2  * Copyright (c) 2004, 2005 Topspin Communications.  All rights reserved.
 
   3  * Copyright (c) 2005 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
 
   4  * Copyright (c) 2005 Mellanox Technologies. All rights reserved.
 
   5  * Copyright (c) 2004, 2005 Voltaire, Inc. All rights reserved.
 
   7  * This software is available to you under a choice of one of two
 
   8  * licenses.  You may choose to be licensed under the terms of the GNU
 
   9  * General Public License (GPL) Version 2, available from the file
 
  10  * COPYING in the main directory of this source tree, or the
 
  11  * OpenIB.org BSD license below:
 
  13  *     Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
 
  14  *     without modification, are permitted provided that the following
 
  17  *      - Redistributions of source code must retain the above
 
  18  *        copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
 
  21  *      - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
 
  22  *        copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
 
  23  *        disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
 
  24  *        provided with the distribution.
 
  26  * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
 
  27  * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
 
  28  * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
 
  29  * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS
 
  30  * BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN
 
  31  * ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
 
  32  * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
 
  35  * $Id: ipoib_ib.c 1386 2004-12-27 16:23:17Z roland $
 
  38 #include <linux/delay.h>
 
  39 #include <linux/dma-mapping.h>
 
  41 #include <rdma/ib_cache.h>
 
  45 #ifdef CONFIG_INFINIBAND_IPOIB_DEBUG_DATA
 
  46 static int data_debug_level;
 
  48 module_param(data_debug_level, int, 0644);
 
  49 MODULE_PARM_DESC(data_debug_level,
 
  50                  "Enable data path debug tracing if > 0");
 
  53 #define IPOIB_OP_RECV   (1ul << 31)
 
  55 static DEFINE_MUTEX(pkey_mutex);
 
  57 struct ipoib_ah *ipoib_create_ah(struct net_device *dev,
 
  58                                  struct ib_pd *pd, struct ib_ah_attr *attr)
 
  62         ah = kmalloc(sizeof *ah, GFP_KERNEL);
 
  70         ah->ah = ib_create_ah(pd, attr);
 
  75                 ipoib_dbg(netdev_priv(dev), "Created ah %p\n", ah->ah);
 
  80 void ipoib_free_ah(struct kref *kref)
 
  82         struct ipoib_ah *ah = container_of(kref, struct ipoib_ah, ref);
 
  83         struct ipoib_dev_priv *priv = netdev_priv(ah->dev);
 
  87         if ((int) priv->tx_tail - (int) ah->last_send >= 0) {
 
  88                 ipoib_dbg(priv, "Freeing ah %p\n", ah->ah);
 
  89                 ib_destroy_ah(ah->ah);
 
  92                 spin_lock_irqsave(&priv->lock, flags);
 
  93                 list_add_tail(&ah->list, &priv->dead_ahs);
 
  94                 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&priv->lock, flags);
 
  98 static int ipoib_ib_post_receive(struct net_device *dev, int id)
 
 100         struct ipoib_dev_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
 
 102         struct ib_recv_wr param;
 
 103         struct ib_recv_wr *bad_wr;
 
 106         list.addr     = priv->rx_ring[id].mapping;
 
 107         list.length   = IPOIB_BUF_SIZE;
 
 108         list.lkey     = priv->mr->lkey;
 
 111         param.wr_id   = id | IPOIB_OP_RECV;
 
 112         param.sg_list = &list;
 
 115         ret = ib_post_recv(priv->qp, ¶m, &bad_wr);
 
 117                 ipoib_warn(priv, "receive failed for buf %d (%d)\n", id, ret);
 
 118                 dma_unmap_single(priv->ca->dma_device,
 
 119                                  priv->rx_ring[id].mapping,
 
 120                                  IPOIB_BUF_SIZE, DMA_FROM_DEVICE);
 
 121                 dev_kfree_skb_any(priv->rx_ring[id].skb);
 
 122                 priv->rx_ring[id].skb = NULL;
 
 128 static int ipoib_alloc_rx_skb(struct net_device *dev, int id)
 
 130         struct ipoib_dev_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
 
 134         skb = dev_alloc_skb(IPOIB_BUF_SIZE + 4);
 
 139          * IB will leave a 40 byte gap for a GRH and IPoIB adds a 4 byte
 
 140          * header.  So we need 4 more bytes to get to 48 and align the
 
 141          * IP header to a multiple of 16.
 
