1 HTTP transfer protocols
2 =======================
4 Git supports two HTTP based transfer protocols. A "dumb" protocol
5 which requires only a standard HTTP server on the server end of the
6 connection, and a "smart" protocol which requires a Git aware CGI
7 (or server module). This document describes both protocols.
9 As a design feature smart clients can automatically upgrade "dumb"
10 protocol URLs to smart URLs. This permits all users to have the
11 same published URL, and the peers automatically select the most
12 efficient transport available to them.
18 URLs for Git repositories accessed by HTTP use the standard HTTP
19 URL syntax documented by RFC 1738, so they are of the form:
21 http://<host>:<port>/<path>?<searchpart>
23 Within this documentation the placeholder `$GIT_URL` will stand for
24 the http:// repository URL entered by the end-user.
26 Servers SHOULD handle all requests to locations matching `$GIT_URL`, as
27 both the "smart" and "dumb" HTTP protocols used by Git operate
28 by appending additional path components onto the end of the user
29 supplied `$GIT_URL` string.
31 An example of a dumb client requesting for a loose object:
33 $GIT_URL: http://example.com:8080/git/repo.git
34 URL request: http://example.com:8080/git/repo.git/objects/d0/49f6c27a2244e12041955e262a404c7faba355
36 An example of a smart request to a catch-all gateway:
38 $GIT_URL: http://example.com/daemon.cgi?svc=git&q=
39 URL request: http://example.com/daemon.cgi?svc=git&q=/info/refs&service=git-receive-pack
41 An example of a request to a submodule:
43 $GIT_URL: http://example.com/git/repo.git/path/submodule.git
44 URL request: http://example.com/git/repo.git/path/submodule.git/info/refs
46 Clients MUST strip a trailing `/`, if present, from the user supplied
47 `$GIT_URL` string to prevent empty path tokens (`//`) from appearing
48 in any URL sent to a server. Compatible clients MUST expand
49 `$GIT_URL/info/refs` as `foo/info/refs` and not `foo//info/refs`.
55 Standard HTTP authentication is used if authentication is required
56 to access a repository, and MAY be configured and enforced by the
59 Because Git repositories are accessed by standard path components
60 server administrators MAY use directory based permissions within
61 their HTTP server to control repository access.
63 Clients SHOULD support Basic authentication as described by RFC 2617.
64 Servers SHOULD support Basic authentication by relying upon the
65 HTTP server placed in front of the Git server software.
67 Servers SHOULD NOT require HTTP cookies for the purposes of
68 authentication or access control.
70 Clients and servers MAY support other common forms of HTTP based
71 authentication, such as Digest authentication.
77 Clients and servers SHOULD support SSL, particularly to protect
78 passwords when relying on Basic HTTP authentication.
84 The Git over HTTP protocol (much like HTTP itself) is stateless
85 from the perspective of the HTTP server side. All state MUST be
86 retained and managed by the client process. This permits simple
87 round-robin load-balancing on the server side, without needing to
88 worry about state management.
90 Clients MUST NOT require state management on the server side in
91 order to function correctly.
93 Servers MUST NOT require HTTP cookies in order to function correctly.
94 Clients MAY store and forward HTTP cookies during request processing
95 as described by RFC 2616 (HTTP/1.1). Servers SHOULD ignore any
96 cookies sent by a client.
99 General Request Processing
100 --------------------------
102 Except where noted, all standard HTTP behavior SHOULD be assumed
103 by both client and server. This includes (but is not necessarily
106 If there is no repository at `$GIT_URL`, or the resource pointed to by a
107 location matching `$GIT_URL` does not exist, the server MUST NOT respond
108 with `200 OK` response. A server SHOULD respond with
109 `404 Not Found`, `410 Gone`, or any other suitable HTTP status code
110 which does not imply the resource exists as requested.
112 If there is a repository at `$GIT_URL`, but access is not currently
113 permitted, the server MUST respond with the `403 Forbidden` HTTP
116 Servers SHOULD support both HTTP 1.0 and HTTP 1.1.
117 Servers SHOULD support chunked encoding for both request and response
120 Clients SHOULD support both HTTP 1.0 and HTTP 1.1.
121 Clients SHOULD support chunked encoding for both request and response
124 Servers MAY return ETag and/or Last-Modified headers.
126 Clients MAY revalidate cached entities by including If-Modified-Since
127 and/or If-None-Match request headers.
