4 * Copyright (c) 2006 Kristian Høgsberg <krh@redhat.com>
5 * Based on git-branch.sh by Junio C Hamano.
14 #include "parse-options.h"
18 #include "string-list.h"
21 static const char * const builtin_branch_usage[] = {
22 "git branch [options] [-r | -a] [--merged | --no-merged]",
23 "git branch [options] [-l] [-f] <branchname> [<start-point>]",
24 "git branch [options] [-r] (-d | -D) <branchname>...",
25 "git branch [options] (-m | -M) [<oldbranch>] <newbranch>",
29 #define REF_LOCAL_BRANCH 0x01
30 #define REF_REMOTE_BRANCH 0x02
32 static const char *head;
33 static unsigned char head_sha1[20];
35 static int branch_use_color = -1;
36 static char branch_colors[][COLOR_MAXLEN] = {
38 GIT_COLOR_NORMAL, /* PLAIN */
39 GIT_COLOR_RED, /* REMOTE */
40 GIT_COLOR_NORMAL, /* LOCAL */
41 GIT_COLOR_GREEN, /* CURRENT */
44 BRANCH_COLOR_RESET = 0,
45 BRANCH_COLOR_PLAIN = 1,
46 BRANCH_COLOR_REMOTE = 2,
47 BRANCH_COLOR_LOCAL = 3,
48 BRANCH_COLOR_CURRENT = 4
51 static enum merge_filter {
56 static unsigned char merge_filter_ref[20];
58 static struct string_list output = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
59 static unsigned int colopts;
61 static int parse_branch_color_slot(const char *var, int ofs)
63 if (!strcasecmp(var+ofs, "plain"))
64 return BRANCH_COLOR_PLAIN;
65 if (!strcasecmp(var+ofs, "reset"))
66 return BRANCH_COLOR_RESET;
67 if (!strcasecmp(var+ofs, "remote"))
68 return BRANCH_COLOR_REMOTE;
69 if (!strcasecmp(var+ofs, "local"))
70 return BRANCH_COLOR_LOCAL;
71 if (!strcasecmp(var+ofs, "current"))
72 return BRANCH_COLOR_CURRENT;
76 static int git_branch_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb)
78 if (!prefixcmp(var, "column."))
79 return git_column_config(var, value, "branch", &colopts);
80 if (!strcmp(var, "color.branch")) {
81 branch_use_color = git_config_colorbool(var, value);
84 if (!prefixcmp(var, "color.branch.")) {
85 int slot = parse_branch_color_slot(var, 13);
89 return config_error_nonbool(var);
90 color_parse(value, var, branch_colors[slot]);
93 return git_color_default_config(var, value, cb);
96 static const char *branch_get_color(enum color_branch ix)
98 if (want_color(branch_use_color))
99 return branch_colors[ix];
103 static int branch_merged(int kind, const char *name,
104 struct commit *rev, struct commit *head_rev)
107 * This checks whether the merge bases of branch and HEAD (or
108 * the other branch this branch builds upon) contains the
109 * branch, which means that the branch has already been merged
110 * safely to HEAD (or the other branch).
112 struct commit *reference_rev = NULL;
113 const char *reference_name = NULL;
114 void *reference_name_to_free = NULL;
117 if (kind == REF_LOCAL_BRANCH) {
118 struct branch *branch = branch_get(name);
119 unsigned char sha1[20];
124 branch->merge[0]->dst &&
125 (reference_name = reference_name_to_free =
126 resolve_refdup(branch->merge[0]->dst, sha1, 1, NULL)) != NULL)
127 reference_rev = lookup_commit_reference(sha1);
130 reference_rev = head_rev;
132 merged = in_merge_bases(rev, &reference_rev, 1);
135 * After the safety valve is fully redefined to "check with
136 * upstream, if any, otherwise with HEAD", we should just
137 * return the result of the in_merge_bases() above without
138 * any of the following code, but during the transition period,
139 * a gentle reminder is in order.
