1 Linux Kernel 2.6 series
2 SCSI mid_level - lower_level driver interface
3 =============================================
7 This document outlines the interface between the Linux SCSI mid level and
8 SCSI lower level drivers. Lower level drivers (LLDs) are variously called
9 host bus adapter (HBA) drivers and host drivers (HD). A "host" in this
10 context is a bridge between a computer IO bus (e.g. PCI or ISA) and a
11 single SCSI initiator port on a SCSI transport. An "initiator" port
12 (SCSI terminology, see SAM-3 at http://www.t10.org) sends SCSI commands
13 to "target" SCSI ports (e.g. disks). There can be many LLDs in a running
14 system, but only one per hardware type. Most LLDs can control one or more
15 SCSI HBAs. Some HBAs contain multiple hosts.
17 In some cases the SCSI transport is an external bus that already has
18 its own subsystem in Linux (e.g. USB and ieee1394). In such cases the
19 SCSI subsystem LLD is a software bridge to the other driver subsystem.
20 Examples are the usb-storage driver (found in the drivers/usb/storage
21 directory) and the ieee1394/sbp2 driver (found in the drivers/ieee1394
24 For example, the aic7xxx LLD controls Adaptec SCSI parallel interface
25 (SPI) controllers based on that company's 7xxx chip series. The aic7xxx
26 LLD can be built into the kernel or loaded as a module. There can only be
27 one aic7xxx LLD running in a Linux system but it may be controlling many
28 HBAs. These HBAs might be either on PCI daughter-boards or built into
29 the motherboard (or both). Some aic7xxx based HBAs are dual controllers
30 and thus represent two hosts. Like most modern HBAs, each aic7xxx host
31 has its own PCI device address. [The one-to-one correspondence between
32 a SCSI host and a PCI device is common but not required (e.g. with
33 ISA or MCA adapters).]
35 The SCSI mid level isolates an LLD from other layers such as the SCSI
36 upper layer drivers and the block layer.
38 This version of the document roughly matches linux kernel version 2.6.8 .
42 There is a SCSI documentation directory within the kernel source tree,
43 typically Documentation/scsi . Most documents are in plain
44 (i.e. ASCII) text. This file is named scsi_mid_low_api.txt and can be
45 found in that directory. A more recent copy of this document may be found
46 at http://www.torque.net/scsi/scsi_mid_low_api.txt.gz .
47 Many LLDs are documented there (e.g. aic7xxx.txt). The SCSI mid-level is
48 briefly described in scsi.txt which contains a url to a document
49 describing the SCSI subsystem in the lk 2.4 series. Two upper level
50 drivers have documents in that directory: st.txt (SCSI tape driver) and
51 scsi-generic.txt (for the sg driver).
53 Some documentation (or urls) for LLDs may be found in the C source code
54 or in the same directory as the C source code. For example to find a url
55 about the USB mass storage driver see the
56 /usr/src/linux/drivers/usb/storage directory.
58 The Linux kernel source Documentation/DocBook/scsidrivers.tmpl file
59 refers to this file. With the appropriate DocBook tool-set, this permits
60 users to generate html, ps and pdf renderings of information within this
61 file (e.g. the interface functions).
65 Traditionally an LLD for the SCSI subsystem has been at least two files in
66 the drivers/scsi directory. For example, a driver called "xyz" has a header
67 file "xyz.h" and a source file "xyz.c". [Actually there is no good reason
68 why this couldn't all be in one file; the header file is superfluous.] Some
69 drivers that have been ported to several operating systems have more than
70 two files. For example the aic7xxx driver has separate files for generic
71 and OS-specific code (e.g. FreeBSD and Linux). Such drivers tend to have
72 their own directory under the drivers/scsi directory.
74 When a new LLD is being added to Linux, the following files (found in the
75 drivers/scsi directory) will need some attention: Makefile and Kconfig .
76 It is probably best to study how existing LLDs are organized.
78 As the 2.5 series development kernels evolve into the 2.6 series
79 production series, changes are being introduced into this interface. An
80 example of this is driver initialization code where there are now 2 models
81 available. The older one, similar to what was found in the lk 2.4 series,
82 is based on hosts that are detected at HBA driver load time. This will be
83 referred to the "passive" initialization model. The newer model allows HBAs
84 to be hot plugged (and unplugged) during the lifetime of the LLD and will
85 be referred to as the "hotplug" initialization model. The newer model is
86 preferred as it can handle both traditional SCSI equipment that is
87 permanently connected as well as modern "SCSI" devices (e.g. USB or
88 IEEE 1394 connected digital cameras) that are hotplugged. Both
89 initialization models are discussed in the following sections.
91 An LLD interfaces to the SCSI subsystem several ways:
92 a) directly invoking functions supplied by the mid level
93 b) passing a set of function pointers to a registration function
94 supplied by the mid level. The mid level will then invoke these
95 functions at some point in the future. The LLD will supply
96 implementations of these functions.
97 c) direct access to instances of well known data structures maintained
100 Those functions in group a) are listed in a section entitled "Mid level
101 supplied functions" below.
103 Those functions in group b) are listed in a section entitled "Interface
104 functions" below. Their function pointers are placed in the members of
105 "struct scsi_host_template", an instance of which is passed to
106 scsi_host_alloc() ** . Those interface functions that the LLD does not
107 wish to supply should have NULL placed in the corresponding member of
108 struct scsi_host_template. Defining an instance of struct
109 scsi_host_template at file scope will cause NULL to be placed in function
110 pointer members not explicitly initialized.
112 Those usages in group c) should be handled with care, especially in a
113 "hotplug" environment. LLDs should be aware of the lifetime of instances
114 that are shared with the mid level and other layers.
116 All functions defined within an LLD and all data defined at file scope
117 should be static. For example the slave_alloc() function in an LLD
118 called "xxx" could be defined as
119 "static int xxx_slave_alloc(struct scsi_device * sdev) { /* code */ }"
121 ** the scsi_host_alloc() function is a replacement for the rather vaguely
122 named scsi_register() function in most situations. The scsi_register()
123 and scsi_unregister() functions remain to support legacy LLDs that use
124 the passive initialization model.
127 Hotplug initialization model
128 ============================
129 In this model an LLD controls when SCSI hosts are introduced and removed
130 from the SCSI subsystem. Hosts can be introduced as early as driver
131 initialization and removed as late as driver shutdown. Typically a driver
132 will respond to a sysfs probe() callback that indicates an HBA has been
133 detected. After confirming that the new device is one that the LLD wants
134 to control, the LLD will initialize the HBA and then register a new host
135 with the SCSI mid level.
