6 git-push - Update remote refs along with associated objects
12 'git push' [--all | --mirror | --tags] [--follow-tags] [--atomic] [-n | --dry-run] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]
13 [--repo=<repository>] [-f | --force] [-d | --delete] [--prune] [-v | --verbose]
15 [--[no-]signed|--sign=(true|false|if-asked)]
16 [--force-with-lease[=<refname>[:<expect>]]]
17 [--no-verify] [<repository> [<refspec>...]]
22 Updates remote refs using local refs, while sending objects
23 necessary to complete the given refs.
25 You can make interesting things happen to a repository
26 every time you push into it, by setting up 'hooks' there. See
27 documentation for linkgit:git-receive-pack[1].
29 When the command line does not specify where to push with the
30 `<repository>` argument, `branch.*.remote` configuration for the
31 current branch is consulted to determine where to push. If the
32 configuration is missing, it defaults to 'origin'.
34 When the command line does not specify what to push with `<refspec>...`
35 arguments or `--all`, `--mirror`, `--tags` options, the command finds
36 the default `<refspec>` by consulting `remote.*.push` configuration,
37 and if it is not found, honors `push.default` configuration to decide
38 what to push (See linkgit:git-config[1] for the meaning of `push.default`).
40 When neither the command-line nor the configuration specify what to
41 push, the default behavior is used, which corresponds to the `simple`
42 value for `push.default`: the current branch is pushed to the
43 corresponding upstream branch, but as a safety measure, the push is
44 aborted if the upstream branch does not have the same name as the
51 The "remote" repository that is destination of a push
52 operation. This parameter can be either a URL
53 (see the section <<URLS,GIT URLS>> below) or the name
54 of a remote (see the section <<REMOTES,REMOTES>> below).
57 Specify what destination ref to update with what source object.
58 The format of a <refspec> parameter is an optional plus
59 `+`, followed by the source object <src>, followed
60 by a colon `:`, followed by the destination ref <dst>.
62 The <src> is often the name of the branch you would want to push, but
63 it can be any arbitrary "SHA-1 expression", such as `master~4` or
64 `HEAD` (see linkgit:gitrevisions[7]).
66 The <dst> tells which ref on the remote side is updated with this
67 push. Arbitrary expressions cannot be used here, an actual ref must
69 If `git push [<repository>]` without any `<refspec>` argument is set to
70 update some ref at the destination with `<src>` with
71 `remote.<repository>.push` configuration variable, `:<dst>` part can
72 be omitted--such a push will update a ref that `<src>` normally updates
73 without any `<refspec>` on the command line. Otherwise, missing
74 `:<dst>` means to update the same ref as the `<src>`.
76 The object referenced by <src> is used to update the <dst> reference
77 on the remote side. By default this is only allowed if <dst> is not
78 a tag (annotated or lightweight), and then only if it can fast-forward
79 <dst>. By having the optional leading `+`, you can tell Git to update
80 the <dst> ref even if it is not allowed by default (e.g., it is not a
81 fast-forward.) This does *not* attempt to merge <src> into <dst>. See
82 EXAMPLES below for details.
84 `tag <tag>` means the same as `refs/tags/<tag>:refs/tags/<tag>`.
86 Pushing an empty <src> allows you to delete the <dst> ref from
87 the remote repository.
89 The special refspec `:` (or `+:` to allow non-fast-forward updates)
90 directs Git to push "matching" branches: for every branch that exists on
91 the local side, the remote side is updated if a branch of the same name
92 already exists on the remote side.
95 Push all branches (i.e. refs under `refs/heads/`); cannot be
96 used with other <refspec>.
99 Remove remote branches that don't have a local counterpart. For example
100 a remote branch `tmp` will be removed if a local branch with the same
101 name doesn't exist any more. This also respects refspecs, e.g.
102 `git push --prune remote refs/heads/*:refs/tmp/*` would
103 make sure that remote `refs/tmp/foo` will be removed if `refs/heads/foo`
107 Instead of naming each ref to push, specifies that all
108 refs under `refs/` (which includes but is not
109 limited to `refs/heads/`, `refs/remotes/`, and `refs/tags/`)
110 be mirrored to the remote repository. Newly created local
111 refs will be pushed to the remote end, locally updated refs
112 will be force updated on the remote end, and deleted refs
113 will be removed from the remote end. This is the default
114 if the configuration option `remote.<remote>.mirror` is
119 Do everything except actually send the updates.
122 Produce machine-readable output. The output status line for each ref
123 will be tab-separated and sent to stdout instead of stderr. The full
124 symbolic names of the refs will be given.
