phy: power management support

[linux-2.6] / drivers / mtd / ubi / wl.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) International Business Machines Corp., 2006
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See
 * the GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
 *
 * Authors: Artem Bityutskiy (Битюцкий Артём), Thomas Gleixner
 */

/*
 * UBI wear-leveling sub-system.
 *
 * This sub-system is responsible for wear-leveling. It works in terms of
 * physical* eraseblocks and erase counters and knows nothing about logical
 * eraseblocks, volumes, etc. From this sub-system's perspective all physical
 * eraseblocks are of two types - used and free. Used physical eraseblocks are
 * those that were "get" by the 'ubi_wl_get_peb()' function, and free physical
 * eraseblocks are those that were put by the 'ubi_wl_put_peb()' function.
 *
 * Physical eraseblocks returned by 'ubi_wl_get_peb()' have only erase counter
 * header. The rest of the physical eraseblock contains only %0xFF bytes.
 *
 * When physical eraseblocks are returned to the WL sub-system by means of the
 * 'ubi_wl_put_peb()' function, they are scheduled for erasure. The erasure is
 * done asynchronously in context of the per-UBI device background thread,
 * which is also managed by the WL sub-system.
 *
 * The wear-leveling is ensured by means of moving the contents of used
 * physical eraseblocks with low erase counter to free physical eraseblocks
 * with high erase counter.
 *
 * The 'ubi_wl_get_peb()' function accepts data type hints which help to pick
 * an "optimal" physical eraseblock. For example, when it is known that the
 * physical eraseblock will be "put" soon because it contains short-term data,
 * the WL sub-system may pick a free physical eraseblock with low erase
 * counter, and so forth.
 *
 * If the WL sub-system fails to erase a physical eraseblock, it marks it as
 * bad.
 *
 * This sub-system is also responsible for scrubbing. If a bit-flip is detected
 * in a physical eraseblock, it has to be moved. Technically this is the same
 * as moving it for wear-leveling reasons.
 *
 * As it was said, for the UBI sub-system all physical eraseblocks are either
 * "free" or "used". Free eraseblock are kept in the @wl->free RB-tree, while
 * used eraseblocks are kept in a set of different RB-trees: @wl->used,
 * @wl->prot.pnum, @wl->prot.aec, and @wl->scrub.
 *
 * Note, in this implementation, we keep a small in-RAM object for each physical
 * eraseblock. This is surely not a scalable solution. But it appears to be good
 * enough for moderately large flashes and it is simple. In future, one may
 * re-work this sub-system and make it more scalable.
 *
 * At the moment this sub-system does not utilize the sequence number, which
 * was introduced relatively recently. But it would be wise to do this because
 * the sequence number of a logical eraseblock characterizes how old is it. For
 * example, when we move a PEB with low erase counter, and we need to pick the
 * target PEB, we pick a PEB with the highest EC if our PEB is "old" and we
 * pick target PEB with an average EC if our PEB is not very "old". This is a
 * room for future re-works of the WL sub-system.
 *
 * Note: the stuff with protection trees looks too complex and is difficult to
 * understand. Should be fixed.
 */

#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/crc32.h>
#include <linux/freezer.h>
#include <linux/kthread.h>
#include "ubi.h"

/* Number of physical eraseblocks reserved for wear-leveling purposes */
#define WL_RESERVED_PEBS 1

/*
 * How many erase cycles are short term, unknown, and long term physical
 * eraseblocks protected.
 */
#define ST_PROTECTION 16
#define U_PROTECTION  10
#define LT_PROTECTION 4

/*
 * Maximum difference between two erase counters. If this threshold is
 * exceeded, the WL sub-system starts moving data from used physical
 * eraseblocks with low erase counter to free physical eraseblocks with high
 * erase counter.
 */
#define UBI_WL_THRESHOLD CONFIG_MTD_UBI_WL_THRESHOLD

/*
 * When a physical eraseblock is moved, the WL sub-system has to pick the target
 * physical eraseblock to move to. The simplest way would be just to pick the
 * one with the highest erase counter. But in certain workloads this could lead
 * to an unlimited wear of one or few physical eraseblock. Indeed, imagine a
 * situation when the picked physical eraseblock is constantly erased after the
 * data is written to it. So, we have a constant which limits the highest erase
 * counter of the free physical eraseblock to pick. Namely, the WL sub-system
 * does not pick eraseblocks with erase counter greater then the lowest erase
 * counter plus %WL_FREE_MAX_DIFF.
 */
#define WL_FREE_MAX_DIFF (2*UBI_WL_THRESHOLD)

/*
 * Maximum number of consecutive background thread failures which is enough to
 * switch to read-only mode.
 */
#define WL_MAX_FAILURES 32

/**
 * struct ubi_wl_prot_entry - PEB protection entry.
 * @rb_pnum: link in the @wl->prot.pnum RB-tree
 * @rb_aec: link in the @wl->prot.aec RB-tree
 * @abs_ec: the absolute erase counter value when the protection ends
 * @e: the wear-leveling entry of the physical eraseblock under protection
 *
 * When the WL sub-system returns a physical eraseblock, the physical
 * eraseblock is protected from being moved for some "time". For this reason,
 * the physical eraseblock is not directly moved from the @wl->free tree to the
 * @wl->used tree. There is one more tree in between where this physical
 * eraseblock is temporarily stored (@wl->prot).
 *
 * All this protection stuff is needed because:
 *  o we don't want to move physical eraseblocks just after we have given them
 *    to the user; instead, we first want to let users fill them up with data;
 *
 *  o there is a chance that the user will put the physical eraseblock very
 *    soon, so it makes sense not to move it for some time, but wait; this is
 *    especially important in case of "short term" physical eraseblocks.
 *
 * Physical eraseblocks stay protected only for limited time. But the "time" is
 * measured in erase cycles in this case. This is implemented with help of the
 * absolute erase counter (@wl->abs_ec). When it reaches certain value, the
 * physical eraseblocks are moved from the protection trees (@wl->prot.*) to
 * the @wl->used tree.
 *
 * Protected physical eraseblocks are searched by physical eraseblock number
 * (when they are put) and by the absolute erase counter (to check if it is
 * time to move them to the @wl->used tree). So there are actually 2 RB-trees
 * storing the protected physical eraseblocks: @wl->prot.pnum and
 * @wl->prot.aec. They are referred to as the "protection" trees. The
 * first one is indexed by the physical eraseblock number. The second one is
 * indexed by the absolute erase counter. Both trees store
 * &struct ubi_wl_prot_entry objects.
 *
 * Each physical eraseblock has 2 main states: free and used. The former state
 * corresponds to the @wl->free tree. The latter state is split up on several
 * sub-states:
 * o the WL movement is allowed (@wl->used tree);
 * o the WL movement is temporarily prohibited (@wl->prot.pnum and
 * @wl->prot.aec trees);
 * o scrubbing is needed (@wl->scrub tree).
 *
 * Depending on the sub-state, wear-leveling entries of the used physical
 * eraseblocks may be kept in one of those trees.
 */
struct ubi_wl_prot_entry {
        struct rb_node rb_pnum;
        struct rb_node rb_aec;
        unsigned long long abs_ec;
        struct ubi_wl_entry *e;
};

