2 * Copyright (C) 1995 Linus Torvalds
3 * Copyright (C) 2001,2002 Andi Kleen, SuSE Labs.
6 #include <linux/signal.h>
7 #include <linux/sched.h>
8 #include <linux/kernel.h>
9 #include <linux/errno.h>
10 #include <linux/string.h>
11 #include <linux/types.h>
12 #include <linux/ptrace.h>
13 #include <linux/mmiotrace.h>
14 #include <linux/mman.h>
16 #include <linux/smp.h>
17 #include <linux/interrupt.h>
18 #include <linux/init.h>
19 #include <linux/tty.h>
20 #include <linux/vt_kern.h> /* For unblank_screen() */
21 #include <linux/compiler.h>
22 #include <linux/highmem.h>
23 #include <linux/bootmem.h> /* for max_low_pfn */
24 #include <linux/vmalloc.h>
25 #include <linux/module.h>
26 #include <linux/kprobes.h>
27 #include <linux/uaccess.h>
28 #include <linux/kdebug.h>
30 #include <asm/system.h>
32 #include <asm/segment.h>
33 #include <asm/pgalloc.h>
35 #include <asm/tlbflush.h>
36 #include <asm/proto.h>
37 #include <asm-generic/sections.h>
40 * Page fault error code bits
41 * bit 0 == 0 means no page found, 1 means protection fault
42 * bit 1 == 0 means read, 1 means write
43 * bit 2 == 0 means kernel, 1 means user-mode
44 * bit 3 == 1 means use of reserved bit detected
45 * bit 4 == 1 means fault was an instruction fetch
47 #define PF_PROT (1<<0)
48 #define PF_WRITE (1<<1)
49 #define PF_USER (1<<2)
50 #define PF_RSVD (1<<3)
51 #define PF_INSTR (1<<4)
53 static inline int kmmio_fault(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long addr)
55 #ifdef CONFIG_MMIOTRACE_HOOKS
56 if (unlikely(is_kmmio_active()))
57 if (kmmio_handler(regs, addr) == 1)
63 static inline int notify_page_fault(struct pt_regs *regs)
68 /* kprobe_running() needs smp_processor_id() */
69 if (!user_mode_vm(regs)) {
71 if (kprobe_running() && kprobe_fault_handler(regs, 14))
84 * Sometimes AMD Athlon/Opteron CPUs report invalid exceptions on prefetch.
85 * Check that here and ignore it.
88 * Sometimes the CPU reports invalid exceptions on prefetch.
89 * Check that here and ignore it.
91 * Opcode checker based on code by Richard Brunner
93 static int is_prefetch(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long addr,
94 unsigned long error_code)
99 unsigned char *max_instr;
102 * If it was a exec (instruction fetch) fault on NX page, then
103 * do not ignore the fault:
105 if (error_code & PF_INSTR)
108 instr = (unsigned char *)convert_ip_to_linear(current, regs);
109 max_instr = instr + 15;
111 if (user_mode(regs) && instr >= (unsigned char *)TASK_SIZE)
114 while (scan_more && instr < max_instr) {
115 unsigned char opcode;
116 unsigned char instr_hi;
117 unsigned char instr_lo;
119 if (probe_kernel_address(instr, opcode))
122 instr_hi = opcode & 0xf0;
123 instr_lo = opcode & 0x0f;
130 * Values 0x26,0x2E,0x36,0x3E are valid x86 prefixes.
131 * In X86_64 long mode, the CPU will signal invalid
132 * opcode if some of these prefixes are present so
133 * X86_64 will never get here anyway
135 scan_more = ((instr_lo & 7) == 0x6);
140 * In AMD64 long mode 0x40..0x4F are valid REX prefixes
141 * Need to figure out under what instruction mode the
142 * instruction was issued. Could check the LDT for lm,
143 * but for now it's good enough to assume that long
144 * mode only uses well known segments or kernel.