129 Servers MAY return `304 Not Modified` if the relevant headers appear
130 in the request and the entity has not changed. Clients MUST treat
131 `304 Not Modified` identical to `200 OK` by reusing the cached entity.
133 Clients MAY reuse a cached entity without revalidation if the
134 Cache-Control and/or Expires header permits caching. Clients and
135 servers MUST follow RFC 2616 for cache controls.
138 Discovering References
139 ----------------------
141 All HTTP clients MUST begin either a fetch or a push exchange by
142 discovering the references available on the remote repository.
147 HTTP clients that only support the "dumb" protocol MUST discover
148 references by making a request for the special info/refs file of
151 Dumb HTTP clients MUST make a `GET` request to `$GIT_URL/info/refs`,
152 without any search/query parameters.
154 C: GET $GIT_URL/info/refs HTTP/1.0
158 S: 95dcfa3633004da0049d3d0fa03f80589cbcaf31 refs/heads/maint
159 S: d049f6c27a2244e12041955e262a404c7faba355 refs/heads/master
160 S: 2cb58b79488a98d2721cea644875a8dd0026b115 refs/tags/v1.0
161 S: a3c2e2402b99163d1d59756e5f207ae21cccba4c refs/tags/v1.0^{}
163 The Content-Type of the returned info/refs entity SHOULD be
164 `text/plain; charset=utf-8`, but MAY be any content type.
165 Clients MUST NOT attempt to validate the returned Content-Type.
166 Dumb servers MUST NOT return a return type starting with
167 `application/x-git-`.
169 Cache-Control headers MAY be returned to disable caching of the
172 When examining the response clients SHOULD only examine the HTTP
173 status code. Valid responses are `200 OK`, or `304 Not Modified`.
175 The returned content is a UNIX formatted text file describing
176 each ref and its known value. The file SHOULD be sorted by name
177 according to the C locale ordering. The file SHOULD NOT include
178 the default ref named `HEAD`.
180 info_refs = *( ref_record )
181 ref_record = any_ref / peeled_ref
183 any_ref = obj-id HTAB refname LF
184 peeled_ref = obj-id HTAB refname LF
185 obj-id HTAB refname "^{}" LF
190 HTTP clients that support the "smart" protocol (or both the
191 "smart" and "dumb" protocols) MUST discover references by making
192 a parameterized request for the info/refs file of the repository.
194 The request MUST contain exactly one query parameter,
195 `service=$servicename`, where `$servicename` MUST be the service
196 name the client wishes to contact to complete the operation.
197 The request MUST NOT contain additional query parameters.
199 C: GET $GIT_URL/info/refs?service=git-upload-pack HTTP/1.0
205 S: 95dcfa3633004da0049d3d0fa03f80589cbcaf31 refs/heads/maint
206 S: d049f6c27a2244e12041955e262a404c7faba355 refs/heads/master
207 S: 2cb58b79488a98d2721cea644875a8dd0026b115 refs/tags/v1.0
208 S: a3c2e2402b99163d1d59756e5f207ae21cccba4c refs/tags/v1.0^{}
213 S: Content-Type: application/x-git-upload-pack-advertisement
214 S: Cache-Control: no-cache
216 S: 001e# service=git-upload-pack\n
217 S: 004895dcfa3633004da0049d3d0fa03f80589cbcaf31 refs/heads/maint\0multi_ack\n
218 S: 0042d049f6c27a2244e12041955e262a404c7faba355 refs/heads/master\n
219 S: 003c2cb58b79488a98d2721cea644875a8dd0026b115 refs/tags/v1.0\n
220 S: 003fa3c2e2402b99163d1d59756e5f207ae21cccba4c refs/tags/v1.0^{}\n
222 The client may send Extra Parameters (see
223 Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt) as a colon-separated string
224 in the Git-Protocol HTTP header.
228 Dumb servers MUST respond with the dumb server reply format.
230 See the prior section under dumb clients for a more detailed
231 description of the dumb server response.