/**
 * struct ubi_work - UBI work description data structure.
 * @list: a link in the list of pending works
 * @func: worker function
 * @priv: private data of the worker function
 * @e: physical eraseblock to erase
 * @torture: if the physical eraseblock has to be tortured
 *
 * The @func pointer points to the worker function. If the @cancel argument is
 * not zero, the worker has to free the resources and exit immediately. The
 * worker has to return zero in case of success and a negative error code in
 * case of failure.
 */
struct ubi_work {
        struct list_head list;
        int (*func)(struct ubi_device *ubi, struct ubi_work *wrk, int cancel);
        /* The below fields are only relevant to erasure works */
        struct ubi_wl_entry *e;
        int torture;
};

#ifdef CONFIG_MTD_UBI_DEBUG_PARANOID
static int paranoid_check_ec(struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum, int ec);
static int paranoid_check_in_wl_tree(struct ubi_wl_entry *e,
                                     struct rb_root *root);
#else
#define paranoid_check_ec(ubi, pnum, ec) 0
#define paranoid_check_in_wl_tree(e, root)
#endif

/**
 * wl_tree_add - add a wear-leveling entry to a WL RB-tree.
 * @e: the wear-leveling entry to add
 * @root: the root of the tree
 *
 * Note, we use (erase counter, physical eraseblock number) pairs as keys in
 * the @ubi->used and @ubi->free RB-trees.
 */
static void wl_tree_add(struct ubi_wl_entry *e, struct rb_root *root)
{
        struct rb_node **p, *parent = NULL;

        p = &root->rb_node;
        while (*p) {
                struct ubi_wl_entry *e1;

                parent = *p;
                e1 = rb_entry(parent, struct ubi_wl_entry, rb);

                if (e->ec < e1->ec)
                        p = &(*p)->rb_left;
                else if (e->ec > e1->ec)
                        p = &(*p)->rb_right;
                else {
                        ubi_assert(e->pnum != e1->pnum);
                        if (e->pnum < e1->pnum)
                                p = &(*p)->rb_left;
                        else
                                p = &(*p)->rb_right;
                }
        }

        rb_link_node(&e->rb, parent, p);
        rb_insert_color(&e->rb, root);
}

/**
 * do_work - do one pending work.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 *
 * This function returns zero in case of success and a negative error code in
 * case of failure.
 */
static int do_work(struct ubi_device *ubi)
{
        int err;
        struct ubi_work *wrk;

        cond_resched();

        /*
         * @ubi->work_sem is used to synchronize with the workers. Workers take
         * it in read mode, so many of them may be doing works at a time. But
         * the queue flush code has to be sure the whole queue of works is
         * done, and it takes the mutex in write mode.
         */
        down_read(&ubi->work_sem);
        spin_lock(&ubi->wl_lock);
        if (list_empty(&ubi->works)) {
                spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);
                up_read(&ubi->work_sem);
                return 0;
        }

        wrk = list_entry(ubi->works.next, struct ubi_work, list);
        list_del(&wrk->list);
        ubi->works_count -= 1;
        ubi_assert(ubi->works_count >= 0);
        spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);

        /*
         * Call the worker function. Do not touch the work structure
         * after this call as it will have been freed or reused by that
         * time by the worker function.
         */
        err = wrk->func(ubi, wrk, 0);
        if (err)
                ubi_err("work failed with error code %d", err);
        up_read(&ubi->work_sem);

        return err;
}

/**
 * produce_free_peb - produce a free physical eraseblock.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 *
 * This function tries to make a free PEB by means of synchronous execution of
 * pending works. This may be needed if, for example the background thread is
 * disabled. Returns zero in case of success and a negative error code in case
 * of failure.
 */
static int produce_free_peb(struct ubi_device *ubi)
{
        int err;

        spin_lock(&ubi->wl_lock);
        while (!ubi->free.rb_node) {
                spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);

                dbg_wl("do one work synchronously");
                err = do_work(ubi);
                if (err)
                        return err;

                spin_lock(&ubi->wl_lock);
        }
        spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);

        return 0;
}

/**
 * in_wl_tree - check if wear-leveling entry is present in a WL RB-tree.
 * @e: the wear-leveling entry to check
 * @root: the root of the tree
 *
 * This function returns non-zero if @e is in the @root RB-tree and zero if it
 * is not.
 */
static int in_wl_tree(struct ubi_wl_entry *e, struct rb_root *root)
{
        struct rb_node *p;

        p = root->rb_node;
        while (p) {
                struct ubi_wl_entry *e1;

                e1 = rb_entry(p, struct ubi_wl_entry, rb);

                if (e->pnum == e1->pnum) {
                        ubi_assert(e == e1);
                        return 1;
                }

                if (e->ec < e1->ec)
                        p = p->rb_left;
                else if (e->ec > e1->ec)
                        p = p->rb_right;
                else {
                        ubi_assert(e->pnum != e1->pnum);
                        if (e->pnum < e1->pnum)
                                p = p->rb_left;
                        else
                                p = p->rb_right;
                }
        }

        return 0;
}

/**
 * prot_tree_add - add physical eraseblock to protection trees.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @e: the physical eraseblock to add
 * @pe: protection entry object to use
 * @abs_ec: absolute erase counter value when this physical eraseblock has
 * to be removed from the protection trees.
 *
 * @wl->lock has to be locked.
 */
static void prot_tree_add(struct ubi_device *ubi, struct ubi_wl_entry *e,
                          struct ubi_wl_prot_entry *pe, int abs_ec)
{
        struct rb_node **p, *parent = NULL;
        struct ubi_wl_prot_entry *pe1;

        pe->e = e;
        pe->abs_ec = ubi->abs_ec + abs_ec;

        p = &ubi->prot.pnum.rb_node;
        while (*p) {
                parent = *p;
                pe1 = rb_entry(parent, struct ubi_wl_prot_entry, rb_pnum);

                if (e->pnum < pe1->e->pnum)
                        p = &(*p)->rb_left;
                else
                        p = &(*p)->rb_right;
        }
        rb_link_node(&pe->rb_pnum, parent, p);
        rb_insert_color(&pe->rb_pnum, &ubi->prot.pnum);

        p = &ubi->prot.aec.rb_node;
        parent = NULL;
        while (*p) {
                parent = *p;
                pe1 = rb_entry(parent, struct ubi_wl_prot_entry, rb_aec);

                if (pe->abs_ec < pe1->abs_ec)
                        p = &(*p)->rb_left;
                else
                        p = &(*p)->rb_right;
        }
        rb_link_node(&pe->rb_aec, parent, p);
        rb_insert_color(&pe->rb_aec, &ubi->prot.aec);
}

