4 The parse-options API is used to parse and massage options in git
5 and to provide a usage help with consistent look.
10 The argument vector `argv[]` may usually contain mandatory or optional
11 'non-option arguments', e.g. a filename or a branch, and 'options'.
12 Options are optional arguments that start with a dash and
13 that allow to change the behavior of a command.
15 * There are basically three types of options:
17 options with (mandatory) 'arguments' and
18 options with 'optional arguments'
19 (i.e. a boolean option that can be adjusted).
21 * There are basically two forms of options:
22 'Short options' consist of one dash (`-`) and one alphanumeric
24 'Long options' begin with two dashes (`\--`) and some
25 alphanumeric characters.
27 * Options are case-sensitive.
28 Please define 'lower-case long options' only.
30 The parse-options API allows:
32 * 'sticked' and 'separate form' of options with arguments.
33 `-oArg` is sticked, `-o Arg` is separate form.
34 `\--option=Arg` is sticked, `\--option Arg` is separate form.
36 * Long options may be 'abbreviated', as long as the abbreviation
39 * Short options may be bundled, e.g. `-a -b` can be specified as `-ab`.
41 * Boolean long options can be 'negated' (or 'unset') by prepending
42 `no-`, e.g. `\--no-abbrev` instead of `\--abbrev`.
44 * Options and non-option arguments can clearly be separated using the `\--`
45 option, e.g. `-a -b \--option \-- \--this-is-a-file` indicates that
46 `\--this-is-a-file` must not be processed as an option.
48 Steps to parse options
49 ----------------------
51 . `#include "parse-options.h"`
53 . define a NULL-terminated
54 `static const char * const builtin_foo_usage[]` array
55 containing alternative usage strings
57 . define `builtin_foo_options` array as described below
58 in section 'Data Structure'.
60 . in `cmd_foo(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)`
63 argc = parse_options(argc, argv, builtin_foo_options, builtin_foo_usage, flags);
65 `parse_options()` will filter out the processed options of `argv[]` and leave the
66 non-option arguments in `argv[]`.
67 `argc` is updated appropriately because of the assignment.
69 Flags are the bitwise-or of:
71 `PARSE_OPT_KEEP_DASHDASH`::
72 Keep the `\--` that usually separates options from
75 `PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION`::
76 Usually the whole argument vector is massaged and reordered.
77 Using this flag, processing is stopped at the first non-option
83 The main data structure is an array of the `option` struct,
84 say `static struct option builtin_add_options[]`.
85 There are some macros to easily define options:
87 `OPT__ABBREV(&int_var)`::
88 Add `\--abbrev[=<n>]`.
90 `OPT__DRY_RUN(&int_var)`::
93 `OPT__QUIET(&int_var)`::
96 `OPT__VERBOSE(&int_var)`::
99 `OPT_GROUP(description)`::
100 Start an option group. `description` is a short string that
101 describes the group or an empty string.
102 Start the description with an upper-case letter.
104 `OPT_BOOLEAN(short, long, &int_var, description)`::
105 Introduce a boolean option.
106 `int_var` is incremented on each use.
108 `OPT_BIT(short, long, &int_var, description, mask)`::
109 Introduce a boolean option.
110 If used, `int_var` is bitwise-ored with `mask`.
112 `OPT_SET_INT(short, long, &int_var, description, integer)`::
113 Introduce a boolean option.
114 If used, set `int_var` to `integer`.
116 `OPT_SET_PTR(short, long, &ptr_var, description, ptr)`::
117 Introduce a boolean option.
118 If used, set `ptr_var` to `ptr`.
120 `OPT_STRING(short, long, &str_var, arg_str, description)`::
121 Introduce an option with string argument.
122 The string argument is put into `str_var`.
124 `OPT_INTEGER(short, long, &int_var, description)`::
125 Introduce an option with integer argument.
126 The integer is put into `int_var`.
128 `OPT_DATE(short, long, &int_var, description)`::
129 Introduce an option with date argument, see `approxidate()`.
130 The timestamp is put into `int_var`.
132 `OPT_CALLBACK(short, long, &var, arg_str, description, func_ptr)`::
133 Introduce an option with argument.
134 The argument will be fed into the function given by `func_ptr`
135 and the result will be put into `var`.
136 See 'Option Callbacks' below for a more elaborate description.
138 `OPT_ARGUMENT(long, description)`::
139 Introduce a long-option argument that will be kept in `argv[]`.
142 The last element of the array must be `OPT_END()`.
144 If not stated otherwise, interpret the arguments as follows:
146 * `short` is a character for the short option
147 (e.g. `\'e\'` for `-e`, use `0` to omit),
149 * `long` is a string for the long option
150 (e.g. `"example"` for `\--example`, use `NULL` to omit),
152 * `int_var` is an integer variable,
154 * `str_var` is a string variable (`char *`),
156 * `arg_str` is the string that is shown as argument
157 (e.g. `"branch"` will result in `<branch>`).
158 If set to `NULL`, three dots (`...`) will be displayed.
160 * `description` is a short string to describe the effect of the option.
161 It shall begin with a lower-case letter and a full stop (`.`) shall be
167 The function must be defined in this form:
169 int func(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
171 The callback mechanism is as follows:
173 * Inside `funct`, the only interesting member of the structure
174 given by `opt` is the void pointer `opt->value`.
175 `\*opt->value` will be the value that is saved into `var`, if you
176 use `OPT_CALLBACK()`.
177 For example, do `*(unsigned long *)opt->value = 42;` to get 42
178 into an `unsigned long` variable.
180 * Return value `0` indicates success and non-zero return
181 value will invoke `usage_with_options()` and, thus, die.
183 * If the user negates the option, `arg` is `NULL` and `unset` is 1.
185 Sophisticated option parsing
186 ----------------------------
188 If you need, for example, option callbacks with optional arguments
189 or without arguments at all, or if you need other special cases,
190 that are not handled by the macros above, you need to specify the
191 members of the `option` structure manually.
193 This is not covered in this document, but well documented
194 in `parse-options.h` itself.
199 See `test-parse-options.c` and
206 for real-world examples.