141 if ((head_rev != reference_rev) &&
142 in_merge_bases(rev, &head_rev, 1) != merged) {
144 warning(_("deleting branch '%s' that has been merged to\n"
145 " '%s', but not yet merged to HEAD."),
146 name, reference_name);
148 warning(_("not deleting branch '%s' that is not yet merged to\n"
149 " '%s', even though it is merged to HEAD."),
150 name, reference_name);
152 free(reference_name_to_free);
156 static int delete_branches(int argc, const char **argv, int force, int kinds,
159 struct commit *rev, *head_rev = NULL;
160 unsigned char sha1[20];
165 int remote_branch = 0;
166 struct strbuf bname = STRBUF_INIT;
169 case REF_REMOTE_BRANCH:
170 fmt = "refs/remotes/%s";
171 /* For subsequent UI messages */
176 case REF_LOCAL_BRANCH:
177 fmt = "refs/heads/%s";
180 die(_("cannot use -a with -d"));
184 head_rev = lookup_commit_reference(head_sha1);
186 die(_("Couldn't look up commit object for HEAD"));
188 for (i = 0; i < argc; i++, strbuf_release(&bname)) {
189 strbuf_branchname(&bname, argv[i]);
190 if (kinds == REF_LOCAL_BRANCH && !strcmp(head, bname.buf)) {
191 error(_("Cannot delete the branch '%s' "
192 "which you are currently on."), bname.buf);
199 name = xstrdup(mkpath(fmt, bname.buf));
200 if (read_ref(name, sha1)) {
202 ? _("remote branch '%s' not found.")
203 : _("branch '%s' not found."), bname.buf);
208 rev = lookup_commit_reference(sha1);
210 error(_("Couldn't look up commit object for '%s'"), name);
215 if (!force && !branch_merged(kinds, bname.buf, rev, head_rev)) {
216 error(_("The branch '%s' is not fully merged.\n"
217 "If you are sure you want to delete it, "
218 "run 'git branch -D %s'."), bname.buf, bname.buf);
223 if (delete_ref(name, sha1, 0)) {
225 ? _("Error deleting remote branch '%s'")
226 : _("Error deleting branch '%s'"),
230 struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
233 ? _("Deleted remote branch %s (was %s).\n")
234 : _("Deleted branch %s (was %s).\n"),
236 find_unique_abbrev(sha1, DEFAULT_ABBREV));
237 strbuf_addf(&buf, "branch.%s", bname.buf);
238 if (git_config_rename_section(buf.buf, NULL) < 0)
239 warning(_("Update of config-file failed"));
240 strbuf_release(&buf);
252 unsigned int kind, len;
253 struct commit *commit;
257 struct rev_info revs;
258 int index, alloc, maxwidth, verbose, abbrev;
259 struct ref_item *list;
260 struct commit_list *with_commit;
264 static char *resolve_symref(const char *src, const char *prefix)
266 unsigned char sha1[20];
268 const char *dst, *cp;
270 dst = resolve_ref_unsafe(src, sha1, 0, &flag);
271 if (!(dst && (flag & REF_ISSYMREF)))
273 if (prefix && (cp = skip_prefix(dst, prefix)))
278 struct append_ref_cb {
279 struct ref_list *ref_list;
280 const char **pattern;
284 static int match_patterns(const char **pattern, const char *refname)
287 return 1; /* no pattern always matches */
289 if (!fnmatch(*pattern, refname, 0))
296 static int append_ref(const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha1, int flags, void *cb_data)
298 struct append_ref_cb *cb = (struct append_ref_cb *)(cb_data);
299 struct ref_list *ref_list = cb->ref_list;
300 struct ref_item *newitem;
301 struct commit *commit;
303 const char *prefix, *orig_refname = refname;
310 { REF_LOCAL_BRANCH, "refs/heads/", 11 },
311 { REF_REMOTE_BRANCH, "refs/remotes/", 13 },
315 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(ref_kind); i++) {
316 prefix = ref_kind[i].prefix;
317 if (strncmp(refname, prefix, ref_kind[i].pfxlen))
319 kind = ref_kind[i].kind;
320 refname += ref_kind[i].pfxlen;
323 if (ARRAY_SIZE(ref_kind) <= i)