/**
 * find_wl_entry - find wear-leveling entry closest to certain erase counter.
 * @root: the RB-tree where to look for
 * @max: highest possible erase counter
 *
 * This function looks for a wear leveling entry with erase counter closest to
 * @max and less then @max.
 */
static struct ubi_wl_entry *find_wl_entry(struct rb_root *root, int max)
{
        struct rb_node *p;
        struct ubi_wl_entry *e;

        e = rb_entry(rb_first(root), struct ubi_wl_entry, rb);
        max += e->ec;

        p = root->rb_node;
        while (p) {
                struct ubi_wl_entry *e1;

                e1 = rb_entry(p, struct ubi_wl_entry, rb);
                if (e1->ec >= max)
                        p = p->rb_left;
                else {
                        p = p->rb_right;
                        e = e1;
                }
        }

        return e;
}

/**
 * ubi_wl_get_peb - get a physical eraseblock.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @dtype: type of data which will be stored in this physical eraseblock
 *
 * This function returns a physical eraseblock in case of success and a
 * negative error code in case of failure. Might sleep.
 */
int ubi_wl_get_peb(struct ubi_device *ubi, int dtype)
{
        int err, protect, medium_ec;
        struct ubi_wl_entry *e, *first, *last;
        struct ubi_wl_prot_entry *pe;

        ubi_assert(dtype == UBI_LONGTERM || dtype == UBI_SHORTTERM ||
                   dtype == UBI_UNKNOWN);

        pe = kmalloc(sizeof(struct ubi_wl_prot_entry), GFP_NOFS);
        if (!pe)
                return -ENOMEM;

retry:
        spin_lock(&ubi->wl_lock);
        if (!ubi->free.rb_node) {
                if (ubi->works_count == 0) {
                        ubi_assert(list_empty(&ubi->works));
                        ubi_err("no free eraseblocks");
                        spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);
                        kfree(pe);
                        return -ENOSPC;
                }
                spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);

                err = produce_free_peb(ubi);
                if (err < 0) {
                        kfree(pe);
                        return err;
                }
                goto retry;
        }

        switch (dtype) {
        case UBI_LONGTERM:
                /*
                 * For long term data we pick a physical eraseblock with high
                 * erase counter. But the highest erase counter we can pick is
                 * bounded by the the lowest erase counter plus
                 * %WL_FREE_MAX_DIFF.
                 */
                e = find_wl_entry(&ubi->free, WL_FREE_MAX_DIFF);
                protect = LT_PROTECTION;
                break;
        case UBI_UNKNOWN:
                /*
                 * For unknown data we pick a physical eraseblock with medium
                 * erase counter. But we by no means can pick a physical
                 * eraseblock with erase counter greater or equivalent than the
                 * lowest erase counter plus %WL_FREE_MAX_DIFF.
                 */
                first = rb_entry(rb_first(&ubi->free), struct ubi_wl_entry, rb);
                last = rb_entry(rb_last(&ubi->free), struct ubi_wl_entry, rb);

                if (last->ec - first->ec < WL_FREE_MAX_DIFF)
                        e = rb_entry(ubi->free.rb_node,
                                        struct ubi_wl_entry, rb);
                else {
                        medium_ec = (first->ec + WL_FREE_MAX_DIFF)/2;
                        e = find_wl_entry(&ubi->free, medium_ec);
                }
                protect = U_PROTECTION;
                break;
        case UBI_SHORTTERM:
                /*
                 * For short term data we pick a physical eraseblock with the
                 * lowest erase counter as we expect it will be erased soon.
                 */
                e = rb_entry(rb_first(&ubi->free), struct ubi_wl_entry, rb);
                protect = ST_PROTECTION;
                break;
        default:
                protect = 0;
                e = NULL;
                BUG();
        }

        /*
         * Move the physical eraseblock to the protection trees where it will
         * be protected from being moved for some time.
         */
        paranoid_check_in_wl_tree(e, &ubi->free);
        rb_erase(&e->rb, &ubi->free);
        prot_tree_add(ubi, e, pe, protect);

        dbg_wl("PEB %d EC %d, protection %d", e->pnum, e->ec, protect);
        spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);

        return e->pnum;
}

/**
 * prot_tree_del - remove a physical eraseblock from the protection trees
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @pnum: the physical eraseblock to remove
 *
 * This function returns PEB @pnum from the protection trees and returns zero
 * in case of success and %-ENODEV if the PEB was not found in the protection
 * trees.
 */
static int prot_tree_del(struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum)
{
        struct rb_node *p;
        struct ubi_wl_prot_entry *pe = NULL;

        p = ubi->prot.pnum.rb_node;
        while (p) {

                pe = rb_entry(p, struct ubi_wl_prot_entry, rb_pnum);

                if (pnum == pe->e->pnum)
                        goto found;

                if (pnum < pe->e->pnum)
                        p = p->rb_left;
                else
                        p = p->rb_right;
        }

        return -ENODEV;

found:
        ubi_assert(pe->e->pnum == pnum);
        rb_erase(&pe->rb_aec, &ubi->prot.aec);
        rb_erase(&pe->rb_pnum, &ubi->prot.pnum);
        kfree(pe);
        return 0;
}