127 All listed refs are deleted from the remote repository. This is
128 the same as prefixing all refs with a colon.
131 All refs under `refs/tags` are pushed, in
132 addition to refspecs explicitly listed on the command
136 Push all the refs that would be pushed without this option,
137 and also push annotated tags in `refs/tags` that are missing
138 from the remote but are pointing at commit-ish that are
139 reachable from the refs being pushed. This can also be specified
140 with configuration variable `push.followTags`. For more
141 information, see `push.followTags` in linkgit:git-config[1].
144 --sign=(true|false|if-asked)::
145 GPG-sign the push request to update refs on the receiving
146 side, to allow it to be checked by the hooks and/or be
147 logged. If `false` or `--no-signed`, no signing will be
148 attempted. If `true` or `--signed`, the push will fail if the
149 server does not support signed pushes. If set to `if-asked`,
150 sign if and only if the server supports signed pushes. The push
151 will also fail if the actual call to `gpg --sign` fails. See
152 linkgit:git-receive-pack[1] for the details on the receiving end.
155 Use an atomic transaction on the remote side if available.
156 Either all refs are updated, or on error, no refs are updated.
157 If the server does not support atomic pushes the push will fail.
159 --receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>::
160 --exec=<git-receive-pack>::
161 Path to the 'git-receive-pack' program on the remote
162 end. Sometimes useful when pushing to a remote
163 repository over ssh, and you do not have the program in
164 a directory on the default $PATH.
166 --[no-]force-with-lease::
167 --force-with-lease=<refname>::
168 --force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect>::
169 Usually, "git push" refuses to update a remote ref that is
170 not an ancestor of the local ref used to overwrite it.
172 This option overrides this restriction if the current value of the
173 remote ref is the expected value. "git push" fails otherwise.
175 Imagine that you have to rebase what you have already published.
176 You will have to bypass the "must fast-forward" rule in order to
177 replace the history you originally published with the rebased history.
178 If somebody else built on top of your original history while you are
179 rebasing, the tip of the branch at the remote may advance with her
180 commit, and blindly pushing with `--force` will lose her work.
182 This option allows you to say that you expect the history you are
183 updating is what you rebased and want to replace. If the remote ref
184 still points at the commit you specified, you can be sure that no
185 other people did anything to the ref. It is like taking a "lease" on
186 the ref without explicitly locking it, and the remote ref is updated
187 only if the "lease" is still valid.
189 `--force-with-lease` alone, without specifying the details, will protect
190 all remote refs that are going to be updated by requiring their
191 current value to be the same as the remote-tracking branch we have
194 `--force-with-lease=<refname>`, without specifying the expected value, will
195 protect the named ref (alone), if it is going to be updated, by
196 requiring its current value to be the same as the remote-tracking
197 branch we have for it.
199 `--force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect>` will protect the named ref (alone),
200 if it is going to be updated, by requiring its current value to be
201 the same as the specified value `<expect>` (which is allowed to be
202 different from the remote-tracking branch we have for the refname,
203 or we do not even have to have such a remote-tracking branch when
204 this form is used). If `<expect>` is the empty string, then the named ref
205 must not already exist.
207 Note that all forms other than `--force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect>`
208 that specifies the expected current value of the ref explicitly are
209 still experimental and their semantics may change as we gain experience
212 "--no-force-with-lease" will cancel all the previous --force-with-lease on the
217 Usually, the command refuses to update a remote ref that is
218 not an ancestor of the local ref used to overwrite it.
219 Also, when `--force-with-lease` option is used, the command refuses
220 to update a remote ref whose current value does not match
223 This flag disables these checks, and can cause the remote repository
224 to lose commits; use it with care.
226 Note that `--force` applies to all the refs that are pushed, hence
227 using it with `push.default` set to `matching` or with multiple push
228 destinations configured with `remote.*.push` may overwrite refs
229 other than the current branch (including local refs that are
230 strictly behind their remote counterpart). To force a push to only
231 one branch, use a `+` in front of the refspec to push (e.g `git push
232 origin +master` to force a push to the `master` branch). See the
233 `<refspec>...` section above for details.
235 --repo=<repository>::
236 This option is equivalent to the <repository> argument. If both
237 are specified, the command-line argument takes precedence.
241 For every branch that is up to date or successfully pushed, add
242 upstream (tracking) reference, used by argument-less
243 linkgit:git-pull[1] and other commands. For more information,
244 see `branch.<name>.merge` in linkgit:git-config[1].
