2 * Driver for MT9V022 CMOS Image Sensor from Micron
4 * Copyright (C) 2008, Guennadi Liakhovetski <kernel@pengutronix.de>
6 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
7 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
8 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
11 #include <linux/videodev2.h>
12 #include <linux/slab.h>
13 #include <linux/i2c.h>
14 #include <linux/delay.h>
15 #include <linux/log2.h>
17 #include <media/v4l2-common.h>
18 #include <media/v4l2-chip-ident.h>
19 #include <media/soc_camera.h>
21 /* mt9v022 i2c address 0x48, 0x4c, 0x58, 0x5c
22 * The platform has to define i2c_board_info
23 * and call i2c_register_board_info() */
25 static char *sensor_type;
26 module_param(sensor_type, charp, S_IRUGO);
27 MODULE_PARM_DESC(sensor_type, "Sensor type: \"colour\" or \"monochrome\"");
29 /* mt9v022 selected register addresses */
30 #define MT9V022_CHIP_VERSION 0x00
31 #define MT9V022_COLUMN_START 0x01
32 #define MT9V022_ROW_START 0x02
33 #define MT9V022_WINDOW_HEIGHT 0x03
34 #define MT9V022_WINDOW_WIDTH 0x04
35 #define MT9V022_HORIZONTAL_BLANKING 0x05
36 #define MT9V022_VERTICAL_BLANKING 0x06
37 #define MT9V022_CHIP_CONTROL 0x07
38 #define MT9V022_SHUTTER_WIDTH1 0x08
39 #define MT9V022_SHUTTER_WIDTH2 0x09
40 #define MT9V022_SHUTTER_WIDTH_CTRL 0x0a
41 #define MT9V022_TOTAL_SHUTTER_WIDTH 0x0b
42 #define MT9V022_RESET 0x0c
43 #define MT9V022_READ_MODE 0x0d
44 #define MT9V022_MONITOR_MODE 0x0e
45 #define MT9V022_PIXEL_OPERATION_MODE 0x0f
46 #define MT9V022_LED_OUT_CONTROL 0x1b
47 #define MT9V022_ADC_MODE_CONTROL 0x1c
48 #define MT9V022_ANALOG_GAIN 0x34
49 #define MT9V022_BLACK_LEVEL_CALIB_CTRL 0x47
50 #define MT9V022_PIXCLK_FV_LV 0x74
51 #define MT9V022_DIGITAL_TEST_PATTERN 0x7f
52 #define MT9V022_AEC_AGC_ENABLE 0xAF
53 #define MT9V022_MAX_TOTAL_SHUTTER_WIDTH 0xBD
55 /* Progressive scan, master, defaults */
56 #define MT9V022_CHIP_CONTROL_DEFAULT 0x188
58 static const struct soc_camera_data_format mt9v022_colour_formats[] = {
59 /* Order important: first natively supported,
60 * second supported with a GPIO extender */
62 .name = "Bayer (sRGB) 10 bit",
64 .fourcc = V4L2_PIX_FMT_SBGGR16,
65 .colorspace = V4L2_COLORSPACE_SRGB,
67 .name = "Bayer (sRGB) 8 bit",
69 .fourcc = V4L2_PIX_FMT_SBGGR8,
70 .colorspace = V4L2_COLORSPACE_SRGB,
74 static const struct soc_camera_data_format mt9v022_monochrome_formats[] = {
75 /* Order important - see above */
77 .name = "Monochrome 10 bit",
79 .fourcc = V4L2_PIX_FMT_Y16,
81 .name = "Monochrome 8 bit",
83 .fourcc = V4L2_PIX_FMT_GREY,
88 struct i2c_client *client;
89 struct soc_camera_device icd;
90 int model; /* V4L2_IDENT_MT9V022* codes from v4l2-chip-ident.h */
94 static int reg_read(struct i2c_client *client, const u8 reg)
96 s32 data = i2c_smbus_read_word_data(client, reg);
97 return data < 0 ? data : swab16(data);
100 static int reg_write(struct i2c_client *client, const u8 reg,
103 return i2c_smbus_write_word_data(client, reg, swab16(data));
106 static int reg_set(struct i2c_client *client, const u8 reg,
111 ret = reg_read(client, reg);
114 return reg_write(client, reg, ret | data);
117 static int reg_clear(struct i2c_client *client, const u8 reg,
122 ret = reg_read(client, reg);
125 return reg_write(client, reg, ret & ~data);
128 static int mt9v022_init(struct soc_camera_device *icd)
130 struct i2c_client *client = to_i2c_client(icd->control);
131 struct mt9v022 *mt9v022 = container_of(icd, struct mt9v022, icd);
132 struct soc_camera_link *icl = client->dev.platform_data;
136 ret = icl->power(&client->dev, 1);
138 dev_err(icd->vdev->parent,
139 "Platform failed to power-on the camera.\n");
145 * The camera could have been already on, we hard-reset it additionally,
146 * if available. Soft reset is done in video_probe().