326 /* Don't add types the caller doesn't want */
327 if ((kind & ref_list->kinds) == 0)
330 if (!match_patterns(cb->pattern, refname))
334 if (ref_list->verbose || ref_list->with_commit || merge_filter != NO_FILTER) {
335 commit = lookup_commit_reference_gently(sha1, 1);
337 cb->ret = error(_("branch '%s' does not point at a commit"), refname);
341 /* Filter with with_commit if specified */
342 if (!is_descendant_of(commit, ref_list->with_commit))
345 if (merge_filter != NO_FILTER)
346 add_pending_object(&ref_list->revs,
347 (struct object *)commit, refname);
350 ALLOC_GROW(ref_list->list, ref_list->index + 1, ref_list->alloc);
352 /* Record the new item */
353 newitem = &(ref_list->list[ref_list->index++]);
354 newitem->name = xstrdup(refname);
355 newitem->kind = kind;
356 newitem->commit = commit;
357 newitem->len = strlen(refname);
358 newitem->dest = resolve_symref(orig_refname, prefix);
359 /* adjust for "remotes/" */
360 if (newitem->kind == REF_REMOTE_BRANCH &&
361 ref_list->kinds != REF_REMOTE_BRANCH)
363 if (newitem->len > ref_list->maxwidth)
364 ref_list->maxwidth = newitem->len;
369 static void free_ref_list(struct ref_list *ref_list)
373 for (i = 0; i < ref_list->index; i++) {
374 free(ref_list->list[i].name);
375 free(ref_list->list[i].dest);
377 free(ref_list->list);
380 static int ref_cmp(const void *r1, const void *r2)
382 struct ref_item *c1 = (struct ref_item *)(r1);
383 struct ref_item *c2 = (struct ref_item *)(r2);
385 if (c1->kind != c2->kind)
386 return c1->kind - c2->kind;
387 return strcmp(c1->name, c2->name);
390 static void fill_tracking_info(struct strbuf *stat, const char *branch_name,
391 int show_upstream_ref)
394 struct branch *branch = branch_get(branch_name);
396 if (!stat_tracking_info(branch, &ours, &theirs)) {
397 if (branch && branch->merge && branch->merge[0]->dst &&
399 strbuf_addf(stat, "[%s] ",
400 shorten_unambiguous_ref(branch->merge[0]->dst, 0));
404 strbuf_addch(stat, '[');
405 if (show_upstream_ref)
406 strbuf_addf(stat, "%s: ",
407 shorten_unambiguous_ref(branch->merge[0]->dst, 0));
409 strbuf_addf(stat, _("behind %d] "), theirs);
411 strbuf_addf(stat, _("ahead %d] "), ours);
413 strbuf_addf(stat, _("ahead %d, behind %d] "), ours, theirs);
416 static int matches_merge_filter(struct commit *commit)
420 if (merge_filter == NO_FILTER)
423 is_merged = !!(commit->object.flags & UNINTERESTING);
424 return (is_merged == (merge_filter == SHOW_MERGED));
427 static void add_verbose_info(struct strbuf *out, struct ref_item *item,
428 int verbose, int abbrev)
430 struct strbuf subject = STRBUF_INIT, stat = STRBUF_INIT;
431 const char *sub = " **** invalid ref ****";
432 struct commit *commit = item->commit;
434 if (commit && !parse_commit(commit)) {
435 pp_commit_easy(CMIT_FMT_ONELINE, commit, &subject);
439 if (item->kind == REF_LOCAL_BRANCH)
440 fill_tracking_info(&stat, item->name, verbose > 1);
442 strbuf_addf(out, " %s %s%s",
443 find_unique_abbrev(item->commit->object.sha1, abbrev),
445 strbuf_release(&stat);
446 strbuf_release(&subject);
449 static void print_ref_item(struct ref_item *item, int maxwidth, int verbose,
450 int abbrev, int current, char *prefix)
454 struct commit *commit = item->commit;
455 struct strbuf out = STRBUF_INIT, name = STRBUF_INIT;
457 if (!matches_merge_filter(commit))
460 switch (item->kind) {
461 case REF_LOCAL_BRANCH:
462 color = BRANCH_COLOR_LOCAL;
464 case REF_REMOTE_BRANCH:
465 color = BRANCH_COLOR_REMOTE;
468 color = BRANCH_COLOR_PLAIN;
475 color = BRANCH_COLOR_CURRENT;