247 These options are passed to linkgit:git-send-pack[1]. A thin transfer
248 significantly reduces the amount of sent data when the sender and
249 receiver share many of the same objects in common. The default is
254 Suppress all output, including the listing of updated refs,
255 unless an error occurs. Progress is not reported to the standard
263 Progress status is reported on the standard error stream
264 by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q
265 is specified. This flag forces progress status even if the
266 standard error stream is not directed to a terminal.
268 --no-recurse-submodules::
269 --recurse-submodules=check|on-demand|no::
270 May be used to make sure all submodule commits used by the
271 revisions to be pushed are available on a remote-tracking branch.
272 If 'check' is used Git will verify that all submodule commits that
273 changed in the revisions to be pushed are available on at least one
274 remote of the submodule. If any commits are missing the push will
275 be aborted and exit with non-zero status. If 'on-demand' is used
276 all submodules that changed in the revisions to be pushed will be
277 pushed. If on-demand was not able to push all necessary revisions
278 it will also be aborted and exit with non-zero status. A value of
279 'no' or using `--no-recurse-submodules` can be used to override the
280 push.recurseSubmodules configuration variable when no submodule
281 recursion is required.
284 Toggle the pre-push hook (see linkgit:githooks[5]). The
285 default is --verify, giving the hook a chance to prevent the
286 push. With --no-verify, the hook is bypassed completely.
290 Use IPv4 addresses only, ignoring IPv6 addresses.
294 Use IPv6 addresses only, ignoring IPv4 addresses.
296 include::urls-remotes.txt[]
301 The output of "git push" depends on the transport method used; this
302 section describes the output when pushing over the Git protocol (either
305 The status of the push is output in tabular form, with each line
306 representing the status of a single ref. Each line is of the form:
308 -------------------------------
309 <flag> <summary> <from> -> <to> (<reason>)
310 -------------------------------
312 If --porcelain is used, then each line of the output is of the form:
314 -------------------------------
315 <flag> \t <from>:<to> \t <summary> (<reason>)
316 -------------------------------
318 The status of up-to-date refs is shown only if --porcelain or --verbose
322 A single character indicating the status of the ref:
323 (space);; for a successfully pushed fast-forward;
324 `+`;; for a successful forced update;
325 `-`;; for a successfully deleted ref;
326 `*`;; for a successfully pushed new ref;
327 `!`;; for a ref that was rejected or failed to push; and
328 `=`;; for a ref that was up to date and did not need pushing.
331 For a successfully pushed ref, the summary shows the old and new
332 values of the ref in a form suitable for using as an argument to
333 `git log` (this is `<old>..<new>` in most cases, and
334 `<old>...<new>` for forced non-fast-forward updates).
336 For a failed update, more details are given:
340 Git did not try to send the ref at all, typically because it
341 is not a fast-forward and you did not force the update.
344 The remote end refused the update. Usually caused by a hook
345 on the remote side, or because the remote repository has one
346 of the following safety options in effect:
347 `receive.denyCurrentBranch` (for pushes to the checked out
348 branch), `receive.denyNonFastForwards` (for forced
349 non-fast-forward updates), `receive.denyDeletes` or
350 `receive.denyDeleteCurrent`. See linkgit:git-config[1].
353 The remote end did not report the successful update of the ref,
354 perhaps because of a temporary error on the remote side, a
355 break in the network connection, or other transient error.
359 The name of the local ref being pushed, minus its
360 `refs/<type>/` prefix. In the case of deletion, the
361 name of the local ref is omitted.
364 The name of the remote ref being updated, minus its
365 `refs/<type>/` prefix.
368 A human-readable explanation. In the case of successfully pushed
369 refs, no explanation is needed. For a failed ref, the reason for
370 failure is described.
372 Note about fast-forwards
373 ------------------------
375 When an update changes a branch (or more in general, a ref) that used to
376 point at commit A to point at another commit B, it is called a
377 fast-forward update if and only if B is a descendant of A.
379 In a fast-forward update from A to B, the set of commits that the original
380 commit A built on top of is a subset of the commits the new commit B
381 builds on top of. Hence, it does not lose any history.
383 In contrast, a non-fast-forward update will lose history. For example,
384 suppose you and somebody else started at the same commit X, and you built
385 a history leading to commit B while the other person built a history
386 leading to commit A. The history looks like this:
396 Further suppose that the other person already pushed changes leading to A
397 back to the original repository from which you two obtained the original
400 The push done by the other person updated the branch that used to point at
401 commit X to point at commit A. It is a fast-forward.
403 But if you try to push, you will attempt to update the branch (that
404 now points at A) with commit B. This does _not_ fast-forward. If you did
405 so, the changes introduced by commit A will be lost, because everybody
406 will now start building on top of B.
