1 Using hlist_nulls to protect read-mostly linked lists and
2 objects using SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU allocations.
4 Please read the basics in Documentation/RCU/listRCU.txt
6 Using special makers (called 'nulls') is a convenient way
7 to solve following problem :
9 A typical RCU linked list managing objects which are
10 allocated with SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU kmem_cache can
17 obj = lockless_lookup(key);
19 if (!try_get_ref(obj)) // might fail for free objects
22 * Because a writer could delete object, and a writer could
23 * reuse these object before the RCU grace period, we
24 * must check key after getting the reference on object
26 if (obj->key != key) { // not the object we expected
33 Beware that lockless_lookup(key) cannot use traditional hlist_for_each_entry_rcu()
34 but a version with an additional memory barrier (smp_rmb())
38 struct hlist_node *node, *next;
39 for (pos = rcu_dereference((head)->first);
40 pos && ({ next = pos->next; smp_rmb(); prefetch(next); 1; }) &&
41 ({ tpos = hlist_entry(pos, typeof(*tpos), member); 1; });
42 pos = rcu_dereference(next))
47 And note the traditional hlist_for_each_entry_rcu() misses this smp_rmb() :
49 struct hlist_node *node;
50 for (pos = rcu_dereference((head)->first);
51 pos && ({ prefetch(pos->next); 1; }) &&
52 ({ tpos = hlist_entry(pos, typeof(*tpos), member); 1; });
53 pos = rcu_dereference(pos->next))
59 Quoting Corey Minyard :
61 "If the object is moved from one list to another list in-between the
62 time the hash is calculated and the next field is accessed, and the
63 object has moved to the end of a new list, the traversal will not
64 complete properly on the list it should have, since the object will
65 be on the end of the new list and there's not a way to tell it's on a
66 new list and restart the list traversal. I think that this can be
67 solved by pre-fetching the "next" field (with proper barriers) before
73 We need to make sure a reader cannot read the new 'obj->obj_next' value
74 and previous value of 'obj->key'. Or else, an item could be deleted
75 from a chain, and inserted into another chain. If new chain was empty
76 before the move, 'next' pointer is NULL, and lockless reader can
77 not detect it missed following items in original chain.
80 * Please note that new inserts are done at the head of list,
81 * not in the middle or end.
83 obj = kmem_cache_alloc(...);
84 lock_chain(); // typically a spin_lock()
86 atomic_inc(&obj->refcnt);
88 * we need to make sure obj->key is updated before obj->next
91 hlist_add_head_rcu(&obj->obj_node, list);
92 unlock_chain(); // typically a spin_unlock()
97 Nothing special here, we can use a standard RCU hlist deletion.
98 But thanks to SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU, beware a deleted object can be reused
99 very very fast (before the end of RCU grace period)
101 if (put_last_reference_on(obj) {
102 lock_chain(); // typically a spin_lock()
103 hlist_del_init_rcu(&obj->obj_node);
104 unlock_chain(); // typically a spin_unlock()
105 kmem_cache_free(cachep, obj);
110 --------------------------------------------------------------------------
111 With hlist_nulls we can avoid extra smp_rmb() in lockless_lookup()
112 and extra smp_wmb() in insert function.
114 For example, if we choose to store the slot number as the 'nulls'
115 end-of-list marker for each slot of the hash table, we can detect
116 a race (some writer did a delete and/or a move of an object
117 to another chain) checking the final 'nulls' value if
118 the lookup met the end of chain. If final 'nulls' value
119 is not the slot number, then we must restart the lookup at
120 the beginning. If the object was moved to the same chain,
121 then the reader doesnt care : It might eventually
122 scan the list again without harm.
130 hlist_nulls_for_each_entry_rcu(obj, node, head, member) {
131 if (obj->key == key) {
132 if (!try_get_ref(obj)) // might fail for free objects
134 if (obj->key != key) { // not the object we expected
141 * if the nulls value we got at the end of this lookup is
142 * not the expected one, we must restart lookup.
143 * We probably met an item that was moved to another chain.
145 if (get_nulls_value(node) != slot)
156 * Please note that new inserts are done at the head of list,
157 * not in the middle or end.
159 obj = kmem_cache_alloc(cachep);
160 lock_chain(); // typically a spin_lock()
162 atomic_set(&obj->refcnt, 1);
164 * insert obj in RCU way (readers might be traversing chain)
166 hlist_nulls_add_head_rcu(&obj->obj_node, list);
167 unlock_chain(); // typically a spin_unlock()