478 strbuf_addf(&name, "%s%s", prefix, item->name);
480 strbuf_addf(&out, "%c %s%-*s%s", c, branch_get_color(color),
482 branch_get_color(BRANCH_COLOR_RESET));
484 strbuf_addf(&out, "%c %s%s%s", c, branch_get_color(color),
485 name.buf, branch_get_color(BRANCH_COLOR_RESET));
488 strbuf_addf(&out, " -> %s", item->dest);
490 /* " f7c0c00 [ahead 58, behind 197] vcs-svn: drop obj_pool.h" */
491 add_verbose_info(&out, item, verbose, abbrev);
492 if (column_active(colopts)) {
493 assert(!verbose && "--column and --verbose are incompatible");
494 string_list_append(&output, out.buf);
496 printf("%s\n", out.buf);
498 strbuf_release(&name);
499 strbuf_release(&out);
502 static int calc_maxwidth(struct ref_list *refs)
505 for (i = 0; i < refs->index; i++) {
506 if (!matches_merge_filter(refs->list[i].commit))
508 if (refs->list[i].len > w)
509 w = refs->list[i].len;
515 static void show_detached(struct ref_list *ref_list)
517 struct commit *head_commit = lookup_commit_reference_gently(head_sha1, 1);
519 if (head_commit && is_descendant_of(head_commit, ref_list->with_commit)) {
520 struct ref_item item;
521 item.name = xstrdup(_("(no branch)"));
522 item.len = strlen(item.name);
523 item.kind = REF_LOCAL_BRANCH;
525 item.commit = head_commit;
526 if (item.len > ref_list->maxwidth)
527 ref_list->maxwidth = item.len;
528 print_ref_item(&item, ref_list->maxwidth, ref_list->verbose, ref_list->abbrev, 1, "");
533 static int print_ref_list(int kinds, int detached, int verbose, int abbrev, struct commit_list *with_commit, const char **pattern)
536 struct append_ref_cb cb;
537 struct ref_list ref_list;
539 memset(&ref_list, 0, sizeof(ref_list));
540 ref_list.kinds = kinds;
541 ref_list.verbose = verbose;
542 ref_list.abbrev = abbrev;
543 ref_list.with_commit = with_commit;
544 if (merge_filter != NO_FILTER)
545 init_revisions(&ref_list.revs, NULL);
546 cb.ref_list = &ref_list;
547 cb.pattern = pattern;
549 for_each_rawref(append_ref, &cb);
550 if (merge_filter != NO_FILTER) {
551 struct commit *filter;
552 filter = lookup_commit_reference_gently(merge_filter_ref, 0);
554 die("object '%s' does not point to a commit",
555 sha1_to_hex(merge_filter_ref));
557 filter->object.flags |= UNINTERESTING;
558 add_pending_object(&ref_list.revs,
559 (struct object *) filter, "");
560 ref_list.revs.limited = 1;
561 prepare_revision_walk(&ref_list.revs);
563 ref_list.maxwidth = calc_maxwidth(&ref_list);
566 qsort(ref_list.list, ref_list.index, sizeof(struct ref_item), ref_cmp);
568 detached = (detached && (kinds & REF_LOCAL_BRANCH));
569 if (detached && match_patterns(pattern, "HEAD"))
570 show_detached(&ref_list);
572 for (i = 0; i < ref_list.index; i++) {
573 int current = !detached &&
574 (ref_list.list[i].kind == REF_LOCAL_BRANCH) &&
575 !strcmp(ref_list.list[i].name, head);
576 char *prefix = (kinds != REF_REMOTE_BRANCH &&
577 ref_list.list[i].kind == REF_REMOTE_BRANCH)
579 print_ref_item(&ref_list.list[i], ref_list.maxwidth, verbose,
580 abbrev, current, prefix);
583 free_ref_list(&ref_list);
586 error(_("some refs could not be read"));
591 static void rename_branch(const char *oldname, const char *newname, int force)
593 struct strbuf oldref = STRBUF_INIT, newref = STRBUF_INIT, logmsg = STRBUF_INIT;
594 struct strbuf oldsection = STRBUF_INIT, newsection = STRBUF_INIT;
599 die(_("cannot rename the current branch while not on any."));
601 if (strbuf_check_branch_ref(&oldref, oldname)) {
603 * Bad name --- this could be an attempt to rename a
604 * ref that we used to allow to be created by accident.