146 scan_more = (!user_mode(regs)) || (regs->cs == __USER_CS);
150 /* 0x64 thru 0x67 are valid prefixes in all modes. */
151 scan_more = (instr_lo & 0xC) == 0x4;
154 /* 0xF0, 0xF2, 0xF3 are valid prefixes in all modes. */
155 scan_more = !instr_lo || (instr_lo>>1) == 1;
158 /* Prefetch instruction is 0x0F0D or 0x0F18 */
161 if (probe_kernel_address(instr, opcode))
163 prefetch = (instr_lo == 0xF) &&
164 (opcode == 0x0D || opcode == 0x18);
174 static void force_sig_info_fault(int si_signo, int si_code,
175 unsigned long address, struct task_struct *tsk)
179 info.si_signo = si_signo;
181 info.si_code = si_code;
182 info.si_addr = (void __user *)address;
183 force_sig_info(si_signo, &info, tsk);
187 static int bad_address(void *p)
190 return probe_kernel_address((unsigned long *)p, dummy);
194 static void dump_pagetable(unsigned long address)
197 __typeof__(pte_val(__pte(0))) page;
200 page = ((__typeof__(page) *) __va(page))[address >> PGDIR_SHIFT];
201 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
202 printk("*pdpt = %016Lx ", page);
203 if ((page >> PAGE_SHIFT) < max_low_pfn
204 && page & _PAGE_PRESENT) {
206 page = ((__typeof__(page) *) __va(page))[(address >> PMD_SHIFT)
207 & (PTRS_PER_PMD - 1)];
208 printk(KERN_CONT "*pde = %016Lx ", page);
212 printk("*pde = %08lx ", page);
216 * We must not directly access the pte in the highpte
217 * case if the page table is located in highmem.
218 * And let's rather not kmap-atomic the pte, just in case
219 * it's allocated already.
221 if ((page >> PAGE_SHIFT) < max_low_pfn
222 && (page & _PAGE_PRESENT)
223 && !(page & _PAGE_PSE)) {
225 page = ((__typeof__(page) *) __va(page))[(address >> PAGE_SHIFT)
226 & (PTRS_PER_PTE - 1)];
227 printk("*pte = %0*Lx ", sizeof(page)*2, (u64)page);
231 #else /* CONFIG_X86_64 */
237 pgd = (pgd_t *)read_cr3();
239 pgd = __va((unsigned long)pgd & PHYSICAL_PAGE_MASK);
240 pgd += pgd_index(address);
241 if (bad_address(pgd)) goto bad;
242 printk("PGD %lx ", pgd_val(*pgd));
243 if (!pgd_present(*pgd)) goto ret;
245 pud = pud_offset(pgd, address);
246 if (bad_address(pud)) goto bad;
247 printk("PUD %lx ", pud_val(*pud));
248 if (!pud_present(*pud) || pud_large(*pud))
251 pmd = pmd_offset(pud, address);
252 if (bad_address(pmd)) goto bad;
253 printk("PMD %lx ", pmd_val(*pmd));
254 if (!pmd_present(*pmd) || pmd_large(*pmd)) goto ret;
256 pte = pte_offset_kernel(pmd, address);
257 if (bad_address(pte)) goto bad;
258 printk("PTE %lx", pte_val(*pte));
268 static inline pmd_t *vmalloc_sync_one(pgd_t *pgd, unsigned long address)
270 unsigned index = pgd_index(address);
276 pgd_k = init_mm.pgd + index;
278 if (!pgd_present(*pgd_k))
282 * set_pgd(pgd, *pgd_k); here would be useless on PAE
283 * and redundant with the set_pmd() on non-PAE. As would
287 pud = pud_offset(pgd, address);
288 pud_k = pud_offset(pgd_k, address);
289 if (!pud_present(*pud_k))
292 pmd = pmd_offset(pud, address);
293 pmd_k = pmd_offset(pud_k, address);
294 if (!pmd_present(*pmd_k))
296 if (!pmd_present(*pmd)) {
297 set_pmd(pmd, *pmd_k);
298 arch_flush_lazy_mmu_mode();
300 BUG_ON(pmd_page(*pmd) != pmd_page(*pmd_k));
306 static const char errata93_warning[] =
307 KERN_ERR "******* Your BIOS seems to not contain a fix for K8 errata #93\n"
308 KERN_ERR "******* Working around it, but it may cause SEGVs or burn power.\n"
309 KERN_ERR "******* Please consider a BIOS update.\n"
310 KERN_ERR "******* Disabling USB legacy in the BIOS may also help.\n";
313 /* Workaround for K8 erratum #93 & buggy BIOS.