/**
 * sync_erase - synchronously erase a physical eraseblock.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @e: the the physical eraseblock to erase
 * @torture: if the physical eraseblock has to be tortured
 *
 * This function returns zero in case of success and a negative error code in
 * case of failure.
 */
static int sync_erase(struct ubi_device *ubi, struct ubi_wl_entry *e,
                      int torture)
{
        int err;
        struct ubi_ec_hdr *ec_hdr;
        unsigned long long ec = e->ec;

        dbg_wl("erase PEB %d, old EC %llu", e->pnum, ec);

        err = paranoid_check_ec(ubi, e->pnum, e->ec);
        if (err > 0)
                return -EINVAL;

        ec_hdr = kzalloc(ubi->ec_hdr_alsize, GFP_NOFS);
        if (!ec_hdr)
                return -ENOMEM;

        err = ubi_io_sync_erase(ubi, e->pnum, torture);
        if (err < 0)
                goto out_free;

        ec += err;
        if (ec > UBI_MAX_ERASECOUNTER) {
                /*
                 * Erase counter overflow. Upgrade UBI and use 64-bit
                 * erase counters internally.
                 */
                ubi_err("erase counter overflow at PEB %d, EC %llu",
                        e->pnum, ec);
                err = -EINVAL;
                goto out_free;
        }

        dbg_wl("erased PEB %d, new EC %llu", e->pnum, ec);

        ec_hdr->ec = cpu_to_be64(ec);

        err = ubi_io_write_ec_hdr(ubi, e->pnum, ec_hdr);
        if (err)
                goto out_free;

        e->ec = ec;
        spin_lock(&ubi->wl_lock);
        if (e->ec > ubi->max_ec)
                ubi->max_ec = e->ec;
        spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);

out_free:
        kfree(ec_hdr);
        return err;
}

/**
 * check_protection_over - check if it is time to stop protecting some PEBs.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 *
 * This function is called after each erase operation, when the absolute erase
 * counter is incremented, to check if some physical eraseblock  have not to be
 * protected any longer. These physical eraseblocks are moved from the
 * protection trees to the used tree.
 */
static void check_protection_over(struct ubi_device *ubi)
{
        struct ubi_wl_prot_entry *pe;

        /*
         * There may be several protected physical eraseblock to remove,
         * process them all.
         */
        while (1) {
                spin_lock(&ubi->wl_lock);
                if (!ubi->prot.aec.rb_node) {
                        spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);
                        break;
                }

                pe = rb_entry(rb_first(&ubi->prot.aec),
                              struct ubi_wl_prot_entry, rb_aec);

                if (pe->abs_ec > ubi->abs_ec) {
                        spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);
                        break;
                }

                dbg_wl("PEB %d protection over, abs_ec %llu, PEB abs_ec %llu",
                       pe->e->pnum, ubi->abs_ec, pe->abs_ec);
                rb_erase(&pe->rb_aec, &ubi->prot.aec);
                rb_erase(&pe->rb_pnum, &ubi->prot.pnum);
                wl_tree_add(pe->e, &ubi->used);
                spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);

                kfree(pe);
                cond_resched();
        }
}

/**
 * schedule_ubi_work - schedule a work.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @wrk: the work to schedule
 *
 * This function enqueues a work defined by @wrk to the tail of the pending
 * works list.
 */
static void schedule_ubi_work(struct ubi_device *ubi, struct ubi_work *wrk)
{
        spin_lock(&ubi->wl_lock);
        list_add_tail(&wrk->list, &ubi->works);
        ubi_assert(ubi->works_count >= 0);
        ubi->works_count += 1;
        if (ubi->thread_enabled)
                wake_up_process(ubi->bgt_thread);
        spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);
}

static int erase_worker(struct ubi_device *ubi, struct ubi_work *wl_wrk,
                        int cancel);

/**
 * schedule_erase - schedule an erase work.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @e: the WL entry of the physical eraseblock to erase
 * @torture: if the physical eraseblock has to be tortured
 *
 * This function returns zero in case of success and a %-ENOMEM in case of
 * failure.
 */
static int schedule_erase(struct ubi_device *ubi, struct ubi_wl_entry *e,
                          int torture)
{
        struct ubi_work *wl_wrk;

        dbg_wl("schedule erasure of PEB %d, EC %d, torture %d",
               e->pnum, e->ec, torture);

        wl_wrk = kmalloc(sizeof(struct ubi_work), GFP_NOFS);
        if (!wl_wrk)
                return -ENOMEM;

        wl_wrk->func = &erase_worker;
        wl_wrk->e = e;
        wl_wrk->torture = torture;

        schedule_ubi_work(ubi, wl_wrk);
        return 0;
}

/**
 * wear_leveling_worker - wear-leveling worker function.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @wrk: the work object
 * @cancel: non-zero if the worker has to free memory and exit
 *
 * This function copies a more worn out physical eraseblock to a less worn out
 * one. Returns zero in case of success and a negative error code in case of
 * failure.
 */
static int wear_leveling_worker(struct ubi_device *ubi, struct ubi_work *wrk,
                                int cancel)
{
        int err, put = 0, scrubbing = 0, protect = 0;
        struct ubi_wl_prot_entry *uninitialized_var(pe);
        struct ubi_wl_entry *e1, *e2;
        struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr;

        kfree(wrk);

        if (cancel)
                return 0;

        vid_hdr = ubi_zalloc_vid_hdr(ubi, GFP_NOFS);
        if (!vid_hdr)
                return -ENOMEM;

        mutex_lock(&ubi->move_mutex);
        spin_lock(&ubi->wl_lock);
        ubi_assert(!ubi->move_from && !ubi->move_to);
        ubi_assert(!ubi->move_to_put);

        if (!ubi->free.rb_node ||
            (!ubi->used.rb_node && !ubi->scrub.rb_node)) {
                /*
                 * No free physical eraseblocks? Well, they must be waiting in
                 * the queue to be erased. Cancel movement - it will be
                 * triggered again when a free physical eraseblock appears.
                 *
                 * No used physical eraseblocks? They must be temporarily
                 * protected from being moved. They will be moved to the
                 * @ubi->used tree later and the wear-leveling will be
                 * triggered again.
                 */
                dbg_wl("cancel WL, a list is empty: free %d, used %d",
                       !ubi->free.rb_node, !ubi->used.rb_node);
                goto out_cancel;
        }

        if (!ubi->scrub.rb_node) {
                /*
                 * Now pick the least worn-out used physical eraseblock and a
                 * highly worn-out free physical eraseblock. If the erase
                 * counters differ much enough, start wear-leveling.
                 */
                e1 = rb_entry(rb_first(&ubi->used), struct ubi_wl_entry, rb);
                e2 = find_wl_entry(&ubi->free, WL_FREE_MAX_DIFF);

                if (!(e2->ec - e1->ec >= UBI_WL_THRESHOLD)) {
                        dbg_wl("no WL needed: min used EC %d, max free EC %d",
                               e1->ec, e2->ec);
                        goto out_cancel;
                }
                paranoid_check_in_wl_tree(e1, &ubi->used);
                rb_erase(&e1->rb, &ubi->used);
                dbg_wl("move PEB %d EC %d to PEB %d EC %d",
                       e1->pnum, e1->ec, e2->pnum, e2->ec);
        } else {
                /* Perform scrubbing */
                scrubbing = 1;
                e1 = rb_entry(rb_first(&ubi->scrub), struct ubi_wl_entry, rb);
                e2 = find_wl_entry(&ubi->free, WL_FREE_MAX_DIFF);
                paranoid_check_in_wl_tree(e1, &ubi->scrub);
                rb_erase(&e1->rb, &ubi->scrub);
                dbg_wl("scrub PEB %d to PEB %d", e1->pnum, e2->pnum);
        }

        paranoid_check_in_wl_tree(e2, &ubi->free);
        rb_erase(&e2->rb, &ubi->free);
        ubi->move_from = e1;
        ubi->move_to = e2;
        spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);