149 icl->reset(&client->dev);
151 /* Almost the default mode: master, parallel, simultaneous, and an
152 * undocumented bit 0x200, which is present in table 7, but not in 8,
153 * plus snapshot mode to disable scan for now */
154 mt9v022->chip_control |= 0x10;
155 ret = reg_write(client, MT9V022_CHIP_CONTROL, mt9v022->chip_control);
157 ret = reg_write(client, MT9V022_READ_MODE, 0x300);
162 ret = reg_set(client, MT9V022_AEC_AGC_ENABLE, 0x3);
164 ret = reg_write(client, MT9V022_MAX_TOTAL_SHUTTER_WIDTH, 480);
167 ret = reg_clear(client, MT9V022_BLACK_LEVEL_CALIB_CTRL, 1);
169 ret = reg_write(client, MT9V022_DIGITAL_TEST_PATTERN, 0);
174 static int mt9v022_release(struct soc_camera_device *icd)
176 struct mt9v022 *mt9v022 = container_of(icd, struct mt9v022, icd);
177 struct soc_camera_link *icl = mt9v022->client->dev.platform_data;
180 icl->power(&mt9v022->client->dev, 0);
185 static int mt9v022_start_capture(struct soc_camera_device *icd)
187 struct i2c_client *client = to_i2c_client(icd->control);
188 struct mt9v022 *mt9v022 = container_of(icd, struct mt9v022, icd);
189 /* Switch to master "normal" mode */
190 mt9v022->chip_control &= ~0x10;
191 if (reg_write(client, MT9V022_CHIP_CONTROL,
192 mt9v022->chip_control) < 0)
197 static int mt9v022_stop_capture(struct soc_camera_device *icd)
199 struct i2c_client *client = to_i2c_client(icd->control);
200 struct mt9v022 *mt9v022 = container_of(icd, struct mt9v022, icd);
201 /* Switch to snapshot mode */
202 mt9v022->chip_control |= 0x10;
203 if (reg_write(client, MT9V022_CHIP_CONTROL,
204 mt9v022->chip_control) < 0)
209 static int mt9v022_set_bus_param(struct soc_camera_device *icd,
212 struct i2c_client *client = to_i2c_client(icd->control);
213 struct mt9v022 *mt9v022 = container_of(icd, struct mt9v022, icd);
214 struct soc_camera_link *icl = client->dev.platform_data;
215 unsigned int width_flag = flags & SOCAM_DATAWIDTH_MASK;
219 /* Only one width bit may be set */
220 if (!is_power_of_2(width_flag))
223 if (icl->set_bus_param) {
224 ret = icl->set_bus_param(icl, width_flag);
229 * Without board specific bus width settings we only support the
230 * sensors native bus width
232 if (width_flag != SOCAM_DATAWIDTH_10)
236 flags = soc_camera_apply_sensor_flags(icl, flags);
238 if (flags & SOCAM_PCLK_SAMPLE_RISING)
241 if (!(flags & SOCAM_HSYNC_ACTIVE_HIGH))
244 if (!(flags & SOCAM_VSYNC_ACTIVE_HIGH))
247 ret = reg_write(client, MT9V022_PIXCLK_FV_LV, pixclk);
251 if (!(flags & SOCAM_MASTER))
252 mt9v022->chip_control &= ~0x8;
254 ret = reg_write(client, MT9V022_CHIP_CONTROL, mt9v022->chip_control);
258 dev_dbg(&icd->dev, "Calculated pixclk 0x%x, chip control 0x%x\n",
259 pixclk, mt9v022->chip_control);
264 static unsigned long mt9v022_query_bus_param(struct soc_camera_device *icd)
266 struct mt9v022 *mt9v022 = container_of(icd, struct mt9v022, icd);
267 struct soc_camera_link *icl = mt9v022->client->dev.platform_data;
268 unsigned int width_flag;
270 if (icl->query_bus_param)
271 width_flag = icl->query_bus_param(icl) &
272 SOCAM_DATAWIDTH_MASK;
274 width_flag = SOCAM_DATAWIDTH_10;
276 return SOCAM_PCLK_SAMPLE_RISING | SOCAM_PCLK_SAMPLE_FALLING |
277 SOCAM_HSYNC_ACTIVE_HIGH | SOCAM_HSYNC_ACTIVE_LOW |
278 SOCAM_VSYNC_ACTIVE_HIGH | SOCAM_VSYNC_ACTIVE_LOW |
279 SOCAM_DATA_ACTIVE_HIGH | SOCAM_MASTER | SOCAM_SLAVE |
283 static int mt9v022_set_crop(struct soc_camera_device *icd,
284 struct v4l2_rect *rect)
286 struct i2c_client *client = to_i2c_client(icd->control);
289 /* Like in example app. Contradicts the datasheet though */
290 ret = reg_read(client, MT9V022_AEC_AGC_ENABLE);
292 if (ret & 1) /* Autoexposure */
293 ret = reg_write(client, MT9V022_MAX_TOTAL_SHUTTER_WIDTH,
294 rect->height + icd->y_skip_top + 43);
296 ret = reg_write(client, MT9V022_TOTAL_SHUTTER_WIDTH,
297 rect->height + icd->y_skip_top + 43);
299 /* Setup frame format: defaults apart from width and height */
301 ret = reg_write(client, MT9V022_COLUMN_START, rect->left);
303 ret = reg_write(client, MT9V022_ROW_START, rect->top);
305 /* Default 94, Phytec driver says:
306 * "width + horizontal blank >= 660" */
307 ret = reg_write(client, MT9V022_HORIZONTAL_BLANKING,
308 rect->width > 660 - 43 ? 43 :
311 ret = reg_write(client, MT9V022_VERTICAL_BLANKING, 45);
313 ret = reg_write(client, MT9V022_WINDOW_WIDTH, rect->width);
315 ret = reg_write(client, MT9V022_WINDOW_HEIGHT,
316 rect->height + icd->y_skip_top);
321 dev_dbg(&icd->dev, "Frame %ux%u pixel\n", rect->width, rect->height);
326 static int mt9v022_set_fmt(struct soc_camera_device *icd,
327 struct v4l2_format *f)
329 struct mt9v022 *mt9v022 = container_of(icd, struct mt9v022, icd);
330 struct v4l2_pix_format *pix = &f->fmt.pix;
331 struct v4l2_rect rect = {
332 .left = icd->x_current,
333 .top = icd->y_current,
335 .height = pix->height,
338 /* The caller provides a supported format, as verified per call to
339 * icd->try_fmt(), datawidth is from our supported format list */
340 switch (pix->pixelformat) {
341 case V4L2_PIX_FMT_GREY:
342 case V4L2_PIX_FMT_Y16:
343 if (mt9v022->model != V4L2_IDENT_MT9V022IX7ATM)
346 case V4L2_PIX_FMT_SBGGR8:
347 case V4L2_PIX_FMT_SBGGR16:
348 if (mt9v022->model != V4L2_IDENT_MT9V022IX7ATC)
352 /* No format change, only geometry */
358 /* No support for scaling on this camera, just crop. */
359 return mt9v022_set_crop(icd, &rect);
362 static int mt9v022_try_fmt(struct soc_camera_device *icd,
363 struct v4l2_format *f)
365 struct v4l2_pix_format *pix = &f->fmt.pix;
367 if (pix->height < 32 + icd->y_skip_top)
368 pix->height = 32 + icd->y_skip_top;
369 if (pix->height > 480 + icd->y_skip_top)
370 pix->height = 480 + icd->y_skip_top;
373 if (pix->width > 752)
375 pix->width &= ~0x03; /* ? */
380 static int mt9v022_get_chip_id(struct soc_camera_device *icd,
381 struct v4l2_dbg_chip_ident *id)
383 struct mt9v022 *mt9v022 = container_of(icd, struct mt9v022, icd);
385 if (id->match.type != V4L2_CHIP_MATCH_I2C_ADDR)
388 if (id->match.addr != mt9v022->client->addr)
391 id->ident = mt9v022->model;
397 #ifdef CONFIG_VIDEO_ADV_DEBUG
398 static int mt9v022_get_register(struct soc_camera_device *icd,
399 struct v4l2_dbg_register *reg)
401 struct i2c_client *client = to_i2c_client(icd->control);
403 if (reg->match.type != V4L2_CHIP_MATCH_I2C_ADDR || reg->reg > 0xff)
406 if (reg->match.addr != client->addr)
410 reg->val = reg_read(client, reg->reg);
412 if (reg->val > 0xffff)