137 During LLD initialization the driver should register itself with the
138 appropriate IO bus on which it expects to find HBA(s) (e.g. the PCI bus).
139 This can probably be done via sysfs. Any driver parameters (especially
140 those that are writable after the driver is loaded) could also be
141 registered with sysfs at this point. The SCSI mid level first becomes
142 aware of an LLD when that LLD registers its first HBA.
144 At some later time, the LLD becomes aware of an HBA and what follows
145 is a typical sequence of calls between the LLD and the mid level.
146 This example shows the mid level scanning the newly introduced HBA for 3
147 scsi devices of which only the first 2 respond:
149 HBA PROBE: assume 2 SCSI devices found in scan
151 ===-------------------=========--------------------===------
152 scsi_host_alloc() -->
153 scsi_add_host() ---->
154 scsi_scan_host() -------+
157 slave_configure() --> scsi_adjust_queue_depth()
164 ------------------------------------------------------------
166 If the LLD wants to adjust the default queue settings, it can invoke
167 scsi_adjust_queue_depth() in its slave_configure() routine.
169 *** For scsi devices that the mid level tries to scan but do not
170 respond, a slave_alloc(), slave_destroy() pair is called.
172 When an HBA is being removed it could be as part of an orderly shutdown
173 associated with the LLD module being unloaded (e.g. with the "rmmod"
174 command) or in response to a "hot unplug" indicated by sysfs()'s
175 remove() callback being invoked. In either case, the sequence is the
178 HBA REMOVE: assume 2 SCSI devices attached
180 ===----------------------=========-----------------===------
181 scsi_remove_host() ---------+
186 ------------------------------------------------------------
188 It may be useful for a LLD to keep track of struct Scsi_Host instances
189 (a pointer is returned by scsi_host_alloc()). Such instances are "owned"
190 by the mid-level. struct Scsi_Host instances are freed from
191 scsi_host_put() when the reference count hits zero.
193 Hot unplugging an HBA that controls a disk which is processing SCSI
194 commands on a mounted file system is an interesting situation. Reference
195 counting logic is being introduced into the mid level to cope with many
196 of the issues involved. See the section on reference counting below.
199 The hotplug concept may be extended to SCSI devices. Currently, when an
200 HBA is added, the scsi_scan_host() function causes a scan for SCSI devices
201 attached to the HBA's SCSI transport. On newer SCSI transports the HBA
202 may become aware of a new SCSI device _after_ the scan has completed.
203 An LLD can use this sequence to make the mid level aware of a SCSI device:
207 ===-------------------=========--------------------===------
208 scsi_add_device() ------+
211 slave_configure() [--> scsi_adjust_queue_depth()]
212 ------------------------------------------------------------
214 In a similar fashion, an LLD may become aware that a SCSI device has been
215 removed (unplugged) or the connection to it has been interrupted. Some
216 existing SCSI transports (e.g. SPI) may not become aware that a SCSI
217 device has been removed until a subsequent SCSI command fails which will
218 probably cause that device to be set offline by the mid level. An LLD that
219 detects the removal of a SCSI device can instigate its removal from
220 upper layers with this sequence:
222 SCSI DEVICE hot unplug
224 ===----------------------=========-----------------===------
225 scsi_remove_device() -------+
228 ------------------------------------------------------------
230 It may be useful for an LLD to keep track of struct scsi_device instances
231 (a pointer is passed as the parameter to slave_alloc() and
232 slave_configure() callbacks). Such instances are "owned" by the mid-level.
233 struct scsi_device instances are freed after slave_destroy().
236 Passive initialization model
237 ============================
238 These older LLDs include a file called "scsi_module.c" [yes the ".c" is a
239 little surprising] in their source code. For that file to work an
240 instance of struct scsi_host_template with the name "driver_template"
241 needs to be defined. Here is a typical code sequence used in this model:
242 static struct scsi_host_template driver_template = {
245 #include "scsi_module.c"
247 The scsi_module.c file contains two functions:
248 - init_this_scsi_driver() which is executed when the LLD is
249 initialized (i.e. boot time or module load time)
250 - exit_this_scsi_driver() which is executed when the LLD is shut
251 down (i.e. module unload time)
252 Note: since these functions are tagged with __init and __exit qualifiers
253 an LLD should not call them explicitly (since the kernel does that).
255 Here is an example of an initialization sequence when two hosts are
256 detected (so detect() returns 2) and the SCSI bus scan on each host
257 finds 1 SCSI device (and a second device does not respond).
260 ===----------------------=========-----------------===------
261 init_this_scsi_driver() ----+
263 detect() -----------------+
269 slave_configure() --> scsi_adjust_queue_depth()
277 ------------------------------------------------------------
279 The mid level invokes scsi_adjust_queue_depth() with tagged queuing off and
280 "cmd_per_lun" for that host as the queue length. These settings can be
281 overridden by a slave_configure() supplied by the LLD.
283 *** For scsi devices that the mid level tries to scan but do not
284 respond, a slave_alloc(), slave_destroy() pair is called.
286 Here is an LLD shutdown sequence:
289 ===----------------------=========-----------------===------
290 exit_this_scsi_driver() ----+
293 release() --> scsi_unregister()
296 release() --> scsi_unregister()
297 ------------------------------------------------------------
299 An LLD need not define slave_destroy() (i.e. it is optional).
301 The shortcoming of the "passive initialization model" is that host
302 registration and de-registration are (typically) tied to LLD initialization
303 and shutdown. Once the LLD is initialized then a new host that appears
304 (e.g. via hotplugging) cannot easily be added without a redundant
305 driver shutdown and re-initialization. It may be possible to write an LLD
306 that uses both initialization models.