606 if (ref_exists(oldref.buf))
609 die(_("Invalid branch name: '%s'"), oldname);
613 * A command like "git branch -M currentbranch currentbranch" cannot
614 * cause the worktree to become inconsistent with HEAD, so allow it.
616 clobber_head_ok = !strcmp(oldname, newname);
618 validate_new_branchname(newname, &newref, force, clobber_head_ok);
620 strbuf_addf(&logmsg, "Branch: renamed %s to %s",
621 oldref.buf, newref.buf);
623 if (rename_ref(oldref.buf, newref.buf, logmsg.buf))
624 die(_("Branch rename failed"));
625 strbuf_release(&logmsg);
628 warning(_("Renamed a misnamed branch '%s' away"), oldref.buf + 11);
630 /* no need to pass logmsg here as HEAD didn't really move */
631 if (!strcmp(oldname, head) && create_symref("HEAD", newref.buf, NULL))
632 die(_("Branch renamed to %s, but HEAD is not updated!"), newname);
634 strbuf_addf(&oldsection, "branch.%s", oldref.buf + 11);
635 strbuf_release(&oldref);
636 strbuf_addf(&newsection, "branch.%s", newref.buf + 11);
637 strbuf_release(&newref);
638 if (git_config_rename_section(oldsection.buf, newsection.buf) < 0)
639 die(_("Branch is renamed, but update of config-file failed"));
640 strbuf_release(&oldsection);
641 strbuf_release(&newsection);
644 static int opt_parse_merge_filter(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
646 merge_filter = ((opt->long_name[0] == 'n')
650 merge_filter = SHOW_NOT_MERGED; /* b/c for --no-merged */
653 if (get_sha1(arg, merge_filter_ref))
654 die(_("malformed object name %s"), arg);
658 static const char edit_description[] = "BRANCH_DESCRIPTION";
660 static int edit_branch_description(const char *branch_name)
664 struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
665 struct strbuf name = STRBUF_INIT;
667 read_branch_desc(&buf, branch_name);
668 if (!buf.len || buf.buf[buf.len-1] != '\n')
669 strbuf_addch(&buf, '\n');
671 "# Please edit the description for the branch\n"
673 "# Lines starting with '#' will be stripped.\n",
675 fp = fopen(git_path(edit_description), "w");
676 if ((fwrite(buf.buf, 1, buf.len, fp) < buf.len) || fclose(fp)) {
677 strbuf_release(&buf);
678 return error(_("could not write branch description template: %s"),
682 if (launch_editor(git_path(edit_description), &buf, NULL)) {
683 strbuf_release(&buf);
688 strbuf_addf(&name, "branch.%s.description", branch_name);
689 status = git_config_set(name.buf, buf.buf);
690 strbuf_release(&name);
691 strbuf_release(&buf);
696 int cmd_branch(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
698 int delete = 0, rename = 0, force_create = 0, list = 0;
699 int verbose = 0, abbrev = -1, detached = 0;
700 int reflog = 0, edit_description = 0;
702 enum branch_track track;
703 int kinds = REF_LOCAL_BRANCH;
704 struct commit_list *with_commit = NULL;
706 struct option options[] = {
707 OPT_GROUP("Generic options"),
708 OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose,
709 "show hash and subject, give twice for upstream branch"),
710 OPT__QUIET(&quiet, "suppress informational messages"),
711 OPT_SET_INT('t', "track", &track, "set up tracking mode (see git-pull(1))",
712 BRANCH_TRACK_EXPLICIT),
713 OPT_SET_INT( 0, "set-upstream", &track, "change upstream info",
714 BRANCH_TRACK_OVERRIDE),
715 OPT__COLOR(&branch_use_color, "use colored output"),
716 OPT_SET_INT('r', "remotes", &kinds, "act on remote-tracking branches",
719 OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "contains", &with_commit, "commit",
720 "print only branches that contain the commit",
721 PARSE_OPT_LASTARG_DEFAULT,
722 parse_opt_with_commit, (intptr_t)"HEAD",
725 OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "with", &with_commit, "commit",