418 static int mt9v022_set_register(struct soc_camera_device *icd,
419 struct v4l2_dbg_register *reg)
421 struct i2c_client *client = to_i2c_client(icd->control);
423 if (reg->match.type != V4L2_CHIP_MATCH_I2C_ADDR || reg->reg > 0xff)
426 if (reg->match.addr != client->addr)
429 if (reg_write(client, reg->reg, reg->val) < 0)
436 static const struct v4l2_queryctrl mt9v022_controls[] = {
438 .id = V4L2_CID_VFLIP,
439 .type = V4L2_CTRL_TYPE_BOOLEAN,
440 .name = "Flip Vertically",
446 .id = V4L2_CID_HFLIP,
447 .type = V4L2_CTRL_TYPE_BOOLEAN,
448 .name = "Flip Horizontally",
455 .type = V4L2_CTRL_TYPE_INTEGER,
456 .name = "Analog Gain",
461 .flags = V4L2_CTRL_FLAG_SLIDER,
463 .id = V4L2_CID_EXPOSURE,
464 .type = V4L2_CTRL_TYPE_INTEGER,
469 .default_value = 255,
470 .flags = V4L2_CTRL_FLAG_SLIDER,
472 .id = V4L2_CID_AUTOGAIN,
473 .type = V4L2_CTRL_TYPE_BOOLEAN,
474 .name = "Automatic Gain",
480 .id = V4L2_CID_EXPOSURE_AUTO,
481 .type = V4L2_CTRL_TYPE_BOOLEAN,
482 .name = "Automatic Exposure",
490 static int mt9v022_video_probe(struct soc_camera_device *);
491 static void mt9v022_video_remove(struct soc_camera_device *);
492 static int mt9v022_get_control(struct soc_camera_device *, struct v4l2_control *);
493 static int mt9v022_set_control(struct soc_camera_device *, struct v4l2_control *);
495 static struct soc_camera_ops mt9v022_ops = {
496 .owner = THIS_MODULE,
497 .probe = mt9v022_video_probe,
498 .remove = mt9v022_video_remove,
499 .init = mt9v022_init,
500 .release = mt9v022_release,
501 .start_capture = mt9v022_start_capture,
502 .stop_capture = mt9v022_stop_capture,
503 .set_crop = mt9v022_set_crop,
504 .set_fmt = mt9v022_set_fmt,
505 .try_fmt = mt9v022_try_fmt,
506 .set_bus_param = mt9v022_set_bus_param,
507 .query_bus_param = mt9v022_query_bus_param,
508 .controls = mt9v022_controls,
509 .num_controls = ARRAY_SIZE(mt9v022_controls),
510 .get_control = mt9v022_get_control,
511 .set_control = mt9v022_set_control,
512 .get_chip_id = mt9v022_get_chip_id,
513 #ifdef CONFIG_VIDEO_ADV_DEBUG
514 .get_register = mt9v022_get_register,
515 .set_register = mt9v022_set_register,
519 static int mt9v022_get_control(struct soc_camera_device *icd,
520 struct v4l2_control *ctrl)
522 struct i2c_client *client = to_i2c_client(icd->control);
527 data = reg_read(client, MT9V022_READ_MODE);
530 ctrl->value = !!(data & 0x10);
533 data = reg_read(client, MT9V022_READ_MODE);
536 ctrl->value = !!(data & 0x20);
538 case V4L2_CID_EXPOSURE_AUTO:
539 data = reg_read(client, MT9V022_AEC_AGC_ENABLE);
542 ctrl->value = !!(data & 0x1);
544 case V4L2_CID_AUTOGAIN:
545 data = reg_read(client, MT9V022_AEC_AGC_ENABLE);
548 ctrl->value = !!(data & 0x2);
554 static int mt9v022_set_control(struct soc_camera_device *icd,
555 struct v4l2_control *ctrl)
558 struct i2c_client *client = to_i2c_client(icd->control);
559 const struct v4l2_queryctrl *qctrl;
561 qctrl = soc_camera_find_qctrl(&mt9v022_ops, ctrl->id);
569 data = reg_set(client, MT9V022_READ_MODE, 0x10);
571 data = reg_clear(client, MT9V022_READ_MODE, 0x10);
577 data = reg_set(client, MT9V022_READ_MODE, 0x20);
579 data = reg_clear(client, MT9V022_READ_MODE, 0x20);
584 /* mt9v022 has minimum == default */