311 The Scsi_Host structure has had reference counting infrastructure added.
312 This effectively spreads the ownership of struct Scsi_Host instances
313 across the various SCSI layers which use them. Previously such instances
314 were exclusively owned by the mid level. LLDs would not usually need to
315 directly manipulate these reference counts but there may be some cases
318 There are 3 reference counting functions of interest associated with
320 - scsi_host_alloc(): returns a pointer to new instance of struct
321 Scsi_Host which has its reference count ^^ set to 1
322 - scsi_host_get(): adds 1 to the reference count of the given instance
323 - scsi_host_put(): decrements 1 from the reference count of the given
324 instance. If the reference count reaches 0 then the given instance
327 The Scsi_device structure has had reference counting infrastructure added.
328 This effectively spreads the ownership of struct Scsi_device instances
329 across the various SCSI layers which use them. Previously such instances
330 were exclusively owned by the mid level. See the access functions declared
331 towards the end of include/scsi/scsi_device.h . If an LLD wants to keep
332 a copy of a pointer to a Scsi_device instance it should use scsi_device_get()
333 to bump its reference count. When it is finished with the pointer it can
334 use scsi_device_put() to decrement its reference count (and potentially
337 ^^ struct Scsi_Host actually has 2 reference counts which are manipulated
338 in parallel by these functions.
343 First, Linus Torvalds's thoughts on C coding style can be found in the
344 Documentation/CodingStyle file.
346 Next, there is a movement to "outlaw" typedefs introducing synonyms for
347 struct tags. Both can be still found in the SCSI subsystem, but
348 the typedefs have been moved to a single file, scsi_typedefs.h to
349 make their future removal easier, for example:
350 "typedef struct scsi_cmnd Scsi_Cmnd;"
352 Also, most C99 enhancements are encouraged to the extent they are supported
353 by the relevant gcc compilers. So C99 style structure and array
354 initializers are encouraged where appropriate. Don't go too far,
355 VLAs are not properly supported yet. An exception to this is the use of
356 "//" style comments; /*...*/ comments are still preferred in Linux.
358 Well written, tested and documented code, need not be re-formatted to
359 comply with the above conventions. For example, the aic7xxx driver
360 comes to Linux from FreeBSD and Adaptec's own labs. No doubt FreeBSD
361 and Adaptec have their own coding conventions.
364 Mid level supplied functions
365 ============================
366 These functions are supplied by the SCSI mid level for use by LLDs.
367 The names (i.e. entry points) of these functions are exported
368 so an LLD that is a module can access them. The kernel will
369 arrange for the SCSI mid level to be loaded and initialized before any LLD
370 is initialized. The functions below are listed alphabetically and their
371 names all start with "scsi_".
374 scsi_activate_tcq - turn on tag command queueing
375 scsi_add_device - creates new scsi device (lu) instance
376 scsi_add_host - perform sysfs registration and set up transport class
377 scsi_adjust_queue_depth - change the queue depth on a SCSI device
378 scsi_bios_ptable - return copy of block device's partition table
379 scsi_block_requests - prevent further commands being queued to given host
380 scsi_deactivate_tcq - turn off tag command queueing
381 scsi_host_alloc - return a new scsi_host instance whose refcount==1
382 scsi_host_get - increments Scsi_Host instance's refcount
383 scsi_host_put - decrements Scsi_Host instance's refcount (free if 0)
384 scsi_partsize - parse partition table into cylinders, heads + sectors
385 scsi_register - create and register a scsi host adapter instance.
386 scsi_remove_device - detach and remove a SCSI device
387 scsi_remove_host - detach and remove all SCSI devices owned by host
388 scsi_report_bus_reset - report scsi _bus_ reset observed
389 scsi_scan_host - scan SCSI bus
390 scsi_track_queue_full - track successive QUEUE_FULL events
391 scsi_unblock_requests - allow further commands to be queued to given host
392 scsi_unregister - [calls scsi_host_put()]
398 * scsi_activate_tcq - turn on tag command queueing ("ordered" task attribute)
399 * @sdev: device to turn on TCQ for
400 * @depth: queue depth
406 * Notes: Eventually, it is hoped depth would be the maximum depth
407 * the device could cope with and the real queue depth
408 * would be adjustable from 0 to depth.
410 * Defined (inline) in: include/scsi/scsi_tcq.h
412 void scsi_activate_tcq(struct scsi_device *sdev, int depth)
416 * scsi_add_device - creates new scsi device (lu) instance
417 * @shost: pointer to scsi host instance
418 * @channel: channel number (rarely other than 0)
419 * @id: target id number
420 * @lun: logical unit number
422 * Returns pointer to new struct scsi_device instance or
423 * ERR_PTR(-ENODEV) (or some other bent pointer) if something is
424 * wrong (e.g. no lu responds at given address)
428 * Notes: This call is usually performed internally during a scsi
429 * bus scan when an HBA is added (i.e. scsi_scan_host()). So it
430 * should only be called if the HBA becomes aware of a new scsi
431 * device (lu) after scsi_scan_host() has completed. If successful
432 * this call can lead to slave_alloc() and slave_configure() callbacks
435 * Defined in: drivers/scsi/scsi_scan.c
437 struct scsi_device * scsi_add_device(struct Scsi_Host *shost,
438 unsigned int channel,
439 unsigned int id, unsigned int lun)
443 * scsi_add_host - perform sysfs registration and set up transport class
444 * @shost: pointer to scsi host instance
445 * @dev: pointer to struct device of type scsi class
447 * Returns 0 on success, negative errno of failure (e.g. -ENOMEM)
451 * Notes: Only required in "hotplug initialization model" after a
452 * successful call to scsi_host_alloc(). This function does not
453 * scan the bus; this can be done by calling scsi_scan_host() or
454 * in some other transport-specific way. The LLD must set up
455 * the transport template before calling this function and may only
456 * access the transport class data after this function has been called.
458 * Defined in: drivers/scsi/hosts.c
460 int scsi_add_host(struct Scsi_Host *shost, struct device * dev)
464 * scsi_adjust_queue_depth - allow LLD to change queue depth on a SCSI device
465 * @sdev: pointer to SCSI device to change queue depth on
466 * @tagged: 0 - no tagged queuing
467 * MSG_SIMPLE_TAG - simple tagged queuing
468 * MSG_ORDERED_TAG - ordered tagged queuing
469 * @tags Number of tags allowed if tagged queuing enabled,
470 * or number of commands the LLD can queue up
471 * in non-tagged mode (as per cmd_per_lun).
477 * Notes: Can be invoked any time on a SCSI device controlled by this
478 * LLD. [Specifically during and after slave_configure() and prior to
479 * slave_destroy().] Can safely be invoked from interrupt code. Actual
480 * queue depth change may be delayed until the next command is being
481 * processed. See also scsi_activate_tcq() and scsi_deactivate_tcq().