726 "print only branches that contain the commit",
727 PARSE_OPT_HIDDEN | PARSE_OPT_LASTARG_DEFAULT,
728 parse_opt_with_commit, (intptr_t) "HEAD",
730 OPT__ABBREV(&abbrev),
732 OPT_GROUP("Specific git-branch actions:"),
733 OPT_SET_INT('a', "all", &kinds, "list both remote-tracking and local branches",
734 REF_REMOTE_BRANCH | REF_LOCAL_BRANCH),
735 OPT_BIT('d', "delete", &delete, "delete fully merged branch", 1),
736 OPT_BIT('D', NULL, &delete, "delete branch (even if not merged)", 2),
737 OPT_BIT('m', "move", &rename, "move/rename a branch and its reflog", 1),
738 OPT_BIT('M', NULL, &rename, "move/rename a branch, even if target exists", 2),
739 OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "list", &list, "list branch names"),
740 OPT_BOOLEAN('l', "create-reflog", &reflog, "create the branch's reflog"),
741 OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "edit-description", &edit_description,
742 "edit the description for the branch"),
743 OPT__FORCE(&force_create, "force creation (when already exists)"),
745 OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "no-merged", &merge_filter_ref,
746 "commit", "print only not merged branches",
747 PARSE_OPT_LASTARG_DEFAULT | PARSE_OPT_NONEG,
748 opt_parse_merge_filter, (intptr_t) "HEAD",
751 OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "merged", &merge_filter_ref,
752 "commit", "print only merged branches",
753 PARSE_OPT_LASTARG_DEFAULT | PARSE_OPT_NONEG,
754 opt_parse_merge_filter, (intptr_t) "HEAD",
756 OPT_COLUMN(0, "column", &colopts, "list branches in columns"),
760 if (argc == 2 && !strcmp(argv[1], "-h"))
761 usage_with_options(builtin_branch_usage, options);
763 git_config(git_branch_config, NULL);
765 track = git_branch_track;
767 head = resolve_refdup("HEAD", head_sha1, 0, NULL);
769 die(_("Failed to resolve HEAD as a valid ref."));
770 if (!strcmp(head, "HEAD")) {
773 if (prefixcmp(head, "refs/heads/"))
774 die(_("HEAD not found below refs/heads!"));
777 hashcpy(merge_filter_ref, head_sha1);
780 argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options, builtin_branch_usage,
783 if (!delete && !rename && !edit_description && argc == 0)
786 if (!!delete + !!rename + !!force_create + !!list > 1)
787 usage_with_options(builtin_branch_usage, options);
790 abbrev = DEFAULT_ABBREV;
791 finalize_colopts(&colopts, -1);
793 if (explicitly_enable_column(colopts))
794 die(_("--column and --verbose are incompatible"));
799 return delete_branches(argc, argv, delete > 1, kinds, quiet);
801 int ret = print_ref_list(kinds, detached, verbose, abbrev,
803 print_columns(&output, colopts, NULL);
804 string_list_clear(&output, 0);
807 else if (edit_description) {
808 const char *branch_name;
809 struct strbuf branch_ref = STRBUF_INIT;
812 die("Cannot give description to detached HEAD");
816 branch_name = argv[0];
818 usage_with_options(builtin_branch_usage, options);
820 strbuf_addf(&branch_ref, "refs/heads/%s", branch_name);
821 if (!ref_exists(branch_ref.buf)) {
822 strbuf_release(&branch_ref);
825 return error("No commit on branch '%s' yet.",
828 return error("No such branch '%s'.", branch_name);
830 strbuf_release(&branch_ref);
832 if (edit_branch_description(branch_name))
836 rename_branch(head, argv[0], rename > 1);
838 rename_branch(argv[0], argv[1], rename > 1);
840 usage_with_options(builtin_branch_usage, options);
841 } else if (argc > 0 && argc <= 2) {
842 if (kinds != REF_LOCAL_BRANCH)
843 die(_("-a and -r options to 'git branch' do not make sense with a branch name"));
844 create_branch(head, argv[0], (argc == 2) ? argv[1] : head,
845 force_create, reflog, 0, quiet, track);
847 usage_with_options(builtin_branch_usage, options);