585 if (ctrl->value > qctrl->maximum || ctrl->value < qctrl->minimum)
588 unsigned long range = qctrl->maximum - qctrl->minimum;
589 /* Datasheet says 16 to 64. autogain only works properly
590 * after setting gain to maximum 14. Larger values
591 * produce "white fly" noise effect. On the whole,
592 * manually setting analog gain does no good. */
593 unsigned long gain = ((ctrl->value - qctrl->minimum) *
594 10 + range / 2) / range + 4;
597 /* The user wants to set gain manually, hope, she
598 * knows, what she's doing... Switch AGC off. */
600 if (reg_clear(client, MT9V022_AEC_AGC_ENABLE, 0x2) < 0)
603 dev_info(&icd->dev, "Setting gain from %d to %lu\n",
604 reg_read(client, MT9V022_ANALOG_GAIN), gain);
605 if (reg_write(client, MT9V022_ANALOG_GAIN, gain) < 0)
607 icd->gain = ctrl->value;
610 case V4L2_CID_EXPOSURE:
611 /* mt9v022 has maximum == default */
612 if (ctrl->value > qctrl->maximum || ctrl->value < qctrl->minimum)
615 unsigned long range = qctrl->maximum - qctrl->minimum;
616 unsigned long shutter = ((ctrl->value - qctrl->minimum) *
617 479 + range / 2) / range + 1;
618 /* The user wants to set shutter width manually, hope,
619 * she knows, what she's doing... Switch AEC off. */
621 if (reg_clear(client, MT9V022_AEC_AGC_ENABLE, 0x1) < 0)
624 dev_dbg(&icd->dev, "Shutter width from %d to %lu\n",
625 reg_read(client, MT9V022_TOTAL_SHUTTER_WIDTH),
627 if (reg_write(client, MT9V022_TOTAL_SHUTTER_WIDTH,
630 icd->exposure = ctrl->value;
633 case V4L2_CID_AUTOGAIN:
635 data = reg_set(client, MT9V022_AEC_AGC_ENABLE, 0x2);
637 data = reg_clear(client, MT9V022_AEC_AGC_ENABLE, 0x2);
641 case V4L2_CID_EXPOSURE_AUTO:
643 data = reg_set(client, MT9V022_AEC_AGC_ENABLE, 0x1);
645 data = reg_clear(client, MT9V022_AEC_AGC_ENABLE, 0x1);
653 /* Interface active, can use i2c. If it fails, it can indeed mean, that
654 * this wasn't our capture interface, so, we wait for the right one */
655 static int mt9v022_video_probe(struct soc_camera_device *icd)
657 struct i2c_client *client = to_i2c_client(icd->control);
658 struct mt9v022 *mt9v022 = container_of(icd, struct mt9v022, icd);
659 struct soc_camera_link *icl = client->dev.platform_data;
664 if (!icd->dev.parent ||
665 to_soc_camera_host(icd->dev.parent)->nr != icd->iface)
668 /* Read out the chip version register */
669 data = reg_read(client, MT9V022_CHIP_VERSION);
671 /* must be 0x1311 or 0x1313 */
672 if (data != 0x1311 && data != 0x1313) {
674 dev_info(&icd->dev, "No MT9V022 detected, ID register 0x%x\n",
680 ret = reg_write(client, MT9V022_RESET, 1);
683 /* 15 clock cycles */
685 if (reg_read(client, MT9V022_RESET)) {
686 dev_err(&icd->dev, "Resetting MT9V022 failed!\n");
690 /* Set monochrome or colour sensor type */
691 if (sensor_type && (!strcmp("colour", sensor_type) ||
692 !strcmp("color", sensor_type))) {
693 ret = reg_write(client, MT9V022_PIXEL_OPERATION_MODE, 4 | 0x11);
694 mt9v022->model = V4L2_IDENT_MT9V022IX7ATC;
695 icd->formats = mt9v022_colour_formats;
697 ret = reg_write(client, MT9V022_PIXEL_OPERATION_MODE, 0x11);
698 mt9v022->model = V4L2_IDENT_MT9V022IX7ATM;
699 icd->formats = mt9v022_monochrome_formats;
705 icd->num_formats = 0;
708 * This is a 10bit sensor, so by default we only allow 10bit.
