treatise on dependencies

[ikiwiki] / doc / todo / tracking_bugs_with_dependencies.mdwn

I like the idea of [[tips/integrated_issue_tracking_with_ikiwiki]], and I do so on several wikis.  However, as far as I can tell, ikiwiki has no functionality which can represent dependencies between bugs and allow pagespecs to select based on dependencies.  For instance, I can't write a pagespec which selects all bugs with no dependencies on bugs not marked as done.  --[[JoshTriplett]]

> I started having a think about this.  I'm going to start with the idea that expanding
> the pagespec syntax is the way to attack this.  It seems that any pagespec that is going
> to represent "all bugs with no dependencies on bugs not marked as done" is going to
> need some way to represent "bugs not marked as done" as a collection of pages, and
> then represent "bugs which do not link to pages in the previous collection".
>
> One way to do this would be to introduce variables into the pagespec, along with
> universal and/or existential [[!wikipedia Quantification]].  That looks quite complex.
>
>> I thought about this briefly, and got about that far.. glad you got
>> further. :-) --[[Joey]]

>> Or, one [[!taglink could_also_refer|pagespec_in_DL_style]] to the language of [[!wikipedia description logics]]: their formulas actually define classes of objects through quantified relations to other classes. --Ivan Z.
> 
> Another option would be go with a more functional syntax.  The concept here would
> be to allow a pagespec to appear in a 'pagespec function' anywhere a page can.  e.g.
> I could pass a pagespec to `link()` and that would return true if there is a link to any
> page matching the pagespec.  This makes the variables and existential quantification
> implicit.  It would allow the example requested above:
>
>> `bugs/* and !*/Discussion and !link(bugs/* and !*/Discussion and !link(done))`
>
> Unfortunately, this is also going to make the pagespec parsing more complex because
> we now need to parse nested sets of parentheses to know when the nested pagespec
> ends, and that isn't a regular language (we can't use regular expression matching for
> easy parsing).
>
>> Also, it may cause ambiguities with page names that contain parens
>> (though some such ambigutities already exist with the pagespec syntax).
>
> One simplification of that would be to introduce some pagespec [[shortcuts]].  We could
> then allow pagespec functions to take either pages, or named pagespec shortcuts.  The
> pagespec shortcuts would just be listed on a special page, like current [[shortcuts]].
> (It would probably be a good idea to require that shortcuts on that page can only refer
> to named pagespecs higher up that page than themselves.  That would stop some
> looping issues...)  These shortcuts would be used as follows: when trying to match
> a page (without globs) you look to see if the page exists.  If it does then you have a
> match.  If it doesn't, then you look to see if a similarly named pagespec shortcut
> exists.  If it does, then you check that pagespec recursively to see if you have a match.
> The ordering requirement on named pagespecs stops infinite recursion.
>
> Does that seem like a reasonable first approach?
>
> -- [[Will]]

>> Having a separate page for the shortcuts feels unwieldly.. perhaps
>> instead the shortcut could be defined earlier in the scope of the same
>> pagespec that uses it?
>> 
>> Example: `define(~bugs, bugs/* and !*/Discussion) and define(~openbugs, ~bugs and !link(done)) and ~openbugs and !link(~openbugs)`

>>> That could work.  parens are only ever nested 1 deep in that grammar so it is regular and the current parsing would be ok.

>> Note that I made the "~" explicit, not implicit, so it could be left out. In the case of ambiguity between
>> a definition and a page name, the definition would win.

>>> That was my initial thought too :), but when implementing it I decided that requiring the ~ made things easier.  I'll probably require the ~ for the first pass at least.