        /*
         * Now we are going to copy physical eraseblock @e1->pnum to @e2->pnum.
         * We so far do not know which logical eraseblock our physical
         * eraseblock (@e1) belongs to. We have to read the volume identifier
         * header first.
         *
         * Note, we are protected from this PEB being unmapped and erased. The
         * 'ubi_wl_put_peb()' would wait for moving to be finished if the PEB
         * which is being moved was unmapped.
         */

        err = ubi_io_read_vid_hdr(ubi, e1->pnum, vid_hdr, 0);
        if (err && err != UBI_IO_BITFLIPS) {
                if (err == UBI_IO_PEB_FREE) {
                        /*
                         * We are trying to move PEB without a VID header. UBI
                         * always write VID headers shortly after the PEB was
                         * given, so we have a situation when it did not have
                         * chance to write it down because it was preempted.
                         * Just re-schedule the work, so that next time it will
                         * likely have the VID header in place.
                         */
                        dbg_wl("PEB %d has no VID header", e1->pnum);
                        goto out_not_moved;
                }

                ubi_err("error %d while reading VID header from PEB %d",
                        err, e1->pnum);
                if (err > 0)
                        err = -EIO;
                goto out_error;
        }

        err = ubi_eba_copy_leb(ubi, e1->pnum, e2->pnum, vid_hdr);
        if (err) {

                if (err < 0)
                        goto out_error;
                if (err == 1)
                        goto out_not_moved;

                /*
                 * For some reason the LEB was not moved - it might be because
                 * the volume is being deleted. We should prevent this PEB from
                 * being selected for wear-levelling movement for some "time",
                 * so put it to the protection tree.
                 */

                dbg_wl("cancelled moving PEB %d", e1->pnum);
                pe = kmalloc(sizeof(struct ubi_wl_prot_entry), GFP_NOFS);
                if (!pe) {
                        err = -ENOMEM;
                        goto out_error;
                }

                protect = 1;
        }

        ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
        if (scrubbing && !protect)
                ubi_msg("scrubbed PEB %d, data moved to PEB %d",
                        e1->pnum, e2->pnum);

        spin_lock(&ubi->wl_lock);
        if (protect)
                prot_tree_add(ubi, e1, pe, protect);
        if (!ubi->move_to_put)
                wl_tree_add(e2, &ubi->used);
        else
                put = 1;
        ubi->move_from = ubi->move_to = NULL;
        ubi->move_to_put = ubi->wl_scheduled = 0;
        spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);

        if (put) {
                /*
                 * Well, the target PEB was put meanwhile, schedule it for
                 * erasure.
                 */
                dbg_wl("PEB %d was put meanwhile, erase", e2->pnum);
                err = schedule_erase(ubi, e2, 0);
                if (err)
                        goto out_error;
        }

        if (!protect) {
                err = schedule_erase(ubi, e1, 0);
                if (err)
                        goto out_error;
        }


        dbg_wl("done");
        mutex_unlock(&ubi->move_mutex);
        return 0;

        /*
         * For some reasons the LEB was not moved, might be an error, might be
         * something else. @e1 was not changed, so return it back. @e2 might
         * be changed, schedule it for erasure.
         */
out_not_moved:
        ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
        spin_lock(&ubi->wl_lock);
        if (scrubbing)
                wl_tree_add(e1, &ubi->scrub);
        else
                wl_tree_add(e1, &ubi->used);
        ubi->move_from = ubi->move_to = NULL;
        ubi->move_to_put = ubi->wl_scheduled = 0;
        spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);

        err = schedule_erase(ubi, e2, 0);
        if (err)
                goto out_error;

        mutex_unlock(&ubi->move_mutex);
        return 0;

out_error:
        ubi_err("error %d while moving PEB %d to PEB %d",
                err, e1->pnum, e2->pnum);

        ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
        spin_lock(&ubi->wl_lock);
        ubi->move_from = ubi->move_to = NULL;
        ubi->move_to_put = ubi->wl_scheduled = 0;
        spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);

        kmem_cache_free(ubi_wl_entry_slab, e1);
        kmem_cache_free(ubi_wl_entry_slab, e2);
        ubi_ro_mode(ubi);

        mutex_unlock(&ubi->move_mutex);
        return err;

out_cancel:
        ubi->wl_scheduled = 0;
        spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);
        mutex_unlock(&ubi->move_mutex);
        ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
        return 0;
}

/**
 * ensure_wear_leveling - schedule wear-leveling if it is needed.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 *
 * This function checks if it is time to start wear-leveling and schedules it
 * if yes. This function returns zero in case of success and a negative error
 * code in case of failure.
 */
static int ensure_wear_leveling(struct ubi_device *ubi)
{
        int err = 0;
        struct ubi_wl_entry *e1;
        struct ubi_wl_entry *e2;
        struct ubi_work *wrk;

        spin_lock(&ubi->wl_lock);
        if (ubi->wl_scheduled)
                /* Wear-leveling is already in the work queue */
                goto out_unlock;

        /*
         * If the ubi->scrub tree is not empty, scrubbing is needed, and the
         * the WL worker has to be scheduled anyway.
         */
        if (!ubi->scrub.rb_node) {
                if (!ubi->used.rb_node || !ubi->free.rb_node)
                        /* No physical eraseblocks - no deal */
                        goto out_unlock;

                /*
                 * We schedule wear-leveling only if the difference between the
                 * lowest erase counter of used physical eraseblocks and a high
                 * erase counter of free physical eraseblocks is greater then
                 * %UBI_WL_THRESHOLD.
                 */
                e1 = rb_entry(rb_first(&ubi->used), struct ubi_wl_entry, rb);
                e2 = find_wl_entry(&ubi->free, WL_FREE_MAX_DIFF);

                if (!(e2->ec - e1->ec >= UBI_WL_THRESHOLD))
                        goto out_unlock;
                dbg_wl("schedule wear-leveling");
        } else
                dbg_wl("schedule scrubbing");

        ubi->wl_scheduled = 1;
        spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);

        wrk = kmalloc(sizeof(struct ubi_work), GFP_NOFS);
        if (!wrk) {
                err = -ENOMEM;
                goto out_cancel;
        }

        wrk->func = &wear_leveling_worker;
        schedule_ubi_work(ubi, wrk);
        return err;

out_cancel:
        spin_lock(&ubi->wl_lock);
        ubi->wl_scheduled = 0;
out_unlock:
        spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);
        return err;
}