314 BIOS SMM functions are required to use a specific workaround
315 to avoid corruption of the 64bit RIP register on C stepping K8.
316 A lot of BIOS that didn't get tested properly miss this.
317 The OS sees this as a page fault with the upper 32bits of RIP cleared.
318 Try to work around it here.
319 Note we only handle faults in kernel here.
320 Does nothing for X86_32
322 static int is_errata93(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long address)
326 if (address != regs->ip)
328 if ((address >> 32) != 0)
330 address |= 0xffffffffUL << 32;
331 if ((address >= (u64)_stext && address <= (u64)_etext) ||
332 (address >= MODULES_VADDR && address <= MODULES_END)) {
334 printk(errata93_warning);
345 * Work around K8 erratum #100 K8 in compat mode occasionally jumps to illegal
346 * addresses >4GB. We catch this in the page fault handler because these
347 * addresses are not reachable. Just detect this case and return. Any code
348 * segment in LDT is compatibility mode.
350 static int is_errata100(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long address)
353 if ((regs->cs == __USER32_CS || (regs->cs & (1<<2))) &&
360 void do_invalid_op(struct pt_regs *, unsigned long);
362 static int is_f00f_bug(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long address)
364 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_F00F_BUG
367 * Pentium F0 0F C7 C8 bug workaround.
369 if (boot_cpu_data.f00f_bug) {
370 nr = (address - idt_descr.address) >> 3;
373 do_invalid_op(regs, 0);
381 static void show_fault_oops(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long error_code,
382 unsigned long address)
385 if (!oops_may_print())
389 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_PAE
390 if (error_code & PF_INSTR) {
392 pte_t *pte = lookup_address(address, &level);
394 if (pte && pte_present(*pte) && !pte_exec(*pte))
395 printk(KERN_CRIT "kernel tried to execute "
396 "NX-protected page - exploit attempt? "
397 "(uid: %d)\n", current->uid);
401 printk(KERN_ALERT "BUG: unable to handle kernel ");
402 if (address < PAGE_SIZE)
403 printk(KERN_CONT "NULL pointer dereference");
405 printk(KERN_CONT "paging request");
406 printk(KERN_CONT " at %p\n", (void *) address);
407 printk(KERN_ALERT "IP:");
408 printk_address(regs->ip, 1);
409 dump_pagetable(address);
413 static noinline void pgtable_bad(unsigned long address, struct pt_regs *regs,
414 unsigned long error_code)
416 unsigned long flags = oops_begin();
417 struct task_struct *tsk;
419 printk(KERN_ALERT "%s: Corrupted page table at address %lx\n",
420 current->comm, address);
421 dump_pagetable(address);
423 tsk->thread.cr2 = address;
424 tsk->thread.trap_no = 14;
425 tsk->thread.error_code = error_code;
426 if (__die("Bad pagetable", regs, error_code))
428 oops_end(flags, regs, SIGKILL);
432 static int spurious_fault_check(unsigned long error_code, pte_t *pte)
434 if ((error_code & PF_WRITE) && !pte_write(*pte))
436 if ((error_code & PF_INSTR) && !pte_exec(*pte))
443 * Handle a spurious fault caused by a stale TLB entry. This allows
444 * us to lazily refresh the TLB when increasing the permissions of a
445 * kernel page (RO -> RW or NX -> X). Doing it eagerly is very
446 * expensive since that implies doing a full cross-processor TLB
447 * flush, even if no stale TLB entries exist on other processors.
448 * There are no security implications to leaving a stale TLB when
449 * increasing the permissions on a page.