>> So, equivilant example: `define(bugs, bugs/* and !*/Discussion) and define(openbugs, bugs and !link(done)) and openbugs and !link(openbugs)`
>> 

>> Re recursion, it is avoided.. but building a pagespec that is O(N^X) where N is the
>> number of pages in the wiki is not avoided. Probably need to add DOS prevention.
>>  --[[Joey]]

>>> If you memoize the outcomes of the named pagespecs you can make in O(N.X), no?
>>> -- [[Will]]

>>>> Yeah, guess that'd work. :-)

> <a id="another_kind_of_links" />One quick further thought.  All the above discussion assumes that 'dependency' is the
> same as 'links to', which is not really true.  For example, you'd like to be able to say
> "This bug does not depend upon [ [ link to other bug ] ]" and not have a dependency.
> Without having different types of links, I don't see how this would be possible.
>
> -- [[Will]]

>> I saw that this issue is targeted at by the work on [[structured page data#another_kind_of_links]]. --Ivan Z.

Okie - I've had a quick attempt at this.  Initial patch attached.  This one doesn't quite work.
And there is still a lot of debugging stuff in there.

At the moment I've added a new preprocessor plugin, `definepagespec`, which is like
shortcut for pagespecs.  To reference a named pagespec, use `~` like this:

    [ [!definepagespec name="bugs" spec="bugs/* and !*/Discussion"]]
    [ [!definepagespec name="openbugs" spec="~bugs and !link(done)"]]
    [ [!definepagespec name="readybugs" spec="~openbugs and !link(~openbugs)"]]

At the moment the problem is in `match_link()` when we're trying to find a sub-page that
matches the appropriate page spec.  There is no good list of pages available to iterate over.

    foreach my $nextpage (keys %IkiWiki::pagesources)

does not give me a good list of pages.  I found the same thing when I was working on
this todo [[todo/Add_a_plugin_to_list_available_pre-processor_commands]].

> I'm not sure why iterating over `%pagesources` wouldn't work here, it's the same method
> used by anything that needs to match a pagespec against all pages..? --[[Joey]]

>> My uchecked hypothesis is that %pagesources is created after the refresh hook.
>> I've also been concerned about how globally defined pagespec shortcuts would interact with
>> the page dependancy system.  Your idea of internally defined shortcuts should fix that. -- [[Will]]

>>> You're correct, the refresh hook is run very early, before pagesources
>>> is populated. (It will be partially populated on a refresh, but will
>>> not be updated to reflect new pages.) Agree that internally defined
>>> seems the way to go. --[[Joey]]

Immediately below is a patch which seems to basically work.  Lots of debugging code is still there
and it needs a cleanup, but I thought it worth posting at this point.  (I was having problems
with old style glob lists, so i just switched them off for the moment.)

The following three inlines work for me with this patch:

    Bugs:
    
    [ [!inline pages="define(~bugs, bugs/* and ! */Discussion) and ~bugs" archive="yes"]]
    
    OpenBugs:
    
    [ [!inline pages="define(~bugs, bugs/* and ! */Discussion) and define(~openbugs,~bugs and !link(done)) and ~openbugs" archive="yes"]]
    
    ReadyBugs:
    
    [ [!inline pages="define(~bugs, bugs/* and ! */Discussion) and define(~openbugs,~bugs and !link(done)) and define(~readybugs,~openbugs and !link(~openbugs)) and ~readybugs" archive="yes"]]

> Nice! Could the specfuncsref be passed in %params? I'd like to avoid
> needing to change the prototype of every pagespec function, since several
> plugins define them too. --[[Joey]]

>> Maybe - it needs more thought.  I also considered it when I was going though changing all those plugins :).
>> My concern was that `%params` can contain other user-defined parameters,
>> e.g. `link(target, otherparameter)`, and that means that the specFuncs could be clobbered by a user (or other
>> weird security hole).  I thought it better to separate it, but I didn't think about it too hard.  I might move it to
>> the first parameter rather than the second.  Ikiwiki is my first real perl hacking and I'm still discovering
>> good ways to write things in perl.
>>
>>>> `%params` contains the parameters passed to `pagespec_match`, not
>>>> user-supplied parameters. The user-supplied parameter to a function
>>>> like `match_glob()` or `match_link()` is passed in the second positional parameter. --[[Joey]]