483 * Defined in: drivers/scsi/scsi.c [see source code for more notes]
486 void scsi_adjust_queue_depth(struct scsi_device * sdev, int tagged,
491 * scsi_bios_ptable - return copy of block device's partition table
492 * @dev: pointer to block device
494 * Returns pointer to partition table, or NULL for failure
498 * Notes: Caller owns memory returned (free with kfree() )
500 * Defined in: drivers/scsi/scsicam.c
502 unsigned char *scsi_bios_ptable(struct block_device *dev)
506 * scsi_block_requests - prevent further commands being queued to given host
508 * @shost: pointer to host to block commands on
514 * Notes: There is no timer nor any other means by which the requests
515 * get unblocked other than the LLD calling scsi_unblock_requests().
517 * Defined in: drivers/scsi/scsi_lib.c
519 void scsi_block_requests(struct Scsi_Host * shost)
523 * scsi_deactivate_tcq - turn off tag command queueing
524 * @sdev: device to turn off TCQ for
525 * @depth: queue depth (stored in sdev)
531 * Defined (inline) in: include/scsi/scsi_tcq.h
533 void scsi_deactivate_tcq(struct scsi_device *sdev, int depth)
537 * scsi_host_alloc - create a scsi host adapter instance and perform basic
539 * @sht: pointer to scsi host template
540 * @privsize: extra bytes to allocate in hostdata array (which is the
541 * last member of the returned Scsi_Host instance)
543 * Returns pointer to new Scsi_Host instance or NULL on failure
547 * Notes: When this call returns to the LLD, the SCSI bus scan on
548 * this host has _not_ yet been done.
549 * The hostdata array (by default zero length) is a per host scratch
550 * area for the LLD's exclusive use.
551 * Both associated refcounting objects have their refcount set to 1.
552 * Full registration (in sysfs) and a bus scan are performed later when
553 * scsi_add_host() and scsi_scan_host() are called.
555 * Defined in: drivers/scsi/hosts.c .
557 struct Scsi_Host * scsi_host_alloc(struct scsi_host_template * sht,
562 * scsi_host_get - increment Scsi_Host instance refcount
563 * @shost: pointer to struct Scsi_Host instance
567 * Might block: currently may block but may be changed to not block
569 * Notes: Actually increments the counts in two sub-objects
571 * Defined in: drivers/scsi/hosts.c
573 void scsi_host_get(struct Scsi_Host *shost)
577 * scsi_host_put - decrement Scsi_Host instance refcount, free if 0
578 * @shost: pointer to struct Scsi_Host instance
582 * Might block: currently may block but may be changed to not block
584 * Notes: Actually decrements the counts in two sub-objects. If the
585 * latter refcount reaches 0, the Scsi_Host instance is freed.
586 * The LLD need not worry exactly when the Scsi_Host instance is
587 * freed, it just shouldn't access the instance after it has balanced
588 * out its refcount usage.
590 * Defined in: drivers/scsi/hosts.c
592 void scsi_host_put(struct Scsi_Host *shost)
596 * scsi_partsize - parse partition table into cylinders, heads + sectors
597 * @buf: pointer to partition table
598 * @capacity: size of (total) disk in 512 byte sectors
599 * @cyls: outputs number of cylinders calculated via this pointer
600 * @hds: outputs number of heads calculated via this pointer
601 * @secs: outputs number of sectors calculated via this pointer
603 * Returns 0 on success, -1 on failure
607 * Notes: Caller owns memory returned (free with kfree() )
609 * Defined in: drivers/scsi/scsicam.c
611 int scsi_partsize(unsigned char *buf, unsigned long capacity,
612 unsigned int *cyls, unsigned int *hds, unsigned int *secs)
616 * scsi_register - create and register a scsi host adapter instance.
617 * @sht: pointer to scsi host template
618 * @privsize: extra bytes to allocate in hostdata array (which is the
619 * last member of the returned Scsi_Host instance)
621 * Returns pointer to new Scsi_Host instance or NULL on failure
625 * Notes: When this call returns to the LLD, the SCSI bus scan on
626 * this host has _not_ yet been done.
627 * The hostdata array (by default zero length) is a per host scratch
630 * Defined in: drivers/scsi/hosts.c .
632 struct Scsi_Host * scsi_register(struct scsi_host_template * sht,
637 * scsi_remove_device - detach and remove a SCSI device
638 * @sdev: a pointer to a scsi device instance
640 * Returns value: 0 on success, -EINVAL if device not attached
644 * Notes: If an LLD becomes aware that a scsi device (lu) has
645 * been removed but its host is still present then it can request
646 * the removal of that scsi device. If successful this call will
647 * lead to the slave_destroy() callback being invoked. sdev is an
648 * invalid pointer after this call.
650 * Defined in: drivers/scsi/scsi_sysfs.c .
652 int scsi_remove_device(struct scsi_device *sdev)
656 * scsi_remove_host - detach and remove all SCSI devices owned by host
657 * @shost: a pointer to a scsi host instance
659 * Returns value: 0 on success, 1 on failure (e.g. LLD busy ??)
663 * Notes: Should only be invoked if the "hotplug initialization
664 * model" is being used. It should be called _prior_ to
667 * Defined in: drivers/scsi/hosts.c .
669 int scsi_remove_host(struct Scsi_Host *shost)
673 * scsi_report_bus_reset - report scsi _bus_ reset observed
674 * @shost: a pointer to a scsi host involved
675 * @channel: channel (within) host on which scsi bus reset occurred
681 * Notes: This only needs to be called if the reset is one which
682 * originates from an unknown location. Resets originated by the
683 * mid level itself don't need to call this, but there should be
684 * no harm. The main purpose of this is to make sure that a
685 * CHECK_CONDITION is properly treated.
687 * Defined in: drivers/scsi/scsi_error.c .
689 void scsi_report_bus_reset(struct Scsi_Host * shost, int channel)
693 * scsi_scan_host - scan SCSI bus
694 * @shost: a pointer to a scsi host instance
698 * Notes: Should be called after scsi_add_host()
700 * Defined in: drivers/scsi/scsi_scan.c
702 void scsi_scan_host(struct Scsi_Host *shost)
706 * scsi_track_queue_full - track successive QUEUE_FULL events on given
707 * device to determine if and when there is a need
708 * to adjust the queue depth on the device.
709 * @sdev: pointer to SCSI device instance
710 * @depth: Current number of outstanding SCSI commands on this device,
711 * not counting the one returned as QUEUE_FULL.