 145         addr = dma_map_single(priv->ca->dma_device,
 
 146                               skb->data, IPOIB_BUF_SIZE,
 
 148         if (unlikely(dma_mapping_error(addr))) {
 
 149                 dev_kfree_skb_any(skb);
 
 153         priv->rx_ring[id].skb     = skb;
 
 154         priv->rx_ring[id].mapping = addr;
 
 159 static int ipoib_ib_post_receives(struct net_device *dev)
 
 161         struct ipoib_dev_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
 
 164         for (i = 0; i < IPOIB_RX_RING_SIZE; ++i) {
 
 165                 if (ipoib_alloc_rx_skb(dev, i)) {
 
 166                         ipoib_warn(priv, "failed to allocate receive buffer %d\n", i);
 
 169                 if (ipoib_ib_post_receive(dev, i)) {
 
 170                         ipoib_warn(priv, "ipoib_ib_post_receive failed for buf %d\n", i);
 
 178 static void ipoib_ib_handle_wc(struct net_device *dev,
 
 181         struct ipoib_dev_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
 
 182         unsigned int wr_id = wc->wr_id;
 
 184         ipoib_dbg_data(priv, "called: id %d, op %d, status: %d\n",
 
 185                        wr_id, wc->opcode, wc->status);
 
 187         if (wr_id & IPOIB_OP_RECV) {
 
 188                 wr_id &= ~IPOIB_OP_RECV;
 
 190                 if (wr_id < IPOIB_RX_RING_SIZE) {
 
 191                         struct sk_buff *skb  = priv->rx_ring[wr_id].skb;
 
 192                         dma_addr_t      addr = priv->rx_ring[wr_id].mapping;
 
 194                         if (unlikely(wc->status != IB_WC_SUCCESS)) {
 
 195                                 if (wc->status != IB_WC_WR_FLUSH_ERR)
 
 196                                         ipoib_warn(priv, "failed recv event "
 
 197                                                    "(status=%d, wrid=%d vend_err %x)\n",
 
 198                                                    wc->status, wr_id, wc->vendor_err);
 
 199                                 dma_unmap_single(priv->ca->dma_device, addr,
 
 200                                                  IPOIB_BUF_SIZE, DMA_FROM_DEVICE);
 
 201                                 dev_kfree_skb_any(skb);
 
 202                                 priv->rx_ring[wr_id].skb = NULL;
 
 207                          * If we can't allocate a new RX buffer, dump
 
 208                          * this packet and reuse the old buffer.
 
 210                         if (unlikely(ipoib_alloc_rx_skb(dev, wr_id))) {
 
 211                                 ++priv->stats.rx_dropped;
 
 215                         ipoib_dbg_data(priv, "received %d bytes, SLID 0x%04x\n",
 
 216                                        wc->byte_len, wc->slid);
 
 218                         dma_unmap_single(priv->ca->dma_device, addr,
 
 219                                          IPOIB_BUF_SIZE, DMA_FROM_DEVICE);
 
 221                         skb_put(skb, wc->byte_len);
 
 222                         skb_pull(skb, IB_GRH_BYTES);
 
 224                         if (wc->slid != priv->local_lid ||
 
 225                             wc->src_qp != priv->qp->qp_num) {
 
 226                                 skb->protocol = ((struct ipoib_header *) skb->data)->proto;
 
 227                                 skb->mac.raw = skb->data;
 
 228                                 skb_pull(skb, IPOIB_ENCAP_LEN);
 
 230                                 dev->last_rx = jiffies;
 
 231                                 ++priv->stats.rx_packets;
 