>>>>> OK.  That seems reasonable then.  The only problem is that my PERLfu is not strong enough to make it
>>>>> work.  I really have to wonder what substance was influencing the designers of PERL...
>>>>> I can't figure out how to use the %params.  And I'm pissed off enough with PERL that I'm not going
>>>>> to try and figure it out any more.  There are two patches below now.  The first one uses an extra
>>>>> argument and works.  The second one tries to use %params and doesn't - take your pick :-). -- [[Will]]

>> What do you think is best to do about `is_globlist()`?  At the moment it requires that the 'second word', as
>> delimited by a space and ignoring parens, is 'and' or 'or'.  This doesn't hold in the above example pagespecs (so I just hard wired it to 0 to test my patch).
>> My thought was just to search for 'and' or 'or' as words anywhere in the pagespec.  Thoughts?

>>> Dunno, we could just finish deprecating it. Or change the regexp to
>>> skip over spaces in parens. (`/[^\s]+\s+([^)]+)/`) --[[Joey]]

>>>> I think I have a working regexp now.

>> Oh, one more thing.  In pagespec_translate (now pagespec_makeperl), there is a part of the regular expression for `# any other text`.
>> This contained `()`, which has no effect.  I replaced that with `\(\)`, but that is a change in the definition of pagespecs unrelated to the
>> rest of this patch. In a related change, commands were not able to contain `)` in their parameters.  I've extended that so the cannot
>> contain `(` or `)`.  -- [[Will]]

>>> `[^\s()]+` is a character class matching all characters not spaces or
>>> parens. Since the pervious terminals in the regexp consume most
>>> occurances of an open paren or close paren, it's unlikely for one to
>>> get through to that part of the regexp. For example, "foo()" will be
>>> matched by the command matcher; "(foo)" will be matched by the open
>>> paren literal terminal. "foo(" and "foo)" can get through to the
>>> end, and would be matched as a page name, if it didn't exclude parens.
>>>
>>> So why exclude them? Well, consider "foo and(bar and baz)". We don't
>>> want it to match "and(" as a page name!
>>> 
>>> Escaping the parens in the character class actually changes nothing; the
>>> changed character class still matches all characters not spaces or
>>> parens. (Try it!).
>>> 
>>> Re commands containing '(', I don't really see any reason not to
>>> allow that, unless it breaks something. --[[Joey]]

>>>> Oh, I didn't realise you didn't need to escape parens inside [].  All else I
>>>> I understood.  I have stopped commands from containing parens because
>>>> once you allow that then you might have a extra level of depth in the parsing
>>>> of define() statements. -- [[Will]]

>>> Updated patch.  Moved the specFuncsRef to the front of the arg list.  Still haven't thought through the security implications of
>>> having it in `%params`.  I've also removed all the debugging `print` statements.  And I've updated the `is_globlist()` function.
>>> I think this is ready for people other than me to have a play.  It is not well enough tested to commit just yet.
>>> -- [[Will]]

I've lost track of the indent level, so I'm going back to not indented - I think this is a working [[patch]] taking into
account all comments above (which doesn't mean it is above reproach :) ).  --[[Will]]

> Very belated code review of last version of the patch:
> 
> * `is_globlist` is no longer needed

>> Good :)

> * I don't understand why the pagespec match regexp is changed
>   from having flags `igx` to `ixgs`. Don't see why you
>   want `.` to match '\n` in it, and don't see any `.` in the regexp 
>   anyway?

>> Because you have to define all the named pagespecs in the pagespec, you sometimes end up with very long pagespecs.  I found it useful to split them over multiple lines.  That didn't work at one point and I added the 's' to make it work.  I may have further altered the regex since then to make the 's' redundant.  Remove it and see if multi-line pagespecs still work. :)

>>> Well, I can tell you that multi-line pagespecs are supported w/o
>>> your patch .. I use them all the time. The reason I find your
>>> use of `/s` unlikely is because without it `\s` already matches
>>> a newline. Only if you want to treat a newline as non-whitespace
>>> is `/s` typically necessary. --[[Joey]] 

> * Some changes of `@_` to `%params` in `pagespec_makeperl` do not
>   make sense to me. I don't see where \%params is defined and populated,
>   except with `\$params{specFunc}`.