233 Smart Server Response
234 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
235 If the server does not recognize the requested service name, or the
236 requested service name has been disabled by the server administrator,
237 the server MUST respond with the `403 Forbidden` HTTP status code.
239 Otherwise, smart servers MUST respond with the smart server reply
240 format for the requested service name.
242 Cache-Control headers SHOULD be used to disable caching of the
245 The Content-Type MUST be `application/x-$servicename-advertisement`.
246 Clients SHOULD fall back to the dumb protocol if another content
247 type is returned. When falling back to the dumb protocol clients
248 SHOULD NOT make an additional request to `$GIT_URL/info/refs`, but
249 instead SHOULD use the response already in hand. Clients MUST NOT
250 continue if they do not support the dumb protocol.
252 Clients MUST validate the status code is either `200 OK` or
255 Clients MUST validate the first five bytes of the response entity
256 matches the regex `^[0-9a-f]{4}#`. If this test fails, clients
259 Clients MUST parse the entire response as a sequence of pkt-line
262 Clients MUST verify the first pkt-line is `# service=$servicename`.
263 Servers MUST set $servicename to be the request parameter value.
264 Servers SHOULD include an LF at the end of this line.
265 Clients MUST ignore an LF at the end of the line.
267 Servers MUST terminate the response with the magic `0000` end
270 The returned response is a pkt-line stream describing each ref and
271 its known value. The stream SHOULD be sorted by name according to
272 the C locale ordering. The stream SHOULD include the default ref
273 named `HEAD` as the first ref. The stream MUST include capability
274 declarations behind a NUL on the first ref.
276 The returned response contains "version 1" if "version=1" was sent as an
279 smart_reply = PKT-LINE("# service=$servicename" LF)
283 ref_list = empty_list / non_empty_list
285 empty_list = PKT-LINE(zero-id SP "capabilities^{}" NUL cap-list LF)
287 non_empty_list = PKT-LINE(obj-id SP name NUL cap_list LF)
290 cap-list = capability *(SP capability)
291 capability = 1*(LC_ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "_")
294 ref_record = any_ref / peeled_ref
295 any_ref = PKT-LINE(obj-id SP name LF)
296 peeled_ref = PKT-LINE(obj-id SP name LF)
297 PKT-LINE(obj-id SP name "^{}" LF
300 Smart Service git-upload-pack
301 ------------------------------
302 This service reads from the repository pointed to by `$GIT_URL`.
304 Clients MUST first perform ref discovery with
305 `$GIT_URL/info/refs?service=git-upload-pack`.
307 C: POST $GIT_URL/git-upload-pack HTTP/1.0
308 C: Content-Type: application/x-git-upload-pack-request
310 C: 0032want 0a53e9ddeaddad63ad106860237bbf53411d11a7\n
311 C: 0032have 441b40d833fdfa93eb2908e52742248faf0ee993\n
315 S: Content-Type: application/x-git-upload-pack-result
316 S: Cache-Control: no-cache
318 S: ....ACK %s, continue
321 Clients MUST NOT reuse or revalidate a cached response.
322 Servers MUST include sufficient Cache-Control headers
323 to prevent caching of the response.
325 Servers SHOULD support all capabilities defined here.
327 Clients MUST send at least one "want" command in the request body.
328 Clients MUST NOT reference an id in a "want" command which did not
329 appear in the response obtained through ref discovery unless the
330 server advertises capability `allow-tip-sha1-in-want` or
331 `allow-reachable-sha1-in-want`.
333 compute_request = want_list
336 request_end = "0000" / "done"
338 want_list = PKT-LINE(want NUL cap_list LF)
340 want_pkt = PKT-LINE(want LF)
342 cap_list = *(SP capability) SP
344 have_list = *PKT-LINE("have" SP id LF)
346 TODO: Document this further.
348 The Negotiation Algorithm
349 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
350 The computation to select the minimal pack proceeds as follows
351 (C = client, S = server):
355 C: Use ref discovery to obtain the advertised refs.
357 C: Place any object seen into set `advertised`.
359 C: Build an empty set, `common`, to hold the objects that are later
360 determined to be on both ends.
362 C: Build a set, `want`, of the objects from `advertised` the client
363 wants to fetch, based on what it saw during ref discovery.