/**
 * erase_worker - physical eraseblock erase worker function.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @wl_wrk: the work object
 * @cancel: non-zero if the worker has to free memory and exit
 *
 * This function erases a physical eraseblock and perform torture testing if
 * needed. It also takes care about marking the physical eraseblock bad if
 * needed. Returns zero in case of success and a negative error code in case of
 * failure.
 */
static int erase_worker(struct ubi_device *ubi, struct ubi_work *wl_wrk,
                        int cancel)
{
        struct ubi_wl_entry *e = wl_wrk->e;
        int pnum = e->pnum, err, need;

        if (cancel) {
                dbg_wl("cancel erasure of PEB %d EC %d", pnum, e->ec);
                kfree(wl_wrk);
                kmem_cache_free(ubi_wl_entry_slab, e);
                return 0;
        }

        dbg_wl("erase PEB %d EC %d", pnum, e->ec);

        err = sync_erase(ubi, e, wl_wrk->torture);
        if (!err) {
                /* Fine, we've erased it successfully */
                kfree(wl_wrk);

                spin_lock(&ubi->wl_lock);
                ubi->abs_ec += 1;
                wl_tree_add(e, &ubi->free);
                spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);

                /*
                 * One more erase operation has happened, take care about
                 * protected physical eraseblocks.
                 */
                check_protection_over(ubi);

                /* And take care about wear-leveling */
                err = ensure_wear_leveling(ubi);
                return err;
        }

        ubi_err("failed to erase PEB %d, error %d", pnum, err);
        kfree(wl_wrk);
        kmem_cache_free(ubi_wl_entry_slab, e);

        if (err == -EINTR || err == -ENOMEM || err == -EAGAIN ||
            err == -EBUSY) {
                int err1;

                /* Re-schedule the LEB for erasure */
                err1 = schedule_erase(ubi, e, 0);
                if (err1) {
                        err = err1;
                        goto out_ro;
                }
                return err;
        } else if (err != -EIO) {
                /*
                 * If this is not %-EIO, we have no idea what to do. Scheduling
                 * this physical eraseblock for erasure again would cause
                 * errors again and again. Well, lets switch to RO mode.
                 */
                goto out_ro;
        }

        /* It is %-EIO, the PEB went bad */

        if (!ubi->bad_allowed) {
                ubi_err("bad physical eraseblock %d detected", pnum);
                goto out_ro;
        }

        spin_lock(&ubi->volumes_lock);
        need = ubi->beb_rsvd_level - ubi->beb_rsvd_pebs + 1;
        if (need > 0) {
                need = ubi->avail_pebs >= need ? need : ubi->avail_pebs;
                ubi->avail_pebs -= need;
                ubi->rsvd_pebs += need;
                ubi->beb_rsvd_pebs += need;
                if (need > 0)
                        ubi_msg("reserve more %d PEBs", need);
        }

        if (ubi->beb_rsvd_pebs == 0) {
                spin_unlock(&ubi->volumes_lock);
                ubi_err("no reserved physical eraseblocks");
                goto out_ro;
        }

        spin_unlock(&ubi->volumes_lock);
        ubi_msg("mark PEB %d as bad", pnum);

        err = ubi_io_mark_bad(ubi, pnum);
        if (err)
                goto out_ro;

        spin_lock(&ubi->volumes_lock);
        ubi->beb_rsvd_pebs -= 1;
        ubi->bad_peb_count += 1;
        ubi->good_peb_count -= 1;
        ubi_calculate_reserved(ubi);
        if (ubi->beb_rsvd_pebs == 0)
                ubi_warn("last PEB from the reserved pool was used");
        spin_unlock(&ubi->volumes_lock);

        return err;

out_ro:
        ubi_ro_mode(ubi);
        return err;
}

/**
 * ubi_wl_put_peb - return a PEB to the wear-leveling sub-system.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @pnum: physical eraseblock to return
 * @torture: if this physical eraseblock has to be tortured
 *
 * This function is called to return physical eraseblock @pnum to the pool of
 * free physical eraseblocks. The @torture flag has to be set if an I/O error
 * occurred to this @pnum and it has to be tested. This function returns zero
 * in case of success, and a negative error code in case of failure.
 */
int ubi_wl_put_peb(struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum, int torture)
{
        int err;
        struct ubi_wl_entry *e;

        dbg_wl("PEB %d", pnum);
        ubi_assert(pnum >= 0);
        ubi_assert(pnum < ubi->peb_count);

retry:
        spin_lock(&ubi->wl_lock);
        e = ubi->lookuptbl[pnum];
        if (e == ubi->move_from) {
                /*
                 * User is putting the physical eraseblock which was selected to
                 * be moved. It will be scheduled for erasure in the
                 * wear-leveling worker.
                 */
                dbg_wl("PEB %d is being moved, wait", pnum);
                spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);

                /* Wait for the WL worker by taking the @ubi->move_mutex */
                mutex_lock(&ubi->move_mutex);
                mutex_unlock(&ubi->move_mutex);
                goto retry;
        } else if (e == ubi->move_to) {
                /*
                 * User is putting the physical eraseblock which was selected
                 * as the target the data is moved to. It may happen if the EBA
                 * sub-system already re-mapped the LEB in 'ubi_eba_copy_leb()'
                 * but the WL sub-system has not put the PEB to the "used" tree
                 * yet, but it is about to do this. So we just set a flag which
                 * will tell the WL worker that the PEB is not needed anymore
                 * and should be scheduled for erasure.
                 */
                dbg_wl("PEB %d is the target of data moving", pnum);
                ubi_assert(!ubi->move_to_put);
                ubi->move_to_put = 1;
                spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);
                return 0;
        } else {
                if (in_wl_tree(e, &ubi->used)) {
                        paranoid_check_in_wl_tree(e, &ubi->used);
                        rb_erase(&e->rb, &ubi->used);
                } else if (in_wl_tree(e, &ubi->scrub)) {
                        paranoid_check_in_wl_tree(e, &ubi->scrub);
                        rb_erase(&e->rb, &ubi->scrub);
                } else {
                        err = prot_tree_del(ubi, e->pnum);
                        if (err) {
                                ubi_err("PEB %d not found", pnum);
                                ubi_ro_mode(ubi);
                                spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);
                                return err;
                        }
                }
        }
        spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);

        err = schedule_erase(ubi, e, torture);
        if (err) {
                spin_lock(&ubi->wl_lock);
                wl_tree_add(e, &ubi->used);
                spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);
        }

        return err;
}

/**
 * ubi_wl_scrub_peb - schedule a physical eraseblock for scrubbing.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @pnum: the physical eraseblock to schedule
 *
 * If a bit-flip in a physical eraseblock is detected, this physical eraseblock
 * needs scrubbing. This function schedules a physical eraseblock for
 * scrubbing which is done in background. This function returns zero in case of
 * success and a negative error code in case of failure.
 */
int ubi_wl_scrub_peb(struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum)
{
        struct ubi_wl_entry *e;

        dbg_msg("schedule PEB %d for scrubbing", pnum);

retry:
        spin_lock(&ubi->wl_lock);
        e = ubi->lookuptbl[pnum];
        if (e == ubi->move_from || in_wl_tree(e, &ubi->scrub)) {
                spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);
                return 0;
        }

        if (e == ubi->move_to) {
                /*
                 * This physical eraseblock was used to move data to. The data
                 * was moved but the PEB was not yet inserted to the proper
                 * tree. We should just wait a little and let the WL worker
                 * proceed.
                 */
                spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);
                dbg_wl("the PEB %d is not in proper tree, retry", pnum);
                yield();
                goto retry;
        }

        if (in_wl_tree(e, &ubi->used)) {
                paranoid_check_in_wl_tree(e, &ubi->used);
                rb_erase(&e->rb, &ubi->used);
        } else {
                int err;

                err = prot_tree_del(ubi, e->pnum);
                if (err) {
                        ubi_err("PEB %d not found", pnum);
                        ubi_ro_mode(ubi);
                        spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);
                        return err;
                }
        }

        wl_tree_add(e, &ubi->scrub);
        spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);

        /*
         * Technically scrubbing is the same as wear-leveling, so it is done
         * by the WL worker.
         */
        return ensure_wear_leveling(ubi);
}

/**
 * ubi_wl_flush - flush all pending works.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 *
 * This function returns zero in case of success and a negative error code in
 * case of failure.
 */
int ubi_wl_flush(struct ubi_device *ubi)
{
        int err;

        /*
         * Erase while the pending works queue is not empty, but not more then
         * the number of currently pending works.
         */
        dbg_wl("flush (%d pending works)", ubi->works_count);
        while (ubi->works_count) {
                err = do_work(ubi);
                if (err)
                        return err;
        }

        /*
         * Make sure all the works which have been done in parallel are
         * finished.
         */
        down_write(&ubi->work_sem);
        up_write(&ubi->work_sem);

        /*
         * And in case last was the WL worker and it cancelled the LEB
         * movement, flush again.
         */
        while (ubi->works_count) {
                dbg_wl("flush more (%d pending works)", ubi->works_count);
                err = do_work(ubi);
                if (err)
                        return err;
        }

        return 0;
}

/**
 * tree_destroy - destroy an RB-tree.
 * @root: the root of the tree to destroy
 */
static void tree_destroy(struct rb_root *root)
{
        struct rb_node *rb;
        struct ubi_wl_entry *e;

        rb = root->rb_node;
        while (rb) {
                if (rb->rb_left)
                        rb = rb->rb_left;
                else if (rb->rb_right)
                        rb = rb->rb_right;
                else {
                        e = rb_entry(rb, struct ubi_wl_entry, rb);

                        rb = rb_parent(rb);
                        if (rb) {
                                if (rb->rb_left == &e->rb)
                                        rb->rb_left = NULL;
                                else
                                        rb->rb_right = NULL;
                        }

                        kmem_cache_free(ubi_wl_entry_slab, e);
                }
        }
}

/**
 * ubi_thread - UBI background thread.
 * @u: the UBI device description object pointer
 */
int ubi_thread(void *u)
{
        int failures = 0;
        struct ubi_device *ubi = u;

        ubi_msg("background thread \"%s\" started, PID %d",
                ubi->bgt_name, task_pid_nr(current));

        set_freezable();
        for (;;) {
                int err;

                if (kthread_should_stop())
                        break;

                if (try_to_freeze())
                        continue;

                spin_lock(&ubi->wl_lock);
                if (list_empty(&ubi->works) || ubi->ro_mode ||
                               !ubi->thread_enabled) {
                        set_current_state(TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);
                        spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);
                        schedule();
                        continue;
                }
                spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);

                err = do_work(ubi);
                if (err) {
                        ubi_err("%s: work failed with error code %d",
                                ubi->bgt_name, err);
                        if (failures++ > WL_MAX_FAILURES) {
                                /*
                                 * Too many failures, disable the thread and
                                 * switch to read-only mode.
                                 */
                                ubi_msg("%s: %d consecutive failures",
                                        ubi->bgt_name, WL_MAX_FAILURES);
                                ubi_ro_mode(ubi);
                                break;
                        }
                } else
                        failures = 0;

                cond_resched();
        }

        dbg_wl("background thread \"%s\" is killed", ubi->bgt_name);
        return 0;
}

/**
 * cancel_pending - cancel all pending works.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 */
static void cancel_pending(struct ubi_device *ubi)
{
        while (!list_empty(&ubi->works)) {
                struct ubi_work *wrk;

                wrk = list_entry(ubi->works.next, struct ubi_work, list);
                list_del(&wrk->list);
                wrk->func(ubi, wrk, 1);
                ubi->works_count -= 1;
                ubi_assert(ubi->works_count >= 0);
        }
}