713 * Returns 0 - no change needed
714 * >0 - adjust queue depth to this new depth
715 * -1 - drop back to untagged operation using host->cmd_per_lun
716 * as the untagged command depth
720 * Notes: LLDs may call this at any time and we will do "The Right
721 * Thing"; interrupt context safe.
723 * Defined in: drivers/scsi/scsi.c .
725 int scsi_track_queue_full(struct scsi_device *sdev, int depth)
729 * scsi_unblock_requests - allow further commands to be queued to given host
731 * @shost: pointer to host to unblock commands on
737 * Defined in: drivers/scsi/scsi_lib.c .
739 void scsi_unblock_requests(struct Scsi_Host * shost)
743 * scsi_unregister - unregister and free memory used by host instance
744 * @shp: pointer to scsi host instance to unregister.
750 * Notes: Should not be invoked if the "hotplug initialization
751 * model" is being used. Called internally by exit_this_scsi_driver()
752 * in the "passive initialization model". Hence a LLD has no need to
753 * call this function directly.
755 * Defined in: drivers/scsi/hosts.c .
757 void scsi_unregister(struct Scsi_Host * shp)
764 Interface functions are supplied (defined) by LLDs and their function
765 pointers are placed in an instance of struct scsi_host_template which
766 is passed to scsi_host_alloc() [or scsi_register() / init_this_scsi_driver()].
767 Some are mandatory. Interface functions should be declared static. The
768 accepted convention is that driver "xyz" will declare its slave_configure()
770 static int xyz_slave_configure(struct scsi_device * sdev);
771 and so forth for all interface functions listed below.
773 A pointer to this function should be placed in the 'slave_configure' member
774 of a "struct scsi_host_template" instance. A pointer to such an instance
775 should be passed to the mid level's scsi_host_alloc() [or scsi_register() /
776 init_this_scsi_driver()].
778 The interface functions are also described in the include/scsi/scsi_host.h
779 file immediately above their definition point in "struct scsi_host_template".
780 In some cases more detail is given in scsi_host.h than below.
782 The interface functions are listed below in alphabetical order.
785 bios_param - fetch head, sector, cylinder info for a disk
786 detect - detects HBAs this driver wants to control
787 eh_timed_out - notify the host that a command timer expired
788 eh_abort_handler - abort given command
789 eh_bus_reset_handler - issue SCSI bus reset
790 eh_device_reset_handler - issue SCSI device reset
791 eh_host_reset_handler - reset host (host bus adapter)
792 info - supply information about given host
793 ioctl - driver can respond to ioctls
794 proc_info - supports /proc/scsi/{driver_name}/{host_no}
795 queuecommand - queue scsi command, invoke 'done' on completion
796 release - release all resources associated with given host
797 slave_alloc - prior to any commands being sent to a new device
798 slave_configure - driver fine tuning for given device after attach
799 slave_destroy - given device is about to be shut down
805 * bios_param - fetch head, sector, cylinder info for a disk
806 * @sdev: pointer to scsi device context (defined in
807 * include/scsi/scsi_device.h)
808 * @bdev: pointer to block device context (defined in fs.h)
809 * @capacity: device size (in 512 byte sectors)
810 * @params: three element array to place output:
811 * params[0] number of heads (max 255)
812 * params[1] number of sectors (max 63)
813 * params[2] number of cylinders
815 * Return value is ignored
819 * Calling context: process (sd)
821 * Notes: an arbitrary geometry (based on READ CAPACITY) is used
822 * if this function is not provided. The params array is
823 * pre-initialized with made up values just in case this function
824 * doesn't output anything.
826 * Optionally defined in: LLD
828 int bios_param(struct scsi_device * sdev, struct block_device *bdev,
829 sector_t capacity, int params[3])
833 * detect - detects HBAs this driver wants to control
834 * @shtp: host template for this driver.
836 * Returns number of hosts this driver wants to control. 0 means no
837 * suitable hosts found.
841 * Calling context: process [invoked from init_this_scsi_driver()]
843 * Notes: First function called from the SCSI mid level on this
844 * driver. Upper level drivers (e.g. sd) may not (yet) be present.
845 * For each host found, this method should call scsi_register()
848 * Defined in: LLD (required if "passive initialization mode" is used,
849 * not invoked in "hotplug initialization mode")
851 int detect(struct scsi_host_template * shtp)
855 * eh_timed_out - The timer for the command has just fired
856 * @scp: identifies command timing out
860 * EH_HANDLED: I fixed the error, please complete the command
861 * EH_RESET_TIMER: I need more time, reset the timer and
862 * begin counting again
863 * EH_NOT_HANDLED Begin normal error recovery
868 * Calling context: interrupt
870 * Notes: This is to give the LLD an opportunity to do local recovery.
871 * This recovery is limited to determining if the outstanding command
872 * will ever complete. You may not abort and restart the command from
875 * Optionally defined in: LLD
877 int eh_timed_out(struct scsi_cmnd * scp)
881 * eh_abort_handler - abort command associated with scp
882 * @scp: identifies command to be aborted
884 * Returns SUCCESS if command aborted else FAILED
888 * Calling context: kernel thread
890 * Notes: Invoked from scsi_eh thread. No other commands will be
891 * queued on current host during eh.
893 * Optionally defined in: LLD
895 int eh_abort_handler(struct scsi_cmnd * scp)
899 * eh_bus_reset_handler - issue SCSI bus reset
900 * @scp: SCSI bus that contains this device should be reset
902 * Returns SUCCESS if command aborted else FAILED
906 * Calling context: kernel thread
908 * Notes: Invoked from scsi_eh thread. No other commands will be
909 * queued on current host during eh.
911 * Optionally defined in: LLD
913 int eh_bus_reset_handler(struct scsi_cmnd * scp)
917 * eh_device_reset_handler - issue SCSI device reset
918 * @scp: identifies SCSI device to be reset
920 * Returns SUCCESS if command aborted else FAILED
924 * Calling context: kernel thread
926 * Notes: Invoked from scsi_eh thread. No other commands will be
927 * queued on current host during eh.
929 * Optionally defined in: LLD
931 int eh_device_reset_handler(struct scsi_cmnd * scp)
935 * eh_host_reset_handler - reset host (host bus adapter)
936 * @scp: SCSI host that contains this device should be reset
938 * Returns SUCCESS if command aborted else FAILED
942 * Calling context: kernel thread
944 * Notes: Invoked from scsi_eh thread. No other commands will be
945 * queued on current host during eh.