365 C: Start a queue, `c_pending`, ordered by commit time (popping newest
366 first). Add all client refs. When a commit is popped from
367 the queue its parents SHOULD be automatically inserted back.
368 Commits MUST only enter the queue once.
372 C: Send one `$GIT_URL/git-upload-pack` request:
374 C: 0032want <want #1>...............................
375 C: 0032want <want #2>...............................
377 C: 0032have <common #1>.............................
378 C: 0032have <common #2>.............................
380 C: 0032have <have #1>...............................
381 C: 0032have <have #2>...............................
385 The stream is organized into "commands", with each command
386 appearing by itself in a pkt-line. Within a command line,
387 the text leading up to the first space is the command name,
388 and the remainder of the line to the first LF is the value.
389 Command lines are terminated with an LF as the last byte of
392 Commands MUST appear in the following order, if they appear
393 at all in the request stream:
398 The stream is terminated by a pkt-line flush (`0000`).
400 A single "want" or "have" command MUST have one hex formatted
401 SHA-1 as its value. Multiple SHA-1s MUST be sent by sending
404 The `have` list is created by popping the first 32 commits
405 from `c_pending`. Less can be supplied if `c_pending` empties.
407 If the client has sent 256 "have" commits and has not yet
408 received one of those back from `s_common`, or the client has
409 emptied `c_pending` it SHOULD include a "done" command to let
410 the server know it won't proceed:
414 S: Parse the git-upload-pack request:
416 Verify all objects in `want` are directly reachable from refs.
418 The server MAY walk backwards through history or through
419 the reflog to permit slightly stale requests.
421 If no "want" objects are received, send an error:
422 TODO: Define error if no "want" lines are requested.
424 If any "want" object is not reachable, send an error:
425 TODO: Define error if an invalid "want" is requested.
427 Create an empty list, `s_common`.
431 Loop through the objects in the order supplied by the client.
433 For each object, if the server has the object reachable from
434 a ref, add it to `s_common`. If a commit is added to `s_common`,
435 do not add any ancestors, even if they also appear in `have`.
437 S: Send the git-upload-pack response:
439 If the server has found a closed set of objects to pack or the
440 request ends with "done", it replies with the pack.
441 TODO: Document the pack based response
445 The returned stream is the side-band-64k protocol supported
446 by the git-upload-pack service, and the pack is embedded into
447 stream 1. Progress messages from the server side MAY appear
450 Here a "closed set of objects" is defined to have at least
451 one path from every "want" to at least one "common" object.
453 If the server needs more information, it replies with a
454 status continue response:
455 TODO: Document the non-pack response
457 C: Parse the upload-pack response:
458 TODO: Document parsing response
460 'Do another compute step.'
463 Smart Service git-receive-pack
464 ------------------------------
465 This service reads from the repository pointed to by `$GIT_URL`.
467 Clients MUST first perform ref discovery with
468 `$GIT_URL/info/refs?service=git-receive-pack`.
470 C: POST $GIT_URL/git-receive-pack HTTP/1.0
471 C: Content-Type: application/x-git-receive-pack-request
473 C: ....0a53e9ddeaddad63ad106860237bbf53411d11a7 441b40d833fdfa93eb2908e52742248faf0ee993 refs/heads/maint\0 report-status
478 S: Content-Type: application/x-git-receive-pack-result
479 S: Cache-Control: no-cache
483 Clients MUST NOT reuse or revalidate a cached response.
484 Servers MUST include sufficient Cache-Control headers
485 to prevent caching of the response.
487 Servers SHOULD support all capabilities defined here.
489 Clients MUST send at least one command in the request body.
490 Within the command portion of the request body clients SHOULD send
491 the id obtained through ref discovery as old_id.
493 update_request = command_list
496 command_list = PKT-LINE(command NUL cap_list LF)
498 command_pkt = PKT-LINE(command LF)
499 cap_list = *(SP capability) SP
501 command = create / delete / update
502 create = zero-id SP new_id SP name
503 delete = old_id SP zero-id SP name
504 update = old_id SP new_id SP name
506 TODO: Document this further.
512 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1738.txt[RFC 1738: Uniform Resource Locators (URL)]
513 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt[RFC 2616: Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1]
514 link:technical/pack-protocol.html
515 link:technical/protocol-capabilities.html