>> I'm not a perl hacker.  This was a mighty battle for me to get going.
>> There is probably some battlefield carnage from my early struggles
>> learning perl left here. Part of this is that @_ / @params already
>> existed as a way of passing in extra parameters.  I didn't want to
>> pollute that top level namespace - just at my own parameter (a hash)
>> which contained the data I needed.

>>> I think I understand how the various `%params`
>>> (there's not just one) work in your code now, but it's really a mess.
>>> Explaining it in words would take pages.. It could be fixed by,
>>> in `pagespec_makeperl` something like:
>>> 
>>>     my %specFuncs;
>>>     push @_, specFuncs => \%specFuncs;
>>> 
>>> With that you have the hash locally available for populating
>>> inside `pagespec_makeperl`, and when the `match_*` functions
>>> are called the same hash data will be available inside their
>>> `@_` or `%params`. No need to change how the functions are called
>>> or do any of the other hacks.
>>>
>>> Currently, specFuncs is populated by building up code
>>> that recursively calls `pagespec_makeperl`, and is then
>>> evaluated when the pagespec gets evaluated. My suggested
>>> change to `%params` will break that, but that had to change 
>>> anyway.
>>>
>>> It probably has a security hole, and is certianly inviting
>>> one, since the pagespec definition is matched by a loose regexp (`.*`)
>>> and then subject to string interpolation before being evaluated
>>> inside perl code. I recently changed ikiwiki to never interpolate
>>> user-supplied strings when translating pagespecs, and that
>>> needs to happen here too. The obvious way, it seems to me,
>>> is to not generate perl code, but just directly run perl code that
>>> populates specFuncs.

> * Seems that the only reason `match_glob` has to check for `~` is
>   because when a named spec appears in a pagespec, it is translated
>   to `match_glob("~foo")`. If, instead, `pagespec_makeperl` checked
>   for named specs, it could convert them into `check_named_spec("foo")`
>   and avoid that ugliness.

>> Yeah - I wanted to make named specs syntactically different on my first pass.  You are right in that this could be made a fallback - named specs always override pagenames.

> * The changes to `match_link` seem either unecessary, or incomplete.
>   Shouldn't it check for named specs and call
>   `check_named_spec_existential`?

>>  An earlier version did.  Then I realised it wasn't actually needed in that case - match_link() already included a loop that was like a type of existential matching.  Each time through the loop it would
>> call match_glob().  match_glob() in turn will handle the named spec.  I tested this version briefly and it seemed to work.  I remember looking at this again later and wondering if I had mis-understood
>> some of the logic in match_link(), which might mean there are cases where you would need an explicit call to check_named_spec_existential() - I never checked it properly after having that thought.

>>> In the common case, `match_link` does not call `match_glob`,
>>> because the link target it is being asked to check for is a single
>>> page name, not a glob.

> * Generally, the need to modify `match_*` functions so that they
>   check for and handle named pagespecs seems suboptimal, if
>   only because there might be others people may want to use named
>   pagespecs with. It would be possible to move this check
>   to `pagespec_makeperl`, by having it check if the parameter
>   passed to a pagespec function looked like a named pagespec.
>   The only issue is that some pagespec functions take a parameter
>   that is not a page name at all, and it could be weird
>   if such a parameter were accidentially interpreted as a named
>   pagespec. (But, that seems unlikely to happen.)

>> Possibly.  I'm not sure which I prefer between the current solution and that one.  Each have advantages and disadvantages.
>> It really isn't much code for the match functions to add a call to check_named_spec_existential().

>>> But if a plugin adds its own match function, it has
>>> to explicitly call that code to support named pagespecs.

> * I need to check if your trick to avoid infinite recursion
>   works if there are two named specs that recursively
>   call one-another. I suspect it does, but will test this
>   myself..

>> It worked for me. :)

> * I also need to verify if memoizing the named pagespecs has
>   really guarded against very expensive pagespecs DOSing the wiki..

> --[[Joey]] 

>>  There is one issue that I've been thinking about that I haven't raised anywhere (or checked myself), and that is how this all interacts with page dependencies.
>>  Firstly, I'm not sure anymore that the `pagespec_merge` function will continue to work in all cases.

>>> The problem I can see there is that if two pagespecs
>>> get merged and both use `~foo` but define it differently,
>>> then the second definition might be used at a point when
>>> it shouldn't (but I haven't verified that really happens).
>>> That could certianly be a show-stopper. --[[Joey]] 

>>>> Even if that works, this is a good argument for having a syntactic difference between named pagespecs and normal pages.
>>>> If you're joining two pagespecs with 'or', you don't want a named pagespec in the first part overriding a page name in the
>>>> second part.  Oh, and I assume 'or' has the right operator precedence that "a and b or c" is "(a and b) or c", and not "a and (b or c)" -- [[Will]]

>>  Secondly, it seems that there are two types of dependency, and ikiwiki
>>  currently only handles one of them.  The first type is "Rebuild this
>>  page when any of these other pages changes" - ikiwiki handles this.
>>  The second type is "rebuild this page when set of pages referred to by
>>  this pagespec changes" - ikiwiki doesn't seem to handle this.  I
>>  suspect that named pagespecs would make that second type of dependency
>>  more important.  I'll try to come up with a good example. -- [[Will]]

>>> Hrm, I was going to build an example of this with backlinks, but it
>>> looks like that is handled as a special case at the moment (line 458 of
>>> render.pm).  I'll see if I can breapk
>>> things another way.  Fixing this properly would allow removal of that special case. -- [[Will]]

>>>> I can't quite understand the distinction you're trying to draw
>>>> between the two types of dependencies. Backlinks are a very special
>>>> case though and I'll be suprised if they fit well into pagespecs.
>>>> --[[Joey]] 

>>>>> The issue is that the existential pagespec matching allows you to build things that have similar
>>>>> problems to backlinks.
>>>>> e.g. the following inline:

    \[[!inline pages="define(~done, link(done)) and link(~done)" archive=yes]]

>>>>> includes any page that links to a page that links to done.  Now imagine I add a new link to 'done' on
>>>>> some random page somewhere - a page which some other page links to which didn't previously get included - the set of pages accepted by the pagespec, and hence the set of
>>>>> pages inlined, will change.  But, there is no dependency anywhere on the page that I altered, so
>>>>> ikiwiki will not rebuild the page with the inline in it.  What is happening is that the page that I altered affects
>>>>> the set of pages matched by the pagespec without itself being matched by the pagespec, and hence included in the dependency list.

>>>>> For another example, imagine I added a `match_word()` function.  It matches any page that contains the given word.  As with a backlink,
>>>>> it is now possible to change the set of pages referred to by a pagespec without changing any of the pages currently referred to by the
>>>>> pagespec.  If I have an inline of all pages that include the word "abracadabra", then it would have to depend upon all pages to detect
>>>>> any new uses of that word.

>>>>> To make this work well, I think you need to recognise two types of dependencies for each page (and no
>>>>> special cases for particular types of links, eg backlinks).  The first type of dependency says, "The content of
>>>>> this page depends upon the content of these other pages".  The `add_depends()` in the shortcuts
>>>>> plugin is of this form: any time the shortcuts page is edited, any page with a shortcut on it
>>>>> is rebuilt.  The inline plugin also needs to add dependencies of this form to detect when the inlined
>>>>> content changes.  By contrast, the map plugin does not need a dependency of this form, because it
>>>>> doesn't actually care about the content of any pages, just which pages it needs to include (which we'll handle next).

>>>>> The second type of dependency says, "The content of this page depends upon the exact set of pages matched
>>>>> by this pagespec".  The first type of dependency was about the content of some pages, the second type is about
>>>>> which pages get matched by a pagespec.  This is the type of dependency tracking that the map plugin needs.
>>>>> If the set of pages matched by map pagespec changes, then the page with the map on it needs to be rebuilt to show a different list of pages.
>>>>> Inline needs this type of dependency as well as the previous type - This type handles a change in which pages
>>>>> are inlined, the previous type handles a change in the content of any of those pages.  Shortcut does not need this type of
>>>>> dependency.  Most of the places that use `add_depends()` seem to need this type of dependency rather than the first type.

>>>>> Implementation Details:  The first type of dependency can be handled very similarly to the current
>>>>> dependency system.  You just need to keep a list of pages that the content depends upon.  You could
>>>>> keep that list as a pagespec, but if you do this you might want to check that the pagespec doesn't change,
>>>>> possibly by adding a dependency of the second type along with the dependency of the first type.

>>>>> The second type of dependency is a little more tricky.  For each page, we'd need a list of pagespecs that
>>>>> the page depended on, and for each pagespec you'd want to store the list of pages that currently match it.
>>>>> On refresh, you'd need to check each pagespec to see if the set of pages that match it has changed, and if
>>>>> that set has changed, then rebuild the dependent page(s).  Oh, and for this second type of dependency, I
>>>>> don't think you can merge pagespecs.  If I wanted to know if either "*" or "link(done)" changes, then just checking
>>>>> to see if the set of pages matched by "* or link(done)" changes doesn't work.

>>>>> The current system works because even though you usually want dependencies of the second type, the set of pages
>>>>> referred to by a pagespec can only change if one of those pages itself changes.  i.e. A dependency check of the
>>>>> first type will catch a dependency change of the second type with current pagespecs.
>>>>> This doesn't work with backlinks, and it doesn't work with existential matching.  Backlinks are currently special-cased.  I don't know
>>>>> how to special-case existential matching - I suspect you're better off just getting the dependency tracking right.

>>>>> I also tried to come up with other possible solutions: e.g. can we find the dependencies for a pagespec?  That
>>>>> would be the set of pages where a change on one of those pages could lead to a change in the set of pages matched by the pagespec.
>>>>> For old-style pagespecs without backlinks, the dependency set for a pagespec is the same as the set of pages the pagespec matches.
>>>>> Unfortunately, with existential matching, the set of pages that each
>>>>> pagespec depends upon can quickly become "*", which is not very useful.  -- [[Will]]

----

    diff --git a/IkiWiki.pm b/IkiWiki.pm
    index 4e4da11..8b3cdfe 100644
    --- a/IkiWiki.pm
    +++ b/IkiWiki.pm
    @@ -1550,7 +1550,16 @@ sub globlist_to_pagespec ($) {
     
     sub is_globlist ($) {
        my $s=shift;
    -   return ( $s =~ /[^\s]+\s+([^\s]+)/ && $1 ne "and" && $1 ne "or" );
    +   return ! ($s =~ /
    +                   (^\s*
    +                           [^\s(]+         # single item
    +                                   (\(                     # possibly with parens after it
    +                                           ([^)]*  # with stuff inside those parens
    +                                           (\([^)]*\))*)*  # maybe even nested parens
    +                                   \))?\s*$
    +                   ) |
    +                           (\s and \s) | (\s or \s)        # or we find 'and' or 'or' somewhere
    +                   /xs);
     }
     
     sub safequote ($) {
    @@ -1631,7 +1640,7 @@ sub pagespec_merge ($$) {
        return "($a) or ($b)";
     }
     
    -sub pagespec_translate ($) {
    +sub pagespec_makeperl ($) {
        my $spec=shift;
     
        # Support for old-style GlobLists.
    @@ -1650,12 +1659,14 @@ sub pagespec_translate ($) {
                |
                        \)              # )
                |
    -                   \w+\([^\)]*\)   # command(params)
    +                   define\(\s*~\w+\s*,((\([^()]*\)) | ([^()]+))+\) # define(~specName, spec) - spec can contain parens 1 deep
    +           |
    +                   \w+\([^()]*\)   # command(params) - params cannot contain parens
                |
                        [^\s()]+        # any other text
                )
                \s*             # ignore whitespace
    -   }igx) {
    +   }igxs) {
                my $word=$1;
                if (lc $word eq 'and') {
                        $code.=' &&';
    @@ -1666,16 +1677,23 @@ sub pagespec_translate ($) {
                elsif ($word eq "(" || $word eq ")" || $word eq "!") {
                        $code.=' '.$word;
                }
    -           elsif ($word =~ /^(\w+)\((.*)\)$/) {
    +           elsif ($word =~ /^define\(\s*~(\w+)\s*,(.*)\)$/s) {
    +                   $code .= " (\$params{specFuncs}->{$1}=";        # (exists \$params{specFuncs}) && 
    +                   $code .= "memoize(";
    +                   $code .= &pagespec_makeperl($2);
    +                   $code .= ")";
    +                   $code .= ") ";
    +           }
    +           elsif ($word =~ /^(\w+)\((.*)\)$/s) {
                        if (exists $IkiWiki::PageSpec::{"match_$1"}) {
    -                           $code.="IkiWiki::PageSpec::match_$1(\$page, ".safequote($2).", \@_)";
    +                           $code.="IkiWiki::PageSpec::match_$1(\$page, ".safequote($2).", \%params)";
                        }
                        else {
                                $code.=' 0';
                        }
                }
                else {
    -                   $code.=" IkiWiki::PageSpec::match_glob(\$page, ".safequote($word).", \@_)";
    +                   $code.=" IkiWiki::PageSpec::match_glob(\$page, ".safequote($word).", \%params)";
                }
        }
     
    @@ -1683,8 +1701,18 @@ sub pagespec_translate ($) {
                $code=0;
        }
     
    +   return 'sub { my $page=shift; my %params = @_; '.$code.' }';
    +}
    +
    +sub pagespec_translate ($) {
    +   my $spec=shift;
    +
    +   my $code = pagespec_makeperl($spec);
    +
    +   # print STDERR "Spec '$spec' generated code '$code'\n";
    +
        no warnings;
    -   return eval 'sub { my $page=shift; '.$code.' }';
    +   return eval $code;
     }
     
     sub pagespec_match ($$;@) {
    @@ -1699,7 +1727,7 @@ sub pagespec_match ($$;@) {
     
        my $sub=pagespec_translate($spec);
        return IkiWiki::FailReason->new("syntax error in pagespec \"$spec\"") if $@;
    -   return $sub->($page, @params);
    +   return $sub->($page, @params, specFuncs => {});
     }
     
     sub pagespec_valid ($) {
    @@ -1748,11 +1776,78 @@ sub new {
     
     package IkiWiki::PageSpec;
     