946 * With the default eh_strategy in place, if none of the _abort_,
947 * _device_reset_, _bus_reset_ or this eh handler function are
948 * defined (or they all return FAILED) then the device in question
949 * will be set offline whenever eh is invoked.
951 * Optionally defined in: LLD
953 int eh_host_reset_handler(struct scsi_cmnd * scp)
957 * info - supply information about given host: driver name plus data
958 * to distinguish given host
959 * @shp: host to supply information about
961 * Return ASCII null terminated string. [This driver is assumed to
962 * manage the memory pointed to and maintain it, typically for the
963 * lifetime of this host.]
967 * Calling context: process
969 * Notes: Often supplies PCI or ISA information such as IO addresses
970 * and interrupt numbers. If not supplied struct Scsi_Host::name used
971 * instead. It is assumed the returned information fits on one line
972 * (i.e. does not included embedded newlines).
973 * The SCSI_IOCTL_PROBE_HOST ioctl yields the string returned by this
974 * function (or struct Scsi_Host::name if this function is not
976 * In a similar manner, init_this_scsi_driver() outputs to the console
977 * each host's "info" (or name) for the driver it is registering.
978 * Also if proc_info() is not supplied, the output of this function
981 * Optionally defined in: LLD
983 const char * info(struct Scsi_Host * shp)
987 * ioctl - driver can respond to ioctls
988 * @sdp: device that ioctl was issued for
990 * @arg: pointer to read or write data from. Since it points to
991 * user space, should use appropriate kernel functions
992 * (e.g. copy_from_user() ). In the Unix style this argument
993 * can also be viewed as an unsigned long.
995 * Returns negative "errno" value when there is a problem. 0 or a
996 * positive value indicates success and is returned to the user space.
1000 * Calling context: process
1002 * Notes: The SCSI subsystem uses a "trickle down" ioctl model.
1003 * The user issues an ioctl() against an upper level driver
1004 * (e.g. /dev/sdc) and if the upper level driver doesn't recognize
1005 * the 'cmd' then it is passed to the SCSI mid level. If the SCSI
1006 * mid level does not recognize it, then the LLD that controls
1007 * the device receives the ioctl. According to recent Unix standards
1008 * unsupported ioctl() 'cmd' numbers should return -ENOTTY.
1010 * Optionally defined in: LLD
1012 int ioctl(struct scsi_device *sdp, int cmd, void *arg)
1016 * proc_info - supports /proc/scsi/{driver_name}/{host_no}
1017 * @buffer: anchor point to output to (0==writeto1_read0) or fetch from
1018 * (1==writeto1_read0).
1019 * @start: where "interesting" data is written to. Ignored when
1020 * 1==writeto1_read0.
1021 * @offset: offset within buffer 0==writeto1_read0 is actually
1022 * interested in. Ignored when 1==writeto1_read0 .
1023 * @length: maximum (or actual) extent of buffer
1024 * @host_no: host number of interest (struct Scsi_Host::host_no)
1025 * @writeto1_read0: 1 -> data coming from user space towards driver
1026 * (e.g. "echo some_string > /proc/scsi/xyz/2")
1027 * 0 -> user what data from this driver
1028 * (e.g. "cat /proc/scsi/xyz/2")
1030 * Returns length when 1==writeto1_read0. Otherwise number of chars
1031 * output to buffer past offset.
1035 * Calling context: process
1037 * Notes: Driven from scsi_proc.c which interfaces to proc_fs. proc_fs
1038 * support can now be configured out of the scsi subsystem.
1040 * Optionally defined in: LLD
1042 int proc_info(char * buffer, char ** start, off_t offset,
1043 int length, int host_no, int writeto1_read0)
1047 * queuecommand - queue scsi command, invoke 'done' on completion
1048 * @scp: pointer to scsi command object
1049 * @done: function pointer to be invoked on completion
1051 * Returns 0 on success.
1053 * If there's a failure, return either:
1055 * SCSI_MLQUEUE_DEVICE_BUSY if the device queue is full, or
1056 * SCSI_MLQUEUE_HOST_BUSY if the entire host queue is full
1058 * On both of these returns, the mid-layer will requeue the I/O
1060 * - if the return is SCSI_MLQUEUE_DEVICE_BUSY, only that particular
1061 * device will be paused, and it will be unpaused when a command to
1062 * the device returns (or after a brief delay if there are no more
1063 * outstanding commands to it). Commands to other devices continue
1064 * to be processed normally.
1066 * - if the return is SCSI_MLQUEUE_HOST_BUSY, all I/O to the host
1067 * is paused and will be unpaused when any command returns from
1068 * the host (or after a brief delay if there are no outstanding
1069 * commands to the host).
1071 * For compatibility with earlier versions of queuecommand, any
1072 * other return value is treated the same as
1073 * SCSI_MLQUEUE_HOST_BUSY.
1075 * Other types of errors that are detected immediately may be
1076 * flagged by setting scp->result to an appropriate value,
1077 * invoking the 'done' callback, and then returning 0 from this
1078 * function. If the command is not performed immediately (and the
1079 * LLD is starting (or will start) the given command) then this
1080 * function should place 0 in scp->result and return 0.
1082 * Command ownership. If the driver returns zero, it owns the
1083 * command and must take responsibility for ensuring the 'done'
1084 * callback is executed. Note: the driver may call done before
1085 * returning zero, but after it has called done, it may not
1086 * return any value other than zero. If the driver makes a
1087 * non-zero return, it must not execute the command's done
1088 * callback at any time.
1090 * Locks: struct Scsi_Host::host_lock held on entry (with "irqsave")
1091 * and is expected to be held on return.
1093 * Calling context: in interrupt (soft irq) or process context
1095 * Notes: This function should be relatively fast. Normally it will
1096 * not wait for IO to complete. Hence the 'done' callback is invoked
1097 * (often directly from an interrupt service routine) some time after
1098 * this function has returned. In some cases (e.g. pseudo adapter
1099 * drivers that manufacture the response to a SCSI INQUIRY)
1100 * the 'done' callback may be invoked before this function returns.
1101 * If the 'done' callback is not invoked within a certain period
1102 * the SCSI mid level will commence error processing.
1103 * If a status of CHECK CONDITION is placed in "result" when the
1104 * 'done' callback is invoked, then the LLD driver should
1105 * perform autosense and fill in the struct scsi_cmnd::sense_buffer
1106 * array. The scsi_cmnd::sense_buffer array is zeroed prior to
1107 * the mid level queuing a command to an LLD.