/**
 * ubi_wl_init_scan - initialize the WL sub-system using scanning information.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @si: scanning information
 *
 * This function returns zero in case of success, and a negative error code in
 * case of failure.
 */
int ubi_wl_init_scan(struct ubi_device *ubi, struct ubi_scan_info *si)
{
        int err;
        struct rb_node *rb1, *rb2;
        struct ubi_scan_volume *sv;
        struct ubi_scan_leb *seb, *tmp;
        struct ubi_wl_entry *e;


        ubi->used = ubi->free = ubi->scrub = RB_ROOT;
        ubi->prot.pnum = ubi->prot.aec = RB_ROOT;
        spin_lock_init(&ubi->wl_lock);
        mutex_init(&ubi->move_mutex);
        init_rwsem(&ubi->work_sem);
        ubi->max_ec = si->max_ec;
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ubi->works);

        sprintf(ubi->bgt_name, UBI_BGT_NAME_PATTERN, ubi->ubi_num);

        err = -ENOMEM;
        ubi->lookuptbl = kzalloc(ubi->peb_count * sizeof(void *), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!ubi->lookuptbl)
                return err;

        list_for_each_entry_safe(seb, tmp, &si->erase, u.list) {
                cond_resched();

                e = kmem_cache_alloc(ubi_wl_entry_slab, GFP_KERNEL);
                if (!e)
                        goto out_free;

                e->pnum = seb->pnum;
                e->ec = seb->ec;
                ubi->lookuptbl[e->pnum] = e;
                if (schedule_erase(ubi, e, 0)) {
                        kmem_cache_free(ubi_wl_entry_slab, e);
                        goto out_free;
                }
        }

        list_for_each_entry(seb, &si->free, u.list) {
                cond_resched();

                e = kmem_cache_alloc(ubi_wl_entry_slab, GFP_KERNEL);
                if (!e)
                        goto out_free;

                e->pnum = seb->pnum;
                e->ec = seb->ec;
                ubi_assert(e->ec >= 0);
                wl_tree_add(e, &ubi->free);
                ubi->lookuptbl[e->pnum] = e;
        }

        list_for_each_entry(seb, &si->corr, u.list) {
                cond_resched();

                e = kmem_cache_alloc(ubi_wl_entry_slab, GFP_KERNEL);
                if (!e)
                        goto out_free;

                e->pnum = seb->pnum;
                e->ec = seb->ec;
                ubi->lookuptbl[e->pnum] = e;
                if (schedule_erase(ubi, e, 0)) {
                        kmem_cache_free(ubi_wl_entry_slab, e);
                        goto out_free;
                }
        }

        ubi_rb_for_each_entry(rb1, sv, &si->volumes, rb) {
                ubi_rb_for_each_entry(rb2, seb, &sv->root, u.rb) {
                        cond_resched();

                        e = kmem_cache_alloc(ubi_wl_entry_slab, GFP_KERNEL);
                        if (!e)
                                goto out_free;

                        e->pnum = seb->pnum;
                        e->ec = seb->ec;
                        ubi->lookuptbl[e->pnum] = e;
                        if (!seb->scrub) {
                                dbg_wl("add PEB %d EC %d to the used tree",
                                       e->pnum, e->ec);
                                wl_tree_add(e, &ubi->used);
                        } else {
                                dbg_wl("add PEB %d EC %d to the scrub tree",
                                       e->pnum, e->ec);
                                wl_tree_add(e, &ubi->scrub);
                        }
                }
        }

        if (ubi->avail_pebs < WL_RESERVED_PEBS) {
                ubi_err("no enough physical eraseblocks (%d, need %d)",
                        ubi->avail_pebs, WL_RESERVED_PEBS);
                goto out_free;
        }
        ubi->avail_pebs -= WL_RESERVED_PEBS;
        ubi->rsvd_pebs += WL_RESERVED_PEBS;

        /* Schedule wear-leveling if needed */
        err = ensure_wear_leveling(ubi);
        if (err)
                goto out_free;

        return 0;

out_free:
        cancel_pending(ubi);
        tree_destroy(&ubi->used);
        tree_destroy(&ubi->free);
        tree_destroy(&ubi->scrub);
        kfree(ubi->lookuptbl);
        return err;
}

/**
 * protection_trees_destroy - destroy the protection RB-trees.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 */
static void protection_trees_destroy(struct ubi_device *ubi)
{
        struct rb_node *rb;
        struct ubi_wl_prot_entry *pe;

        rb = ubi->prot.aec.rb_node;
        while (rb) {
                if (rb->rb_left)
                        rb = rb->rb_left;
                else if (rb->rb_right)
                        rb = rb->rb_right;
                else {
                        pe = rb_entry(rb, struct ubi_wl_prot_entry, rb_aec);

                        rb = rb_parent(rb);
                        if (rb) {
                                if (rb->rb_left == &pe->rb_aec)
                                        rb->rb_left = NULL;
                                else
                                        rb->rb_right = NULL;
                        }

                        kmem_cache_free(ubi_wl_entry_slab, pe->e);
                        kfree(pe);
                }
        }
}

/**
 * ubi_wl_close - close the wear-leveling sub-system.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 */
void ubi_wl_close(struct ubi_device *ubi)
{
        dbg_wl("close the WL sub-system");
        cancel_pending(ubi);
        protection_trees_destroy(ubi);
        tree_destroy(&ubi->used);
        tree_destroy(&ubi->free);
        tree_destroy(&ubi->scrub);
        kfree(ubi->lookuptbl);
}

#ifdef CONFIG_MTD_UBI_DEBUG_PARANOID

/**
 * paranoid_check_ec - make sure that the erase counter of a PEB is correct.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @pnum: the physical eraseblock number to check
 * @ec: the erase counter to check
 *
 * This function returns zero if the erase counter of physical eraseblock @pnum
 * is equivalent to @ec, %1 if not, and a negative error code if an error
 * occurred.
 */
static int paranoid_check_ec(struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum, int ec)
{
        int err;
        long long read_ec;
        struct ubi_ec_hdr *ec_hdr;

        ec_hdr = kzalloc(ubi->ec_hdr_alsize, GFP_NOFS);
        if (!ec_hdr)
                return -ENOMEM;

        err = ubi_io_read_ec_hdr(ubi, pnum, ec_hdr, 0);
        if (err && err != UBI_IO_BITFLIPS) {
                /* The header does not have to exist */
                err = 0;
                goto out_free;
        }

        read_ec = be64_to_cpu(ec_hdr->ec);
        if (ec != read_ec) {
                ubi_err("paranoid check failed for PEB %d", pnum);
                ubi_err("read EC is %lld, should be %d", read_ec, ec);
                ubi_dbg_dump_stack();
                err = 1;
        } else
                err = 0;

out_free:
        kfree(ec_hdr);
        return err;
}

/**
 * paranoid_check_in_wl_tree - check that wear-leveling entry is in WL RB-tree.
 * @e: the wear-leveling entry to check
 * @root: the root of the tree
 *
 * This function returns zero if @e is in the @root RB-tree and %1 if it is
 * not.
 */
static int paranoid_check_in_wl_tree(struct ubi_wl_entry *e,
                                     struct rb_root *root)
{
        if (in_wl_tree(e, root))
                return 0;

        ubi_err("paranoid check failed for PEB %d, EC %d, RB-tree %p ",
                e->pnum, e->ec, root);
        ubi_dbg_dump_stack();
        return 1;
}

#endif /* CONFIG_MTD_UBI_DEBUG_PARANOID */