    +sub check_named_spec($$;@) {
    +   my $page=shift;
    +   my $specName=shift;
    +   my %params=@_;
    +   
    +   error("Unable to find specFuncs in params to check_named_spec()!") unless exists $params{specFuncs};
    +
    +   my $specFuncsRef=$params{specFuncs};
    +   
    +   return IkiWiki::FailReason->new("Named page spec '$specName' is not valid")
    +           unless (substr($specName, 0, 1) eq '~');
    +   
    +   $specName = substr($specName, 1);
    +
    +   if (exists $specFuncsRef->{$specName}) {
    +           # remove the named spec from the spec refs
    +           # when we recurse to avoid infinite recursion
    +           my $sub = $specFuncsRef->{$specName};
    +           delete $specFuncsRef->{$specName};
    +           my $result = $sub->($page, %params);
    +           $specFuncsRef->{$specName} = $sub;
    +           return $result;
    +   } else {
    +           return IkiWiki::FailReason->new("Page spec '$specName' does not exist");
    +   }
    +}
    +
    +sub check_named_spec_existential($$$;@) {
    +   my $page=shift;
    +   my $specName=shift;
    +   my $funcref=shift;
    +   my %params=@_;
    +   
    +   error("Unable to find specFuncs in params to check_named_spec_existential()!") unless exists $params{specFuncs};
    +   my $specFuncsRef=$params{specFuncs};
    +   
    +   return IkiWiki::FailReason->new("Named page spec '$specName' is not valid")
    +           unless (substr($specName, 0, 1) eq '~');
    +   $specName = substr($specName, 1);
    +   
    +   if (exists $specFuncsRef->{$specName}) {
    +           # remove the named spec from the spec refs
    +           # when we recurse to avoid infinite recursion
    +           my $sub = $specFuncsRef->{$specName};
    +           delete $specFuncsRef->{$specName};
    +           
    +           foreach my $nextpage (keys %IkiWiki::pagesources) {
    +                   if ($sub->($nextpage, %params)) {
    +                           my $tempResult = $funcref->($page, $nextpage, %params);
    +                           if ($tempResult) {
    +                                   $specFuncsRef->{$specName} = $sub;
    +                                   return $tempResult;
    +                           }
    +                   }
    +           }
    +           
    +           $specFuncsRef->{$specName} = $sub;
    +           return IkiWiki::FailReason->new("No page in spec '$specName' was successfully matched");
    +   } else {
    +           return IkiWiki::FailReason->new("Named page spec '$specName' does not exist");
    +   }
    +}
    +
     sub match_glob ($$;@) {
        my $page=shift;
        my $glob=shift;
        my %params=@_;
        
    +   if (substr($glob, 0, 1) eq '~') {
    +           return check_named_spec($page, $glob, %params);
    +   }
    +
        my $from=exists $params{location} ? $params{location} : '';
        
        # relative matching
    @@ -1782,11 +1877,12 @@ sub match_internal ($$;@) {
     
     sub match_link ($$;@) {
        my $page=shift;
    -   my $link=lc(shift);
    +   my $fulllink=shift;
        my %params=@_;
    +   my $link=lc($fulllink);
     
        my $from=exists $params{location} ? $params{location} : '';
    -
    +   
        # relative matching
        if ($link =~ m!^\.! && defined $from) {
                $from=~s#/?[^/]+$##;
    @@ -1804,19 +1900,32 @@ sub match_link ($$;@) {
                }
                else {
                        return IkiWiki::SuccessReason->new("$page links to page $p matching $link")
    -                           if match_glob($p, $link, %params);
    +                           if match_glob($p, $fulllink, %params);
                }
        }
        return IkiWiki::FailReason->new("$page does not link to $link");
     }
     
     sub match_backlink ($$;@) {
    -   return match_link($_[1], $_[0], @_);
    +   my $page=shift;
    +   my $backlink=shift;
    +   my @params=@_;
    +
    +   if (substr($backlink, 0, 1) eq '~') {
    +           return check_named_spec_existential($page, $backlink, \&match_backlink, @params);
    +   }
    +
    +   return match_link($backlink, $page, @params);
     }
     
     sub match_created_before ($$;@) {
        my $page=shift;
        my $testpage=shift;
    +   my @params=@_;
    +
    +   if (substr($testpage, 0, 1) eq '~') {
    +           return check_named_spec_existential($page, $testpage, \&match_created_before, @params);
    +   }
     
        if (exists $IkiWiki::pagectime{$testpage}) {
                if ($IkiWiki::pagectime{$page} < $IkiWiki::pagectime{$testpage}) {
    @@ -1834,6 +1943,11 @@ sub match_created_before ($$;@) {
     sub match_created_after ($$;@) {
        my $page=shift;
        my $testpage=shift;
    +   my @params=@_;
    +
    +   if (substr($testpage, 0, 1) eq '~') {
    +           return check_named_spec_existential($page, $testpage, \&match_created_after, @params);
    +   }
     
        if (exists $IkiWiki::pagectime{$testpage}) {
                if ($IkiWiki::pagectime{$page} > $IkiWiki::pagectime{$testpage}) {