408 The command by default does not allow an update that is not a fast-forward
409 to prevent such loss of history.
411 If you do not want to lose your work (history from X to B) or the work by
412 the other person (history from X to A), you would need to first fetch the
413 history from the repository, create a history that contains changes done
414 by both parties, and push the result back.
416 You can perform "git pull", resolve potential conflicts, and "git push"
417 the result. A "git pull" will create a merge commit C between commits A
428 Updating A with the resulting merge commit will fast-forward and your
429 push will be accepted.
431 Alternatively, you can rebase your change between X and B on top of A,
432 with "git pull --rebase", and push the result back. The rebase will
433 create a new commit D that builds the change between X and B on top of
444 Again, updating A with this commit will fast-forward and your push will be
447 There is another common situation where you may encounter non-fast-forward
448 rejection when you try to push, and it is possible even when you are
449 pushing into a repository nobody else pushes into. After you push commit
450 A yourself (in the first picture in this section), replace it with "git
451 commit --amend" to produce commit B, and you try to push it out, because
452 forgot that you have pushed A out already. In such a case, and only if
453 you are certain that nobody in the meantime fetched your earlier commit A
454 (and started building on top of it), you can run "git push --force" to
455 overwrite it. In other words, "git push --force" is a method reserved for
456 a case where you do mean to lose history.
463 Works like `git push <remote>`, where <remote> is the
464 current branch's remote (or `origin`, if no remote is
465 configured for the current branch).
468 Without additional configuration, pushes the current branch to
469 the configured upstream (`remote.origin.merge` configuration
470 variable) if it has the same name as the current branch, and
471 errors out without pushing otherwise.
473 The default behavior of this command when no <refspec> is given can be
474 configured by setting the `push` option of the remote, or the `push.default`
475 configuration variable.
477 For example, to default to pushing only the current branch to `origin`
478 use `git config remote.origin.push HEAD`. Any valid <refspec> (like
479 the ones in the examples below) can be configured as the default for
482 `git push origin :`::
483 Push "matching" branches to `origin`. See
484 <refspec> in the <<OPTIONS,OPTIONS>> section above for a
485 description of "matching" branches.
487 `git push origin master`::
488 Find a ref that matches `master` in the source repository
489 (most likely, it would find `refs/heads/master`), and update
490 the same ref (e.g. `refs/heads/master`) in `origin` repository
491 with it. If `master` did not exist remotely, it would be
494 `git push origin HEAD`::
495 A handy way to push the current branch to the same name on the
498 `git push mothership master:satellite/master dev:satellite/dev`::
499 Use the source ref that matches `master` (e.g. `refs/heads/master`)
500 to update the ref that matches `satellite/master` (most probably
501 `refs/remotes/satellite/master`) in the `mothership` repository;
502 do the same for `dev` and `satellite/dev`.
504 This is to emulate `git fetch` run on the `mothership` using `git
505 push` that is run in the opposite direction in order to integrate
506 the work done on `satellite`, and is often necessary when you can
507 only make connection in one way (i.e. satellite can ssh into
508 mothership but mothership cannot initiate connection to satellite
509 because the latter is behind a firewall or does not run sshd).
511 After running this `git push` on the `satellite` machine, you would
512 ssh into the `mothership` and run `git merge` there to complete the
513 emulation of `git pull` that were run on `mothership` to pull changes
516 `git push origin HEAD:master`::
517 Push the current branch to the remote ref matching `master` in the
518 `origin` repository. This form is convenient to push the current
519 branch without thinking about its local name.
521 `git push origin master:refs/heads/experimental`::
522 Create the branch `experimental` in the `origin` repository
523 by copying the current `master` branch. This form is only
524 needed to create a new branch or tag in the remote repository when
525 the local name and the remote name are different; otherwise,
526 the ref name on its own will work.
528 `git push origin :experimental`::
529 Find a ref that matches `experimental` in the `origin` repository
530 (e.g. `refs/heads/experimental`), and delete it.
532 `git push origin +dev:master`::
533 Update the origin repository's master branch with the dev branch,
534 allowing non-fast-forward updates. *This can leave unreferenced
535 commits dangling in the origin repository.* Consider the
536 following situation, where a fast-forward is not possible:
539 o---o---o---A---B origin/master
544 The above command would change the origin repository to
547 A---B (unnamed branch)
549 o---o---o---X---Y---Z master
552 Commits A and B would no longer belong to a branch with a symbolic name,
553 and so would be unreachable. As such, these commits would be removed by
554 a `git gc` command on the origin repository.
558 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite