose all items\n"
308 " - (empty) finish selecting\n"));
309 clean_print_color(CLEAN_COLOR_RESET);
313 * display menu stuff with number prefix and hotkey highlight
315 static void print_highlight_menu_stuff(struct menu_stuff *stuff, int **chosen)
317 struct string_list menu_list = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
318 struct strbuf menu = STRBUF_INIT;
319 struct menu_item *menu_item;
320 struct string_list_item *string_list_item;
323 switch (stuff->type) {
325 die("Bad type of menu_stuff when print menu");
326 case MENU_STUFF_TYPE_MENU_ITEM:
327 menu_item = (struct menu_item *)stuff->stuff;
328 for (i = 0; i < stuff->nr; i++, menu_item++) {
332 p = menu_item->title;
333 if ((*chosen)[i] < 0)
334 (*chosen)[i] = menu_item->selected ? 1 : 0;
335 strbuf_addf(&menu, "%s%2d: ", (*chosen)[i] ? "*" : " ", i+1);
337 if (!highlighted && *p == menu_item->hotkey) {
338 strbuf_addstr(&menu, clean_get_color(CLEAN_COLOR_PROMPT));
339 strbuf_addch(&menu, *p);
340 strbuf_addstr(&menu, clean_get_color(CLEAN_COLOR_RESET));
343 strbuf_addch(&menu, *p);
346 string_list_append(&menu_list, menu.buf);
350 case MENU_STUFF_TYPE_STRING_LIST:
352 for_each_string_list_item(string_list_item, (struct string_list *)stuff->stuff) {
353 if ((*chosen)[i] < 0)
355 strbuf_addf(&menu, "%s%2d: %s",
356 (*chosen)[i] ? "*" : " ", i+1, string_list_item->string);
357 string_list_append(&menu_list, menu.buf);
364 pretty_print_menus(&menu_list);
366 strbuf_release(&menu);
367 string_list_clear(&menu_list, 0);
370 static int find_unique(const char *choice, struct menu_stuff *menu_stuff)
372 struct menu_item *menu_item;
373 struct string_list_item *string_list_item;
374 int i, len, found = 0;
376 len = strlen(choice);
377 switch (menu_stuff->type) {
379 die("Bad type of menu_stuff when parse choice");
380 case MENU_STUFF_TYPE_MENU_ITEM:
382 menu_item = (struct menu_item *)menu_stuff->stuff;
383 for (i = 0; i < menu_stuff->nr; i++, menu_item++) {
384 if (len == 1 && *choice == menu_item->hotkey) {
388 if (!strncasecmp(choice, menu_item->title, len)) {
391 /* continue for hotkey matching */
403 case MENU_STUFF_TYPE_STRING_LIST:
404 string_list_item = ((struct string_list *)menu_stuff->stuff)->items;
405 for (i = 0; i < menu_stuff->nr; i++, string_list_item++) {
406 if (!strncasecmp(choice, string_list_item->string, len)) {
421 * Parse user input, and return choice(s) for menu (menu_stuff).
424 * (for single choice)
425 * 1 - select a numbered item
426 * foo - select item based on menu title
427 * - (empty) select nothing
429 * (for multiple choice)
430 * 1 - select a single item
431 * 3-5 - select a range of items
432 * 2-3,6-9 - select multiple ranges
433 * foo - select item based on menu title
434 * -... - unselect specified items
435 * * - choose all items
436 * - (empty) finish selecting
438 * The parse result will be saved in array **chosen, and
439 * return number of total selections.
441 static int parse_choice(struct menu_stuff *menu_stuff,
446 struct strbuf **choice_list, **ptr;
451 choice_list = strbuf_split_max(&input, '\n', 0);
458 choice_list = strbuf_split_max(&input, ' ', 0);
461 for (ptr = choice_list; *ptr; ptr++) {
464 int bottom = 0, top = 0;
465 int is_range, is_number;
471 /* Input that begins with '-'; unchoose */
472 if (*(*ptr)->buf == '-') {
474 strbuf_remove((*ptr), 0, 1);
479 for (p = (*ptr)->buf; *p; p++) {
489 } else if (!isdigit(*p)) {
497 bottom = atoi((*ptr)->buf);
499 } else if (is_range) {
500 bottom = atoi((*ptr)->buf);
501 /* a range can be specified like 5-7 or 5- */
502 if (!*(strchr((*ptr)->buf, '-') + 1))
503 top = menu_stuff->nr;
505 top = atoi(strchr((*ptr)->buf, '-') + 1);
506 } else if (!strcmp((*ptr)->buf, "*")) {
508 top = menu_stuff->nr;
510 bottom = find_unique((*ptr)->buf, menu_stuff);
514 if (top <= 0 || bottom <= 0 || top > menu_stuff->nr || bottom > top ||
515 (is_single && bottom != top)) {
516 clean_print_color(CLEAN_COLOR_ERROR);
517 printf(_("Huh (%s)?\n"), (*ptr)->buf);
518 clean_print_color(CLEAN_COLOR_RESET);
522 for (i = bottom; i <= top; i++)
523 (*chosen)[i-1] = choose;
526 strbuf_list_free(choice_list);
528 for (i = 0; i < menu_stuff->nr; i++)
534 * Implement a git-add-interactive compatible UI, which is borrowed
535 * from git-add--interactive.perl.
539 * - Return an array of integers
540 * - , and it is up to you to free the allocated memory.
541 * - The array ends with EOF.
542 * - If user pressed CTRL-D (i.e. EOF), no selection returned.
544 static int *list_and_choose(struct menu_opts *opts, struct menu_stuff *stuff)
546 struct strbuf choice = STRBUF_INIT;
547 int *chosen, *result;
552 ALLOC_ARRAY(chosen, stuff->nr);
553 /* set chosen as uninitialized */
554 for (i = 0; i < stuff->nr; i++)
560 clean_get_color(CLEAN_COLOR_HEADER),
562 clean_get_color(CLEAN_COLOR_RESET));
565 /* chosen will be initialized by print_highlight_menu_stuff */
566 print_highlight_menu_stuff(stuff, &chosen);
568 if (opts->flags & MENU_OPTS_LIST_ONLY)
573 clean_get_color(CLEAN_COLOR_PROMPT),
575 opts->flags & MENU_OPTS_SINGLETON ? "> " : ">> ",
576 clean_get_color(CLEAN_COLOR_RESET));
579 if (strbuf_getline_lf(&choice, stdin) != EOF) {
580 strbuf_trim(&choice);
586 /* help for prompt */
587 if (!strcmp(choice.buf, "?")) {
588 prompt_help_cmd(opts->flags & MENU_OPTS_SINGLETON);
592 /* for a multiple-choice menu, press ENTER (empty) will return back */
593 if (!(opts->flags & MENU_OPTS_SINGLETON) && !choice.len)
596 nr = parse_choice(stuff,
597 opts->flags & MENU_OPTS_SINGLETON,
601 if (opts->flags & MENU_OPTS_SINGLETON) {
604 } else if (opts->flags & MENU_OPTS_IMMEDIATE) {
610 result = xmalloc(sizeof(int));
616 * recalculate nr, if return back from menu directly with
617 * default selections.
620 for (i = 0; i < stuff->nr; i++)
624 result = xcalloc(st_add(nr, 1), sizeof(int));
625 for (i = 0; i < stuff->nr && j < nr; i++) {
633 strbuf_release(&choice);
637 static int clean_cmd(void)
639 return MENU_RETURN_NO_LOOP;
642 static int filter_by_patterns_cmd(void)
644 struct dir_struct dir;
645 struct strbuf confirm = STRBUF_INIT;
646 struct strbuf **ignore_list;
647 struct string_list_item *item;
648 struct exclude_list *el;
658 clean_print_color(CLEAN_COLOR_PROMPT);
659 printf(_("Input ignore patterns>> "));
660 clean_print_color(CLEAN_COLOR_RESET);
661 if (strbuf_getline_lf(&confirm, stdin) != EOF)
662 strbuf_trim(&confirm);
666 /* quit filter_by_pattern mode if press ENTER or Ctrl-D */
670 memset(&dir, 0, sizeof(dir));
671 el = add_exclude_list(&dir, EXC_CMDL, "manual exclude");
672 ignore_list = strbuf_split_max(&confirm, ' ', 0);
674 for (i = 0; ignore_list[i]; i++) {
675 strbuf_trim(ignore_list[i]);
676 if (!ignore_list[i]->len)
679 add_exclude(ignore_list[i]->buf, "", 0, el, -(i+1));
683 for_each_string_list_item(item, &del_list) {
684 int dtype = DT_UNKNOWN;
686 if (is_excluded(&dir, &the_index, item->string, &dtype)) {
687 *item->string = '\0';
693 string_list_remove_empty_items(&del_list, 0);
695 clean_print_color(CLEAN_COLOR_ERROR);
696 printf_ln(_("WARNING: Cannot find items matched by: %s"), confirm.buf);
697 clean_print_color(CLEAN_COLOR_RESET);
700 strbuf_list_free(ignore_list);
701 clear_directory(&dir);
704 strbuf_release(&confirm);
708 static int select_by_numbers_cmd(void)
710 struct menu_opts menu_opts;
711 struct menu_stuff menu_stuff;
712 struct string_list_item *items;
716 menu_opts.header = NULL;
717 menu_opts.prompt = N_("Select items to delete");
720 menu_stuff.type = MENU_STUFF_TYPE_STRING_LIST;
721 menu_stuff.stuff = &del_list;
722 menu_stuff.nr = del_list.nr;
724 chosen = list_and_choose(&menu_opts, &menu_stuff);
725 items = del_list.items;
726 for (i = 0, j = 0; i < del_list.nr; i++) {
728 *(items[i].string) = '\0';
729 } else if (i == chosen[j]) {
730 /* delete selected item */
734 /* end of chosen (chosen[j] == EOF), won't delete */
735 *(items[i].string) = '\0';
739 string_list_remove_empty_items(&del_list, 0);
745 static int ask_each_cmd(void)
747 struct strbuf confirm = STRBUF_INIT;
748 struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
749 struct string_list_item *item;
751 int changed = 0, eof = 0;
753 for_each_string_list_item(item, &del_list) {
754 /* Ctrl-D should stop removing files */
756 qname = quote_path_relative(item->string, NULL, &buf);
757 /* TRANSLATORS: Make sure to keep [y/N] as is */
758 printf(_("Remove %s [y/N]? "), qname);
759 if (strbuf_getline_lf(&confirm, stdin) != EOF) {
760 strbuf_trim(&confirm);
766 if (!confirm.len || strncasecmp(confirm.buf, "yes", confirm.len)) {
767 *item->string = '\0';
773 string_list_remove_empty_items(&del_list, 0);
775 strbuf_release(&buf);
776 strbuf_release(&confirm);
777 return MENU_RETURN_NO_LOOP;
780 static int quit_cmd(void)
782 string_list_clear(&del_list, 0);
784 return MENU_RETURN_NO_LOOP;
787 static int help_cmd(void)
789 clean_print_color(CLEAN_COLOR_HELP);
791 "clean - start cleaning\n"
792 "filter by pattern - exclude items from deletion\n"
793 "select by numbers - select items to be deleted by numbers\n"
794 "ask each - confirm each deletion (like \"rm -i\")\n"
795 "quit - stop cleaning\n"
796 "help - this screen\n"
797 "? - help for prompt selection"
799 clean_print_color(CLEAN_COLOR_RESET);
803 static void interactive_main_loop(void)
805 while (del_list.nr) {
806 struct menu_opts menu_opts;
807 struct menu_stuff menu_stuff;
808 struct menu_item menus[] = {
809 {'c', "clean", 0, clean_cmd},
810 {'f', "filter by pattern", 0, filter_by_patterns_cmd},
811 {'s', "select by numbers", 0, select_by_numbers_cmd},
812 {'a', "ask each", 0, ask_each_cmd},
813 {'q', "quit", 0, quit_cmd},
814 {'h', "help", 0, help_cmd},
818 menu_opts.header = N_("*** Commands ***");
819 menu_opts.prompt = N_("What now");
820 menu_opts.flags = MENU_OPTS_SINGLETON;
822 menu_stuff.type = MENU_STUFF_TYPE_MENU_ITEM;
823 menu_stuff.stuff = menus;
824 menu_stuff.nr = sizeof(menus) / sizeof(struct menu_item);
826 clean_print_color(CLEAN_COLOR_HEADER);
827 printf_ln(Q_("Would remove the following item:",
828 "Would remove the following items:",
830 clean_print_color(CLEAN_COLOR_RESET);
834 chosen = list_and_choose(&menu_opts, &menu_stuff);
836 if (*chosen != EOF) {
838 ret = menus[*chosen].fn();
839 if (ret != MENU_RETURN_NO_LOOP) {
843 clean_print_color(CLEAN_COLOR_ERROR);
844 printf_ln(_("No more files to clean, exiting."));
845 clean_print_color(CLEAN_COLOR_RESET);
860 int cmd_clean(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
863 int dry_run = 0, remove_directories = 0, quiet = 0, ignored = 0;
864 int ignored_only = 0, config_set = 0, errors = 0, gone = 1;
865 int rm_flags = REMOVE_DIR_KEEP_NESTED_GIT;
866 struct strbuf abs_path = STRBUF_INIT;
867 struct dir_struct dir;
868 struct pathspec pathspec;
869 struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
870 struct string_list exclude_list = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
871 struct exclude_list *el;
872 struct string_list_item *item;
874 struct option options[] = {
875 OPT__QUIET(&quiet, N_("do not print names of files removed")),
876 OPT__DRY_RUN(&dry_run, N_("dry run")),
877 OPT__FORCE(&force, N_("force")),
878 OPT_BOOL('i', "interactive", &interactive, N_("interactive cleaning")),
879 OPT_BOOL('d', NULL, &remove_directories,
880 N_("remove whole directories")),
881 { OPTION_CALLBACK, 'e', "exclude", &exclude_list, N_("pattern"),
882 N_("add <pattern> to ignore rules"), PARSE_OPT_NONEG, exclude_cb },
883 OPT_BOOL('x', NULL, &ignored, N_("remove ignored files, too")),
884 OPT_BOOL('X', NULL, &ignored_only,
885 N_("remove only ignored files")),
889 git_config(git_clean_config, NULL);
895 argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options, builtin_clean_usage,
898 memset(&dir, 0, sizeof(dir));
900 dir.flags |= DIR_SHOW_IGNORED;
902 if (ignored && ignored_only)
903 die(_("-x and -X cannot be used together"));
905 if (!interactive && !dry_run && !force) {
907 die(_("clean.requireForce set to true and neither -i, -n, nor -f given; "
908 "refusing to clean"));
910 die(_("clean.requireForce defaults to true and neither -i, -n, nor -f given;"
911 " refusing to clean"));
917 dir.flags |= DIR_SHOW_OTHER_DIRECTORIES;
919 if (read_cache() < 0)
920 die(_("index file corrupt"));
923 setup_standard_excludes(&dir);
925 el = add_exclude_list(&dir, EXC_CMDL, "--exclude option");
926 for (i = 0; i < exclude_list.nr; i++)
927 add_exclude(exclude_list.items[i].string, "", 0, el, -(i+1));
929 parse_pathspec(&pathspec, 0,
933 fill_directory(&dir, &pathspec);
935 for (i = 0; i < dir.nr; i++) {
936 struct dir_entry *ent = dir.entries[i];
941 if (!cache_name_is_other(ent->name, ent->len))
945 matches = dir_path_match(ent, &pathspec, 0, NULL);
947 if (pathspec.nr && !matches)
950 if (lstat(ent->name, &st))
951 die_errno("Cannot lstat '%s'", ent->name);
953 if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) && !remove_directories &&
954 matches != MATCHED_EXACTLY)
957 rel = relative_path(ent->name, prefix, &buf);
958 string_list_append(&del_list, rel);
961 if (interactive && del_list.nr > 0)
962 interactive_main_loop();
964 for_each_string_list_item(item, &del_list) {
968 strbuf_addstr(&abs_path, prefix);
970 strbuf_addstr(&abs_path, item->string);
973 * we might have removed this as part of earlier
974 * recursive directory removal, so lstat() here could
977 if (lstat(abs_path.buf, &st))
980 if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
981 if (remove_dirs(&abs_path, prefix, rm_flags, dry_run, quiet, &gone))
983 if (gone && !quiet) {
984 qname = quote_path_relative(item->string, NULL, &buf);
985 printf(dry_run ? _(msg_would_remove) : _(msg_remove), qname);
988 res = dry_run ? 0 : unlink(abs_path.buf);
990 int saved_errno = errno;
991 qname = quote_path_relative(item->string, NULL, &buf);
993 warning_errno(_(msg_warn_remove_failed), qname);
996 qname = quote_path_relative(item->string, NULL, &buf);
997 printf(dry_run ? _(msg_would_remove) : _(msg_remove), qname);
1000 strbuf_reset(&abs_path);
1003 strbuf_release(&abs_path);
1004 strbuf_release(&buf);
1005 string_list_clear(&del_list, 0);
1006 string_list_clear(&exclude_list, 0);
1007 return (errors != 0);