4 Page migration allows the moving of the physical location of pages between
5 nodes in a numa system while the process is running. This means that the
6 virtual addresses that the process sees do not change. However, the
7 system rearranges the physical location of those pages.
9 The main intend of page migration is to reduce the latency of memory access
10 by moving pages near to the processor where the process accessing that memory
13 Page migration allows a process to manually relocate the node on which its
14 pages are located through the MF_MOVE and MF_MOVE_ALL options while setting
15 a new memory policy. The pages of process can also be relocated
16 from another process using the sys_migrate_pages() function call. The
17 migrate_pages function call takes two sets of nodes and moves pages of a
18 process that are located on the from nodes to the destination nodes.
20 Manual migration is very useful if for example the scheduler has relocated
21 a process to a processor on a distant node. A batch scheduler or an
22 administrator may detect the situation and move the pages of the process
23 nearer to the new processor. At some point in the future we may have
24 some mechanism in the scheduler that will automatically move the pages.
26 Larger installations usually partition the system using cpusets into
27 sections of nodes. Paul Jackson has equipped cpusets with the ability to
28 move pages when a task is moved to another cpuset. This allows automatic
29 control over locality of a process. If a task is moved to a new cpuset
30 then also all its pages are moved with it so that the performance of the
31 process does not sink dramatically (as is the case today).
33 Page migration allows the preservation of the relative location of pages
34 within a group of nodes for all migration techniques which will preserve a
35 particular memory allocation pattern generated even after migrating a
36 process. This is necessary in order to preserve the memory latencies.
37 Processes will run with similar performance after migration.
39 Page migration occurs in several steps. First a high level
40 description for those trying to use migrate_pages() and then
41 a low level description of how the low level details work.
43 A. Use of migrate_pages()
44 -------------------------
46 1. Remove pages from the LRU.
48 Lists of pages to be migrated are generated by scanning over
49 pages and moving them into lists. This is done by
50 calling isolate_lru_page() or __isolate_lru_page().
51 Calling isolate_lru_page increases the references to the page
52 so that it cannot vanish under us.
54 2. Generate a list of newly allocates page to move the contents
57 3. The migrate_pages() function is called which attempts
58 to do the migration. It returns the moved pages in the
59 list specified as the third parameter and the failed
60 migrations in the fourth parameter. The first parameter
61 will contain the pages that could still be retried.
63 4. The leftover pages of various types are returned
64 to the LRU using putback_to_lru_pages() or otherwise
65 disposed of. The pages will still have the refcount as
66 increased by isolate_lru_pages()!
68 B. Operation of migrate_pages()
69 --------------------------------
71 migrate_pages does several passes over its list of pages. A page is moved
72 if all references to a page are removable at the time.
76 1. Lock the page to be migrated
78 2. Insure that writeback is complete.
80 3. Make sure that the page has assigned swap cache entry if
81 it is an anonyous page. The swap cache reference is necessary
82 to preserve the information contain in the page table maps.
84 4. Prep the new page that we want to move to. It is locked
85 and set to not being uptodate so that all accesses to the new
86 page immediately lock while we are moving references.
88 5. All the page table references to the page are either dropped (file backed)
89 or converted to swap references (anonymous pages). This should decrease the
92 6. The radix tree lock is taken
94 7. The refcount of the page is examined and we back out if references remain
95 otherwise we know that we are the only one referencing this page.
97 8. The radix tree is checked and if it does not contain the pointer to this
98 page then we back out.
100 9. The mapping is checked. If the mapping is gone then a truncate action may
101 be in progress and we back out.
103 10. The new page is prepped with some settings from the old page so that accesses
104 to the new page will be discovered to have the correct settings.
106 11. The radix tree is changed to point to the new page.
108 12. The reference count of the old page is dropped because the reference has now
111 13. The radix tree lock is dropped.
113 14. The page contents are copied to the new page.
115 15. The remaining page flags are copied to the new page.
117 16. The old page flags are cleared to indicate that the page does
118 not use any information anymore.
120 17. Queued up writeback on the new page is triggered.
122 18. If swap pte's were generated for the page then remove them again.
124 19. The locks are dropped from the old and new page.
126 20. The new page is moved to the LRU.
128 Christoph Lameter, December 19, 2005.