451 static int spurious_fault(unsigned long address,
452 unsigned long error_code)
459 /* Reserved-bit violation or user access to kernel space? */
460 if (error_code & (PF_USER | PF_RSVD))
463 pgd = init_mm.pgd + pgd_index(address);
464 if (!pgd_present(*pgd))
467 pud = pud_offset(pgd, address);
468 if (!pud_present(*pud))
472 return spurious_fault_check(error_code, (pte_t *) pud);
474 pmd = pmd_offset(pud, address);
475 if (!pmd_present(*pmd))
479 return spurious_fault_check(error_code, (pte_t *) pmd);
481 pte = pte_offset_kernel(pmd, address);
482 if (!pte_present(*pte))
485 return spurious_fault_check(error_code, pte);
490 * Handle a fault on the vmalloc or module mapping area
493 * Handle a fault on the vmalloc area
495 * This assumes no large pages in there.
497 static int vmalloc_fault(unsigned long address)
500 unsigned long pgd_paddr;
504 /* Make sure we are in vmalloc area */
505 if (!(address >= VMALLOC_START && address < VMALLOC_END))
509 * Synchronize this task's top level page-table
510 * with the 'reference' page table.
512 * Do _not_ use "current" here. We might be inside
513 * an interrupt in the middle of a task switch..
515 pgd_paddr = read_cr3();
516 pmd_k = vmalloc_sync_one(__va(pgd_paddr), address);
519 pte_k = pte_offset_kernel(pmd_k, address);
520 if (!pte_present(*pte_k))
524 pgd_t *pgd, *pgd_ref;
525 pud_t *pud, *pud_ref;
526 pmd_t *pmd, *pmd_ref;
527 pte_t *pte, *pte_ref;
529 /* Make sure we are in vmalloc area */
530 if (!(address >= VMALLOC_START && address < VMALLOC_END))
533 /* Copy kernel mappings over when needed. This can also
534 happen within a race in page table update. In the later
537 pgd = pgd_offset(current->mm ?: &init_mm, address);
538 pgd_ref = pgd_offset_k(address);
539 if (pgd_none(*pgd_ref))
542 set_pgd(pgd, *pgd_ref);
544 BUG_ON(pgd_page_vaddr(*pgd) != pgd_page_vaddr(*pgd_ref));
546 /* Below here mismatches are bugs because these lower tables
549 pud = pud_offset(pgd, address);
550 pud_ref = pud_offset(pgd_ref, address);
551 if (pud_none(*pud_ref))
553 if (pud_none(*pud) || pud_page_vaddr(*pud) != pud_page_vaddr(*pud_ref))
555 pmd = pmd_offset(pud, address);
556 pmd_ref = pmd_offset(pud_ref, address);
557 if (pmd_none(*pmd_ref))
559 if (pmd_none(*pmd) || pmd_page(*pmd) != pmd_page(*pmd_ref))
561 pte_ref = pte_offset_kernel(pmd_ref, address);
562 if (!pte_present(*pte_ref))
564 pte = pte_offset_kernel(pmd, address);
565 /* Don't use pte_page here, because the mappings can point
566 outside mem_map, and the NUMA hash lookup cannot handle
568 if (!pte_present(*pte) || pte_pfn(*pte) != pte_pfn(*pte_ref))
574 int show_unhandled_signals = 1;
577 * This routine handles page faults. It determines the address,
578 * and the problem, and then passes it off to one of the appropriate
584 void __kprobes do_page_fault(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long error_code)
586 struct task_struct *tsk;
587 struct mm_struct *mm;
588 struct vm_area_struct *vma;
589 unsigned long address;
597 * We can fault from pretty much anywhere, with unknown IRQ state.
599 trace_hardirqs_fixup();
603 prefetchw(&mm->mmap_sem);
605 /* get the address */
606 address = read_cr2();
608 si_code = SEGV_MAPERR;
610 if (notify_page_fault(regs))
612 if (unlikely(kmmio_fault(regs, address)))
616 * We fault-in kernel-space virtual memory on-demand. The
617 * 'reference' page table is init_mm.pgd.
619 * NOTE! We MUST NOT take any locks for this case. We may
620 * be in an interrupt or a critical region, and should
621 * only copy the information from the master page table,
624 * This verifies that the fault happens in kernel space
625 * (error_code & 4) == 0, and that the fault was not a
626 * protection error (error_code & 9) == 0.