1111 int queuecommand(struct scsi_cmnd * scp,
1112 void (*done)(struct scsi_cmnd *))
1116 * release - release all resources associated with given host
1117 * @shp: host to be released.
1119 * Return value ignored (could soon be a function returning void).
1123 * Calling context: process
1125 * Notes: Invoked from scsi_module.c's exit_this_scsi_driver().
1126 * LLD's implementation of this function should call
1127 * scsi_unregister(shp) prior to returning.
1128 * Only needed for old-style host templates.
1130 * Defined in: LLD (required in "passive initialization model",
1131 * should not be defined in hotplug model)
1133 int release(struct Scsi_Host * shp)
1137 * slave_alloc - prior to any commands being sent to a new device
1138 * (i.e. just prior to scan) this call is made
1139 * @sdp: pointer to new device (about to be scanned)
1141 * Returns 0 if ok. Any other return is assumed to be an error and
1142 * the device is ignored.
1146 * Calling context: process
1148 * Notes: Allows the driver to allocate any resources for a device
1149 * prior to its initial scan. The corresponding scsi device may not
1150 * exist but the mid level is just about to scan for it (i.e. send
1151 * and INQUIRY command plus ...). If a device is found then
1152 * slave_configure() will be called while if a device is not found
1153 * slave_destroy() is called.
1154 * For more details see the include/scsi/scsi_host.h file.
1156 * Optionally defined in: LLD
1158 int slave_alloc(struct scsi_device *sdp)
1162 * slave_configure - driver fine tuning for given device just after it
1163 * has been first scanned (i.e. it responded to an
1165 * @sdp: device that has just been attached
1167 * Returns 0 if ok. Any other return is assumed to be an error and
1168 * the device is taken offline. [offline devices will _not_ have
1169 * slave_destroy() called on them so clean up resources.]
1173 * Calling context: process
1175 * Notes: Allows the driver to inspect the response to the initial
1176 * INQUIRY done by the scanning code and take appropriate action.
1177 * For more details see the include/scsi/scsi_host.h file.
1179 * Optionally defined in: LLD
1181 int slave_configure(struct scsi_device *sdp)
1185 * slave_destroy - given device is about to be shut down. All
1186 * activity has ceased on this device.
1187 * @sdp: device that is about to be shut down
1193 * Calling context: process
1195 * Notes: Mid level structures for given device are still in place
1196 * but are about to be torn down. Any per device resources allocated
1197 * by this driver for given device should be freed now. No further
1198 * commands will be sent for this sdp instance. [However the device
1199 * could be re-attached in the future in which case a new instance
1200 * of struct scsi_device would be supplied by future slave_alloc()
1201 * and slave_configure() calls.]
1203 * Optionally defined in: LLD
1205 void slave_destroy(struct scsi_device *sdp)
1211 struct scsi_host_template
1212 -------------------------
1213 There is one "struct scsi_host_template" instance per LLD ***. It is
1214 typically initialized as a file scope static in a driver's header file. That
1215 way members that are not explicitly initialized will be set to 0 or NULL.
1217 name - name of driver (may contain spaces, please limit to
1218 less than 80 characters)
1219 proc_name - name used in "/proc/scsi/<proc_name>/<host_no>" and
1220 by sysfs in one of its "drivers" directories. Hence
1221 "proc_name" should only contain characters acceptable
1222 to a Unix file name.
1223 (*queuecommand)() - primary callback that the mid level uses to inject
1224 SCSI commands into an LLD.
1225 The structure is defined and commented in include/scsi/scsi_host.h
1227 *** In extreme situations a single driver may have several instances
1228 if it controls several different classes of hardware (e.g. an LLD
1229 that handles both ISA and PCI cards and has a separate instance of
1230 struct scsi_host_template for each class).
1234 There is one struct Scsi_Host instance per host (HBA) that an LLD
1235 controls. The struct Scsi_Host structure has many members in common
1236 with "struct scsi_host_template". When a new struct Scsi_Host instance
1237 is created (in scsi_host_alloc() in hosts.c) those common members are
1238 initialized from the driver's struct scsi_host_template instance. Members
1240 host_no - system wide unique number that is used for identifying
1241 this host. Issued in ascending order from 0.
1242 can_queue - must be greater than 0; do not send more than can_queue
1243 commands to the adapter.
1244 this_id - scsi id of host (scsi initiator) or -1 if not known
1245 sg_tablesize - maximum scatter gather elements allowed by host.
1246 0 implies scatter gather not supported by host
1247 max_sectors - maximum number of sectors (usually 512 bytes) allowed
1248 in a single SCSI command. The default value of 0 leads
1249 to a setting of SCSI_DEFAULT_MAX_SECTORS (defined in
1250 scsi_host.h) which is currently set to 1024. So for a
1251 disk the maximum transfer size is 512 KB when max_sectors
1252 is not defined. Note that this size may not be sufficient
1253 for disk firmware uploads.
1254 cmd_per_lun - maximum number of commands that can be queued on devices
1255 controlled by the host. Overridden by LLD calls to
1256 scsi_adjust_queue_depth().
1257 unchecked_isa_dma - 1=>only use bottom 16 MB of ram (ISA DMA addressing
1258 restriction), 0=>can use full 32 bit (or better) DMA
1260 use_clustering - 1=>SCSI commands in mid level's queue can be merged,
1261 0=>disallow SCSI command merging
1262 hostt - pointer to driver's struct scsi_host_template from which
1263 this struct Scsi_Host instance was spawned
1264 hostt->proc_name - name of LLD. This is the driver name that sysfs uses
1265 transportt - pointer to driver's struct scsi_transport_template instance
1266 (if any). FC and SPI transports currently supported.
1267 sh_list - a double linked list of pointers to all struct Scsi_Host
1268 instances (currently ordered by ascending host_no)
1269 my_devices - a double linked list of pointers to struct scsi_device
1270 instances that belong to this host.
1271 hostdata[0] - area reserved for LLD at end of struct Scsi_Host. Size
1272 is set by the second argument (named 'xtr_bytes') to
1273 scsi_host_alloc() or scsi_register().
1275 The scsi_host structure is defined in include/scsi/scsi_host.h
1279 Generally, there is one instance of this structure for each SCSI logical unit
1280 on a host. Scsi devices connected to a host are uniquely identified by a
1281 channel number, target id and logical unit number (lun).
1282 The structure is defined in include/scsi/scsi_device.h
1286 Instances of this structure convey SCSI commands to the LLD and responses
1287 back to the mid level. The SCSI mid level will ensure that no more SCSI
1288 commands become queued against the LLD than are indicated by
1289 scsi_adjust_queue_depth() (or struct Scsi_Host::cmd_per_lun). There will
1290 be at least one instance of struct scsi_cmnd available for each SCSI device.
1291 Members of interest:
1292 cmnd - array containing SCSI command
1293 cmnd_len - length (in bytes) of SCSI command
1294 sc_data_direction - direction of data transfer in data phase. See
1295 "enum dma_data_direction" in include/linux/dma-mapping.h
1296 request_bufflen - number of data bytes to transfer (0 if no data phase)
1297 use_sg - ==0 -> no scatter gather list, hence transfer data
1298 to/from request_buffer
1299 - >0 -> scatter gather list (actually an array) in
1300 request_buffer with use_sg elements
1301 request_buffer - either contains data buffer or scatter gather list
1302 depending on the setting of use_sg. Scatter gather
1303 elements are defined by 'struct scatterlist' found
1304 in include/asm/scatterlist.h .
1305 done - function pointer that should be invoked by LLD when the
1306 SCSI command is completed (successfully or otherwise).
1307 Should only be called by an LLD if the LLD has accepted
1308 the command (i.e. queuecommand() returned or will return
1309 0). The LLD may invoke 'done' prior to queuecommand()
1311 result - should be set by LLD prior to calling 'done'. A value
1312 of 0 implies a successfully completed command (and all
1313 data (if any) has been transferred to or from the SCSI
1314 target device). 'result' is a 32 bit unsigned integer that
1315 can be viewed as 4 related bytes. The SCSI status value is
1316 in the LSB. See include/scsi/scsi.h status_byte(),
1317 msg_byte(), host_byte() and driver_byte() macros and
1319 sense_buffer - an array (maximum size: SCSI_SENSE_BUFFERSIZE bytes) that
1320 should be written when the SCSI status (LSB of 'result')
1321 is set to CHECK_CONDITION (2). When CHECK_CONDITION is
1322 set, if the top nibble of sense_buffer[0] has the value 7
1323 then the mid level will assume the sense_buffer array
1324 contains a valid SCSI sense buffer; otherwise the mid
1325 level will issue a REQUEST_SENSE SCSI command to
1326 retrieve the sense buffer. The latter strategy is error
1327 prone in the presence of command queuing so the LLD should
1328 always "auto-sense".
1329 device - pointer to scsi_device object that this command is
1331 resid - an LLD should set this signed integer to the requested
1332 transfer length (i.e. 'request_bufflen') less the number
1333 of bytes that are actually transferred. 'resid' is
1334 preset to 0 so an LLD can ignore it if it cannot detect
1335 underruns (overruns should be rare). If possible an LLD
1336 should set 'resid' prior to invoking 'done'. The most
1337 interesting case is data transfers from a SCSI target
1338 device device (i.e. READs) that underrun.
1339 underflow - LLD should place (DID_ERROR << 16) in 'result' if
1340 actual number of bytes transferred is less than this
1341 figure. Not many LLDs implement this check and some that
1342 do just output an error message to the log rather than
1343 report a DID_ERROR. Better for an LLD to implement
1346 The scsi_cmnd structure is defined in include/scsi/scsi_cmnd.h
1351 Each struct Scsi_Host instance has a spin_lock called struct
1352 Scsi_Host::default_lock which is initialized in scsi_host_alloc() [found in
1353 hosts.c]. Within the same function the struct Scsi_Host::host_lock pointer
1354 is initialized to point at default_lock. Thereafter lock and unlock
1355 operations performed by the mid level use the struct Scsi_Host::host_lock
1356 pointer. Previously drivers could override the host_lock pointer but
1357 this is not allowed anymore.
1362 Autosense (or auto-sense) is defined in the SAM-2 document as "the
1363 automatic return of sense data to the application client coincident
1364 with the completion of a SCSI command" when a status of CHECK CONDITION
1365 occurs. LLDs should perform autosense. This should be done when the LLD
1366 detects a CHECK CONDITION status by either:
1367 a) instructing the SCSI protocol (e.g. SCSI Parallel Interface (SPI))
1368 to perform an extra data in phase on such responses
1369 b) or, the LLD issuing a REQUEST SENSE command itself
1371 Either way, when a status of CHECK CONDITION is detected, the mid level
1372 decides whether the LLD has performed autosense by checking struct
1373 scsi_cmnd::sense_buffer[0] . If this byte has an upper nibble of 7 (or 0xf)
1374 then autosense is assumed to have taken place. If it has another value (and
1375 this byte is initialized to 0 before each command) then the mid level will
1376 issue a REQUEST SENSE command.
1378 In the presence of queued commands the "nexus" that maintains sense
1379 buffer data from the command that failed until a following REQUEST SENSE
1380 may get out of synchronization. This is why it is best for the LLD
1381 to perform autosense.
1384 Changes since lk 2.4 series
1385 ===========================
1386 io_request_lock has been replaced by several finer grained locks. The lock
1387 relevant to LLDs is struct Scsi_Host::host_lock and there is
1390 The older error handling mechanism has been removed. This means the
1391 LLD interface functions abort() and reset() have been removed.
1392 The struct scsi_host_template::use_new_eh_code flag has been removed.
1394 In the 2.4 series the SCSI subsystem configuration descriptions were
1395 aggregated with the configuration descriptions from all other Linux
1396 subsystems in the Documentation/Configure.help file. In the 2.6 series,
1397 the SCSI subsystem now has its own (much smaller) drivers/scsi/Kconfig
1398 file that contains both configuration and help information.
1400 struct SHT has been renamed to struct scsi_host_template.
1402 Addition of the "hotplug initialization model" and many extra functions
1408 The following people have contributed to this document:
1409 Mike Anderson <andmike at us dot ibm dot com>
1410 James Bottomley <James dot Bottomley at steeleye dot com>
1411 Patrick Mansfield <patmans at us dot ibm dot com>
1412 Christoph Hellwig <hch at infradead dot org>
1413 Doug Ledford <dledford at redhat dot com>
1414 Andries Brouwer <Andries dot Brouwer at cwi dot nl>
1415 Randy Dunlap <rdunlap at xenotime dot net>
1416 Alan Stern <stern at rowland dot harvard dot edu>
1420 dgilbert at interlog dot com
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