709 * The platform may support different bus widths due to
710 * different routing of the data lines.
712 if (icl->query_bus_param)
713 flags = icl->query_bus_param(icl);
715 flags = SOCAM_DATAWIDTH_10;
717 if (flags & SOCAM_DATAWIDTH_10)
722 if (flags & SOCAM_DATAWIDTH_8)
725 ret = soc_camera_video_start(icd);
729 dev_info(&icd->dev, "Detected a MT9V022 chip ID %x, %s sensor\n",
730 data, mt9v022->model == V4L2_IDENT_MT9V022IX7ATM ?
731 "monochrome" : "colour");
740 static void mt9v022_video_remove(struct soc_camera_device *icd)
742 struct mt9v022 *mt9v022 = container_of(icd, struct mt9v022, icd);
743 struct soc_camera_link *icl = mt9v022->client->dev.platform_data;
745 dev_dbg(&icd->dev, "Video %x removed: %p, %p\n", mt9v022->client->addr,
746 icd->dev.parent, icd->vdev);
747 soc_camera_video_stop(icd);
752 static int mt9v022_probe(struct i2c_client *client,
753 const struct i2c_device_id *did)
755 struct mt9v022 *mt9v022;
756 struct soc_camera_device *icd;
757 struct i2c_adapter *adapter = to_i2c_adapter(client->dev.parent);
758 struct soc_camera_link *icl = client->dev.platform_data;
762 dev_err(&client->dev, "MT9V022 driver needs platform data\n");
766 if (!i2c_check_functionality(adapter, I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WORD_DATA)) {
767 dev_warn(&adapter->dev,
768 "I2C-Adapter doesn't support I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WORD\n");
772 mt9v022 = kzalloc(sizeof(struct mt9v022), GFP_KERNEL);
776 mt9v022->chip_control = MT9V022_CHIP_CONTROL_DEFAULT;
777 mt9v022->client = client;
778 i2c_set_clientdata(client, mt9v022);
781 icd->ops = &mt9v022_ops;
782 icd->control = &client->dev;
788 icd->width_max = 752;
789 icd->height_min = 32;
790 icd->height_max = 480;
792 icd->iface = icl->bus_id;
794 ret = soc_camera_device_register(icd);
805 static int mt9v022_remove(struct i2c_client *client)
807 struct mt9v022 *mt9v022 = i2c_get_clientdata(client);
809 soc_camera_device_unregister(&mt9v022->icd);
814 static const struct i2c_device_id mt9v022_id[] = {
818 MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(i2c, mt9v022_id);
820 static struct i2c_driver mt9v022_i2c_driver = {
824 .probe = mt9v022_probe,
825 .remove = mt9v022_remove,
826 .id_table = mt9v022_id,
829 static int __init mt9v022_mod_init(void)
831 return i2c_add_driver(&mt9v022_i2c_driver);
834 static void __exit mt9v022_mod_exit(void)
836 i2c_del_driver(&mt9v022_i2c_driver);
839 module_init(mt9v022_mod_init);
840 module_exit(mt9v022_mod_exit);
842 MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Micron MT9V022 Camera driver");
843 MODULE_AUTHOR("Guennadi Liakhovetski <kernel@pengutronix.de>");
844 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");