629 if (unlikely(address >= TASK_SIZE)) {
631 if (unlikely(address >= TASK_SIZE64)) {
633 if (!(error_code & (PF_RSVD|PF_USER|PF_PROT)) &&
634 vmalloc_fault(address) >= 0)
637 /* Can handle a stale RO->RW TLB */
638 if (spurious_fault(address, error_code))
642 * Don't take the mm semaphore here. If we fixup a prefetch
643 * fault we could otherwise deadlock.
645 goto bad_area_nosemaphore;
650 /* It's safe to allow irq's after cr2 has been saved and the vmalloc
651 fault has been handled. */
652 if (regs->flags & (X86_EFLAGS_IF | X86_VM_MASK))
656 * If we're in an interrupt, have no user context or are running in an
657 * atomic region then we must not take the fault.
659 if (in_atomic() || !mm)
660 goto bad_area_nosemaphore;
661 #else /* CONFIG_X86_64 */
662 if (likely(regs->flags & X86_EFLAGS_IF))
665 if (unlikely(error_code & PF_RSVD))
666 pgtable_bad(address, regs, error_code);
669 * If we're in an interrupt, have no user context or are running in an
670 * atomic region then we must not take the fault.
672 if (unlikely(in_atomic() || !mm))
673 goto bad_area_nosemaphore;
676 * User-mode registers count as a user access even for any
677 * potential system fault or CPU buglet.
679 if (user_mode_vm(regs))
680 error_code |= PF_USER;
683 /* When running in the kernel we expect faults to occur only to
684 * addresses in user space. All other faults represent errors in the
685 * kernel and should generate an OOPS. Unfortunately, in the case of an
686 * erroneous fault occurring in a code path which already holds mmap_sem
687 * we will deadlock attempting to validate the fault against the
688 * address space. Luckily the kernel only validly references user
689 * space from well defined areas of code, which are listed in the
692 * As the vast majority of faults will be valid we will only perform
693 * the source reference check when there is a possibility of a deadlock.
694 * Attempt to lock the address space, if we cannot we then validate the
695 * source. If this is invalid we can skip the address space check,
696 * thus avoiding the deadlock.
698 if (!down_read_trylock(&mm->mmap_sem)) {
699 if ((error_code & PF_USER) == 0 &&
700 !search_exception_tables(regs->ip))
701 goto bad_area_nosemaphore;
702 down_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
705 vma = find_vma(mm, address);
708 if (vma->vm_start <= address)
710 if (!(vma->vm_flags & VM_GROWSDOWN))
712 if (error_code & PF_USER) {
714 * Accessing the stack below %sp is always a bug.
715 * The large cushion allows instructions like enter
716 * and pusha to work. ("enter $65535,$31" pushes
717 * 32 pointers and then decrements %sp by 65535.)
719 if (address + 65536 + 32 * sizeof(unsigned long) < regs->sp)
722 if (expand_stack(vma, address))
725 * Ok, we have a good vm_area for this memory access, so
729 si_code = SEGV_ACCERR;
731 switch (error_code & (PF_PROT|PF_WRITE)) {
732 default: /* 3: write, present */
734 case PF_WRITE: /* write, not present */
735 if (!(vma->vm_flags & VM_WRITE))
739 case PF_PROT: /* read, present */
741 case 0: /* read, not present */
742 if (!(vma->vm_flags & (VM_READ | VM_EXEC | VM_WRITE)))
750 * If for any reason at all we couldn't handle the fault,
751 * make sure we exit gracefully rather than endlessly redo
754 fault = handle_mm_fault(mm, vma, address, write);
755 if (unlikely(fault & VM_FAULT_ERROR)) {
756 if (fault & VM_FAULT_OOM)
758 else if (fault & VM_FAULT_SIGBUS)
762 if (fault & VM_FAULT_MAJOR)
769 * Did it hit the DOS screen memory VA from vm86 mode?
771 if (v8086_mode(regs)) {
772 unsigned long bit = (address - 0xA0000) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
774 tsk->thread.screen_bitmap |= 1 << bit;
777 up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
781 * Something tried to access memory that isn't in our memory map..
782 * Fix it, but check if it's kernel or user first..
785 up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
787 bad_area_nosemaphore:
788 /* User mode accesses just cause a SIGSEGV */
789 if (error_code & PF_USER) {
791 * It's possible to have interrupts off here.
796 * Valid to do another page fault here because this one came
799 if (is_prefetch(regs, address, error_code))
802 if (is_errata100(regs, address))
805 if (show_unhandled_signals && unhandled_signal(tsk, SIGSEGV) &&
806 printk_ratelimit()) {
808 "%s%s[%d]: segfault at %lx ip %p sp %p error %lx",
809 task_pid_nr(tsk) > 1 ? KERN_INFO : KERN_EMERG,
810 tsk->comm, task_pid_nr(tsk), address,
811 (void *) regs->ip, (void *) regs->sp, error_code);
812 print_vma_addr(" in ", regs->ip);
816 tsk->thread.cr2 = address;
817 /* Kernel addresses are always protection faults */
818 tsk->thread.error_code = error_code | (address >= TASK_SIZE);
819 tsk->thread.trap_no = 14;
820 force_sig_info_fault(SIGSEGV, si_code, address, tsk);
824 if (is_f00f_bug(regs, address))
828 /* Are we prepared to handle this kernel fault? */
829 if (fixup_exception(regs))
834 * Valid to do another page fault here, because if this fault
835 * had been triggered by is_prefetch fixup_exception would have
839 * Hall of shame of CPU/BIOS bugs.
841 if (is_prefetch(regs, address, error_code))
844 if (is_errata93(regs, address))
848 * Oops. The kernel tried to access some bad page. We'll have to
849 * terminate things with extreme prejudice.
854 flags = oops_begin();
857 show_fault_oops(regs, error_code, address);
859 tsk->thread.cr2 = address;
860 tsk->thread.trap_no = 14;
861 tsk->thread.error_code = error_code;
864 die("Oops", regs, error_code);
868 if (__die("Oops", regs, error_code))
870 /* Executive summary in case the body of the oops scrolled away */
871 printk(KERN_EMERG "CR2: %016lx\n", address);
872 oops_end(flags, regs, SIGKILL);
876 * We ran out of memory, or some other thing happened to us that made
877 * us unable to handle the page fault gracefully.
880 up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
881 if (is_global_init(tsk)) {
884 down_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
891 printk("VM: killing process %s\n", tsk->comm);
892 if (error_code & PF_USER)
893 do_group_exit(SIGKILL);
897 up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
899 /* Kernel mode? Handle exceptions or die */
900 if (!(error_code & PF_USER))
903 /* User space => ok to do another page fault */
904 if (is_prefetch(regs, address, error_code))
907 tsk->thread.cr2 = address;
908 tsk->thread.error_code = error_code;
909 tsk->thread.trap_no = 14;
910 force_sig_info_fault(SIGBUS, BUS_ADRERR, address, tsk);
913 DEFINE_SPINLOCK(pgd_lock);
916 void vmalloc_sync_all(void)
919 unsigned long start = VMALLOC_START & PGDIR_MASK;
920 unsigned long address;
922 if (SHARED_KERNEL_PMD)
925 BUILD_BUG_ON(TASK_SIZE & ~PGDIR_MASK);
926 for (address = start; address >= TASK_SIZE; address += PGDIR_SIZE) {
930 spin_lock_irqsave(&pgd_lock, flags);
931 list_for_each_entry(page, &pgd_list, lru) {
932 if (!vmalloc_sync_one(page_address(page),
936 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&pgd_lock, flags);
938 #else /* CONFIG_X86_64 */
939 unsigned long start = VMALLOC_START & PGDIR_MASK;
940 unsigned long address;
942 for (address = start; address <= VMALLOC_END; address += PGDIR_SIZE) {
943 const pgd_t *pgd_ref = pgd_offset_k(address);
947 if (pgd_none(*pgd_ref))
949 spin_lock_irqsave(&pgd_lock, flags);
950 list_for_each_entry(page, &pgd_list, lru) {
952 pgd = (pgd_t *)page_address(page) + pgd_index(address);
954 set_pgd(pgd, *pgd_ref);
956 BUG_ON(pgd_page_vaddr(*pgd) != pgd_page_vaddr(*pgd_ref));
958 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&pgd_lock, flags);