 232                                 priv->stats.rx_bytes += skb->len;
 
 235                                 /* XXX get correct PACKET_ type here */
 
 236                                 skb->pkt_type = PACKET_HOST;
 
 239                                 ipoib_dbg_data(priv, "dropping loopback packet\n");
 
 240                                 dev_kfree_skb_any(skb);
 
 244                         if (unlikely(ipoib_ib_post_receive(dev, wr_id)))
 
 245                                 ipoib_warn(priv, "ipoib_ib_post_receive failed "
 
 246                                            "for buf %d\n", wr_id);
 
 248                         ipoib_warn(priv, "completion event with wrid %d\n",
 
 252                 struct ipoib_tx_buf *tx_req;
 
 255                 if (wr_id >= IPOIB_TX_RING_SIZE) {
 
 256                         ipoib_warn(priv, "completion event with wrid %d (> %d)\n",
 
 257                                    wr_id, IPOIB_TX_RING_SIZE);
 
 261                 ipoib_dbg_data(priv, "send complete, wrid %d\n", wr_id);
 
 263                 tx_req = &priv->tx_ring[wr_id];
 
 265                 dma_unmap_single(priv->ca->dma_device,
 
 266                                  pci_unmap_addr(tx_req, mapping),
 
 270                 ++priv->stats.tx_packets;
 
 271                 priv->stats.tx_bytes += tx_req->skb->len;
 
 273                 dev_kfree_skb_any(tx_req->skb);
 
 275                 spin_lock_irqsave(&priv->tx_lock, flags);
 
 277                 if (netif_queue_stopped(dev) &&
 
 278                     priv->tx_head - priv->tx_tail <= IPOIB_TX_RING_SIZE / 2)
 
 279                         netif_wake_queue(dev);
 
 280                 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&priv->tx_lock, flags);
 
 282                 if (wc->status != IB_WC_SUCCESS &&
 
 283                     wc->status != IB_WC_WR_FLUSH_ERR)
 
 284                         ipoib_warn(priv, "failed send event "
 
 285                                    "(status=%d, wrid=%d vend_err %x)\n",
 
 286                                    wc->status, wr_id, wc->vendor_err);
 
 290 void ipoib_ib_completion(struct ib_cq *cq, void *dev_ptr)
 
 292         struct net_device *dev = (struct net_device *) dev_ptr;
 
 293         struct ipoib_dev_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
 
 296         ib_req_notify_cq(cq, IB_CQ_NEXT_COMP);
 
 298                 n = ib_poll_cq(cq, IPOIB_NUM_WC, priv->ibwc);
 
 299                 for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
 
 300                         ipoib_ib_handle_wc(dev, priv->ibwc + i);
 
 301         } while (n == IPOIB_NUM_WC);
 
 304 static inline int post_send(struct ipoib_dev_priv *priv,
 
 306                             struct ib_ah *address, u32 qpn,
 
 307                             dma_addr_t addr, int len)
 
 309         struct ib_send_wr *bad_wr;
 
 311         priv->tx_sge.addr             = addr;
 
 312         priv->tx_sge.length           = len;
 
 314         priv->tx_wr.wr_id             = wr_id;
 
 315         priv->tx_wr.wr.ud.remote_qpn  = qpn;
 
 316         priv->tx_wr.wr.ud.ah          = address;
 
 318         return ib_post_send(priv->qp, &priv->tx_wr, &bad_wr);
 
 321 void ipoib_send(struct net_device *dev, struct sk_buff *skb,
 
 322                 struct ipoib_ah *address, u32 qpn)
 
 324         struct ipoib_dev_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
 
 325         struct ipoib_tx_buf *tx_req;
 
 328         if (skb->len > dev->mtu + INFINIBAND_ALEN) {
 
 329                 ipoib_warn(priv, "packet len %d (> %d) too long to send, dropping\n",
 
 330                            skb->len, dev->mtu + INFINIBAND_ALEN);
 
 331                 ++priv->stats.tx_dropped;
 
 332                 ++priv->stats.tx_errors;
 
 333                 dev_kfree_skb_any(skb);
 
 337         ipoib_dbg_data(priv, "sending packet, length=%d address=%p qpn=0x%06x\n",
 
 338                        skb->len, address, qpn);
 
 341          * We put the skb into the tx_ring _before_ we call post_send()
 
 342          * because it's entirely possible that the completion handler will
 
 343          * run before we execute anything after the post_send().  That
 
 344          * means we have to make sure everything is properly recorded and
 
 345          * our state is consistent before we call post_send().
 
 347         tx_req = &priv->tx_ring[priv->tx_head & (IPOIB_TX_RING_SIZE - 1)];
 
 349         addr = dma_map_single(priv->ca->dma_device, skb->data, skb->len,
 
 351         pci_unmap_addr_set(tx_req, mapping, addr);
 
 353         if (unlikely(post_send(priv, priv->tx_head & (IPOIB_TX_RING_SIZE - 1),
 
 354                                address->ah, qpn, addr, skb->len))) {
 
 355                 ipoib_warn(priv, "post_send failed\n");
 
 356                 ++priv->stats.tx_errors;
 
 357                 dma_unmap_single(priv->ca->dma_device, addr, skb->len,
 
 359                 dev_kfree_skb_any(skb);
 
 361                 dev->trans_start = jiffies;
 
 363                 address->last_send = priv->tx_head;
 
 366                 if (priv->tx_head - priv->tx_tail == IPOIB_TX_RING_SIZE) {
 
 367                         ipoib_dbg(priv, "TX ring full, stopping kernel net queue\n");
 
 368                         netif_stop_queue(dev);
 
 373 static void __ipoib_reap_ah(struct net_device *dev)
 
 375         struct ipoib_dev_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
 
 376         struct ipoib_ah *ah, *tah;
 
 377         LIST_HEAD(remove_list);
 
 379         spin_lock_irq(&priv->lock);
 
 380         list_for_each_entry_safe(ah, tah, &priv->dead_ahs, list)
 
 381                 if ((int) priv->tx_tail - (int) ah->last_send >= 0) {
 
 383                         list_add_tail(&ah->list, &remove_list);
 
 385         spin_unlock_irq(&priv->lock);
 
 387         list_for_each_entry_safe(ah, tah, &remove_list, list) {
 
 388                 ipoib_dbg(priv, "Reaping ah %p\n", ah->ah);
 
 389                 ib_destroy_ah(ah->ah);
 
 394 void ipoib_reap_ah(void *dev_ptr)
 
 396         struct net_device *dev = dev_ptr;
 
 397         struct ipoib_dev_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
 
 399         __ipoib_reap_ah(dev);
 
 401         if (!test_bit(IPOIB_STOP_REAPER, &priv->flags))
 
 402                 queue_delayed_work(ipoib_workqueue, &priv->ah_reap_task, HZ);
 
 405 int ipoib_ib_dev_open(struct net_device *dev)
 
 407         struct ipoib_dev_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
 
 410         ret = ipoib_init_qp(dev);
 
 412                 ipoib_warn(priv, "ipoib_init_qp returned %d\n", ret);
 
 416         ret = ipoib_ib_post_receives(dev);
 
 418                 ipoib_warn(priv, "ipoib_ib_post_receives returned %d\n", ret);
 
 422         clear_bit(IPOIB_STOP_REAPER, &priv->flags);
 
 423         queue_delayed_work(ipoib_workqueue, &priv->ah_reap_task, HZ);
 
 428 int ipoib_ib_dev_up(struct net_device *dev)
 
 430         struct ipoib_dev_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
 
 432         set_bit(IPOIB_FLAG_OPER_UP, &priv->flags);
 
 434         return ipoib_mcast_start_thread(dev);
 
 437 int ipoib_ib_dev_down(struct net_device *dev)
 
 439         struct ipoib_dev_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
 
 441         ipoib_dbg(priv, "downing ib_dev\n");
 
 443         clear_bit(IPOIB_FLAG_OPER_UP, &priv->flags);
 
 444         netif_carrier_off(dev);
 
 446         /* Shutdown the P_Key thread if still active */
 
 447         if (!test_bit(IPOIB_PKEY_ASSIGNED, &priv->flags)) {
 
 448                 mutex_lock(&pkey_mutex);
 
 449                 set_bit(IPOIB_PKEY_STOP, &priv->flags);
 
 450                 cancel_delayed_work(&priv->pkey_task);
 
 451                 mutex_unlock(&pkey_mutex);
 
 452                 flush_workqueue(ipoib_workqueue);
 
 455         ipoib_mcast_stop_thread(dev, 1);
 
 456         ipoib_mcast_dev_flush(dev);
 
 458         ipoib_flush_paths(dev);
 
 463 static int recvs_pending(struct net_device *dev)
 
 465         struct ipoib_dev_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
 
 469         for (i = 0; i < IPOIB_RX_RING_SIZE; ++i)
 
 470                 if (priv->rx_ring[i].skb)
 
 476 int ipoib_ib_dev_stop(struct net_device *dev)
 
 478         struct ipoib_dev_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
 
 479         struct ib_qp_attr qp_attr;
 
 481         struct ipoib_tx_buf *tx_req;
 
 485          * Move our QP to the error state and then reinitialize in
 
 486          * when all work requests have completed or have been flushed.
 
 488         qp_attr.qp_state = IB_QPS_ERR;
 
 489         if (ib_modify_qp(priv->qp, &qp_attr, IB_QP_STATE))
 
 490                 ipoib_warn(priv, "Failed to modify QP to ERROR state\n");
 
 492         /* Wait for all sends and receives to complete */
 
 495         while (priv->tx_head != priv->tx_tail || recvs_pending(dev)) {
 
 496                 if (time_after(jiffies, begin + 5 * HZ)) {
 
 497                         ipoib_warn(priv, "timing out; %d sends %d receives not completed\n",
 
 498                                    priv->tx_head - priv->tx_tail, recvs_pending(dev));
 
 501                          * assume the HW is wedged and just free up
 
 502                          * all our pending work requests.
 
 504                         while ((int) priv->tx_tail - (int) priv->tx_head < 0) {
 
 505                                 tx_req = &priv->tx_ring[priv->tx_tail &
 
 506                                                         (IPOIB_TX_RING_SIZE - 1)];
 
 507                                 dma_unmap_single(priv->ca->dma_device,
 
 508                                                  pci_unmap_addr(tx_req, mapping),
 
 511                                 dev_kfree_skb_any(tx_req->skb);
 
 515                         for (i = 0; i < IPOIB_RX_RING_SIZE; ++i)
 
 516                                 if (priv->rx_ring[i].skb) {
 
 517                                         dma_unmap_single(priv->ca->dma_device,
 
 518                                                          pci_unmap_addr(&priv->rx_ring[i],
 
 522                                         dev_kfree_skb_any(priv->rx_ring[i].skb);
 
 523                                         priv->rx_ring[i].skb = NULL;
 
 532         ipoib_dbg(priv, "All sends and receives done.\n");
 
 535         qp_attr.qp_state = IB_QPS_RESET;
 
 536         if (ib_modify_qp(priv->qp, &qp_attr, IB_QP_STATE))
 
 537                 ipoib_warn(priv, "Failed to modify QP to RESET state\n");
 
 539         /* Wait for all AHs to be reaped */
 
 540         set_bit(IPOIB_STOP_REAPER, &priv->flags);
 
 541         cancel_delayed_work(&priv->ah_reap_task);
 
 542         flush_workqueue(ipoib_workqueue);
 
 546         while (!list_empty(&priv->dead_ahs)) {
 
 547                 __ipoib_reap_ah(dev);
 
 549                 if (time_after(jiffies, begin + HZ)) {
 
 550                         ipoib_warn(priv, "timing out; will leak address handles\n");
 
 560 int ipoib_ib_dev_init(struct net_device *dev, struct ib_device *ca, int port)
 
 562         struct ipoib_dev_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
 
 568         if (ipoib_transport_dev_init(dev, ca)) {
 
 569                 printk(KERN_WARNING "%s: ipoib_transport_dev_init failed\n", ca->name);
 
 573         if (dev->flags & IFF_UP) {
 
 574                 if (ipoib_ib_dev_open(dev)) {
 
 575                         ipoib_transport_dev_cleanup(dev);
 
 583 void ipoib_ib_dev_flush(void *_dev)
 
 585         struct net_device *dev = (struct net_device *)_dev;
 
 586         struct ipoib_dev_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev), *cpriv;
 
 588         if (!test_bit(IPOIB_FLAG_ADMIN_UP, &priv->flags))
 
 591         ipoib_dbg(priv, "flushing\n");
 
 593         ipoib_ib_dev_down(dev);
 
 596          * The device could have been brought down between the start and when
 
 597          * we get here, don't bring it back up if it's not configured up
 
 599         if (test_bit(IPOIB_FLAG_ADMIN_UP, &priv->flags))
 
 600                 ipoib_ib_dev_up(dev);
 
 602         mutex_lock(&priv->vlan_mutex);
 
 604         /* Flush any child interfaces too */
 
 605         list_for_each_entry(cpriv, &priv->child_intfs, list)
 
 606                 ipoib_ib_dev_flush(&cpriv->dev);
 
 608         mutex_unlock(&priv->vlan_mutex);
 
 611 void ipoib_ib_dev_cleanup(struct net_device *dev)
 
 613         struct ipoib_dev_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
 
 615         ipoib_dbg(priv, "cleaning up ib_dev\n");
 
 617         ipoib_mcast_stop_thread(dev, 1);
 
 618         ipoib_mcast_dev_flush(dev);
 
 620         ipoib_transport_dev_cleanup(dev);
 
 624  * Delayed P_Key Assigment Interim Support
 
 626  * The following is initial implementation of delayed P_Key assigment
 
 627  * mechanism. It is using the same approach implemented for the multicast
 
 628  * group join. The single goal of this implementation is to quickly address
 
 629  * Bug #2507. This implementation will probably be removed when the P_Key
 
 630  * change async notification is available.
 
 633 static void ipoib_pkey_dev_check_presence(struct net_device *dev)
 
 635         struct ipoib_dev_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
 
 638         if (ib_find_cached_pkey(priv->ca, priv->port, priv->pkey, &pkey_index))
 
 639                 clear_bit(IPOIB_PKEY_ASSIGNED, &priv->flags);
 
 641                 set_bit(IPOIB_PKEY_ASSIGNED, &priv->flags);
 
 644 void ipoib_pkey_poll(void *dev_ptr)
 
 646         struct net_device *dev = dev_ptr;
 
 647         struct ipoib_dev_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
 
 649         ipoib_pkey_dev_check_presence(dev);
 
 651         if (test_bit(IPOIB_PKEY_ASSIGNED, &priv->flags))
 
 654                 mutex_lock(&pkey_mutex);
 
 655                 if (!test_bit(IPOIB_PKEY_STOP, &priv->flags))
 
 656                         queue_delayed_work(ipoib_workqueue,
 
 659                 mutex_unlock(&pkey_mutex);
 
 663 int ipoib_pkey_dev_delay_open(struct net_device *dev)
 
 665         struct ipoib_dev_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
 
 667         /* Look for the interface pkey value in the IB Port P_Key table and */
 
 668         /* set the interface pkey assigment flag                            */
 
 669         ipoib_pkey_dev_check_presence(dev);
 
 671         /* P_Key value not assigned yet - start polling */
 
 672         if (!test_bit(IPOIB_PKEY_ASSIGNED, &priv->flags)) {
 
 673                 mutex_lock(&pkey_mutex);
 
 674                 clear_bit(IPOIB_PKEY_STOP, &priv->flags);
 
 675                 queue_delayed_work(ipoib_workqueue,
 
 678                 mutex_unlock(&pkey_mutex);