4 We are calling them lightweight for 3 reasons:
6 - in the user-space fastpath a PI-enabled futex involves no kernel work
7 (or any other PI complexity) at all. No registration, no extra kernel
8 calls - just pure fast atomic ops in userspace.
10 - even in the slowpath, the system call and scheduling pattern is very
11 similar to normal futexes.
13 - the in-kernel PI implementation is streamlined around the mutex
14 abstraction, with strict rules that keep the implementation
15 relatively simple: only a single owner may own a lock (i.e. no
16 read-write lock support), only the owner may unlock a lock, no
17 recursive locking, etc.
19 Priority Inheritance - why?
20 ---------------------------
22 The short reply: user-space PI helps achieving/improving determinism for
23 user-space applications. In the best-case, it can help achieve
24 determinism and well-bound latencies. Even in the worst-case, PI will
25 improve the statistical distribution of locking related application
31 Firstly, sharing locks between multiple tasks is a common programming
32 technique that often cannot be replaced with lockless algorithms. As we
33 can see it in the kernel [which is a quite complex program in itself],
34 lockless structures are rather the exception than the norm - the current
35 ratio of lockless vs. locky code for shared data structures is somewhere
36 between 1:10 and 1:100. Lockless is hard, and the complexity of lockless
37 algorithms often endangers to ability to do robust reviews of said code.
38 I.e. critical RT apps often choose lock structures to protect critical
39 data structures, instead of lockless algorithms. Furthermore, there are
40 cases (like shared hardware, or other resource limits) where lockless
41 access is mathematically impossible.
43 Media players (such as Jack) are an example of reasonable application
44 design with multiple tasks (with multiple priority levels) sharing
45 short-held locks: for example, a highprio audio playback thread is
46 combined with medium-prio construct-audio-data threads and low-prio
47 display-colory-stuff threads. Add video and decoding to the mix and
48 we've got even more priority levels.
50 So once we accept that synchronization objects (locks) are an
51 unavoidable fact of life, and once we accept that multi-task userspace
52 apps have a very fair expectation of being able to use locks, we've got
53 to think about how to offer the option of a deterministic locking
54 implementation to user-space.
56 Most of the technical counter-arguments against doing priority
57 inheritance only apply to kernel-space locks. But user-space locks are
58 different, there we cannot disable interrupts or make the task
59 non-preemptible in a critical section, so the 'use spinlocks' argument
60 does not apply (user-space spinlocks have the same priority inversion
61 problems as other user-space locking constructs). Fact is, pretty much
62 the only technique that currently enables good determinism for userspace
63 locks (such as futex-based pthread mutexes) is priority inheritance:
65 Currently (without PI), if a high-prio and a low-prio task shares a lock
66 [this is a quite common scenario for most non-trivial RT applications],
67 even if all critical sections are coded carefully to be deterministic
68 (i.e. all critical sections are short in duration and only execute a
69 limited number of instructions), the kernel cannot guarantee any
70 deterministic execution of the high-prio task: any medium-priority task
71 could preempt the low-prio task while it holds the shared lock and
72 executes the critical section, and could delay it indefinitely.
77 As mentioned before, the userspace fastpath of PI-enabled pthread
78 mutexes involves no kernel work at all - they behave quite similarly to
79 normal futex-based locks: a 0 value means unlocked, and a value==TID
80 means locked. (This is the same method as used by list-based robust
81 futexes.) Userspace uses atomic ops to lock/unlock these mutexes without
84 To handle the slowpath, we have added two new futex ops:
89 If the lock-acquire fastpath fails, [i.e. an atomic transition from 0 to
90 TID fails], then FUTEX_LOCK_PI is called. The kernel does all the
91 remaining work: if there is no futex-queue attached to the futex address
92 yet then the code looks up the task that owns the futex [it has put its
93 own TID into the futex value], and attaches a 'PI state' structure to
94 the futex-queue. The pi_state includes an rt-mutex, which is a PI-aware,
95 kernel-based synchronization object. The 'other' task is made the owner
96 of the rt-mutex, and the FUTEX_WAITERS bit is atomically set in the
97 futex value. Then this task tries to lock the rt-mutex, on which it
98 blocks. Once it returns, it has the mutex acquired, and it sets the
99 futex value to its own TID and returns. Userspace has no other work to
100 perform - it now owns the lock, and futex value contains
103 If the unlock side fastpath succeeds, [i.e. userspace manages to do a
104 TID -> 0 atomic transition of the futex value], then no kernel work is
107 If the unlock fastpath fails (because the FUTEX_WAITERS bit is set),
108 then FUTEX_UNLOCK_PI is called, and the kernel unlocks the futex on the
109 behalf of userspace - and it also unlocks the attached
110 pi_state->rt_mutex and thus wakes up any potential waiters.
112 Note that under this approach, contrary to previous PI-futex approaches,
113 there is no prior 'registration' of a PI-futex. [which is not quite
114 possible anyway, due to existing ABI properties of pthread mutexes.]
116 Also, under this scheme, 'robustness' and 'PI' are two orthogonal
117 properties of futexes, and all four combinations are possible: futex,
118 robust-futex, PI-futex, robust+PI-futex.
120 More details about priority inheritance can be found in
121 Documentation/rt-mutex.txt.
projects / linux-2.6 / blob