4 UBIFS file-system stands for UBI File System. UBI stands for "Unsorted
5 Block Images". UBIFS is a flash file system, which means it is designed
6 to work with flash devices. It is important to understand, that UBIFS
7 is completely different to any traditional file-system in Linux, like
8 Ext2, XFS, JFS, etc. UBIFS represents a separate class of file-systems
9 which work with MTD devices, not block devices. The other Linux
10 file-system of this class is JFFS2.
12 To make it more clear, here is a small comparison of MTD devices and
15 1 MTD devices represent flash devices and they consist of eraseblocks of
16 rather large size, typically about 128KiB. Block devices consist of
17 small blocks, typically 512 bytes.
18 2 MTD devices support 3 main operations - read from some offset within an
19 eraseblock, write to some offset within an eraseblock, and erase a whole
20 eraseblock. Block devices support 2 main operations - read a whole
21 block and write a whole block.
22 3 The whole eraseblock has to be erased before it becomes possible to
23 re-write its contents. Blocks may be just re-written.
24 4 Eraseblocks become worn out after some number of erase cycles -
25 typically 100K-1G for SLC NAND and NOR flashes, and 1K-10K for MLC
26 NAND flashes. Blocks do not have the wear-out property.
27 5 Eraseblocks may become bad (only on NAND flashes) and software should
28 deal with this. Blocks on hard drives typically do not become bad,
29 because hardware has mechanisms to substitute bad blocks, at least in
32 It should be quite obvious why UBIFS is very different to traditional
35 UBIFS works on top of UBI. UBI is a separate software layer which may be
36 found in drivers/mtd/ubi. UBI is basically a volume management and
37 wear-leveling layer. It provides so called UBI volumes which is a higher
38 level abstraction than a MTD device. The programming model of UBI devices
39 is very similar to MTD devices - they still consist of large eraseblocks,
40 they have read/write/erase operations, but UBI devices are devoid of
41 limitations like wear and bad blocks (items 4 and 5 in the above list).
43 In a sense, UBIFS is a next generation of JFFS2 file-system, but it is
44 very different and incompatible to JFFS2. The following are the main
47 * JFFS2 works on top of MTD devices, UBIFS depends on UBI and works on
49 * JFFS2 does not have on-media index and has to build it while mounting,
50 which requires full media scan. UBIFS maintains the FS indexing
51 information on the flash media and does not require full media scan,
52 so it mounts many times faster than JFFS2.
53 * JFFS2 is a write-through file-system, while UBIFS supports write-back,
54 which makes UBIFS much faster on writes.
56 Similarly to JFFS2, UBIFS supports on-the-flight compression which makes
57 it possible to fit quite a lot of data to the flash.
59 Similarly to JFFS2, UBIFS is tolerant of unclean reboots and power-cuts.
60 It does not need stuff like ckfs.ext2. UBIFS automatically replays its
61 journal and recovers from crashes, ensuring that the on-flash data
62 structures are consistent.
64 UBIFS scales logarithmically (most of the data structures it uses are
65 trees), so the mount time and memory consumption do not linearly depend
66 on the flash size, like in case of JFFS2. This is because UBIFS
67 maintains the FS index on the flash media. However, UBIFS depends on
68 UBI, which scales linearly. So overall UBI/UBIFS stack scales linearly.
69 Nevertheless, UBI/UBIFS scales considerably better than JFFS2.
71 The authors of UBIFS believe, that it is possible to develop UBI2 which
72 would scale logarithmically as well. UBI2 would support the same API as UBI,
73 but it would be binary incompatible to UBI. So UBIFS would not need to be
82 norm_unmount (*) commit on unmount; the journal is committed
83 when the file-system is unmounted so that the
84 next mount does not have to replay the journal
85 and it becomes very fast;
86 fast_unmount do not commit on unmount; this option makes
87 unmount faster, but the next mount slower
88 because of the need to replay the journal.
91 Quick usage instructions
92 ========================
94 The UBI volume to mount is specified using "ubiX_Y" or "ubiX:NAME" syntax,
95 where "X" is UBI device number, "Y" is UBI volume number, and "NAME" is
98 Mount volume 0 on UBI device 0 to /mnt/ubifs:
99 $ mount -t ubifs ubi0_0 /mnt/ubifs
101 Mount "rootfs" volume of UBI device 0 to /mnt/ubifs ("rootfs" is volume
103 $ mount -t ubifs ubi0:rootfs /mnt/ubifs
105 The following is an example of the kernel boot arguments to attach mtd0
106 to UBI and mount volume "rootfs":
107 ubi.mtd=0 root=ubi0:rootfs rootfstype=ubifs
110 Module Parameters for Debugging
111 ===============================
113 When UBIFS has been compiled with debugging enabled, there are 3 module
114 parameters that are available to control aspects of testing and debugging.
115 The parameters are unsigned integers where each bit controls an option.
118 debug_msgs Selects which debug messages to display, as follows:
120 Message Type Flag value
126 LEB search messages 16
127 Budgeting messages 32
128 Garbage collection messages 64
129 Tree Node Cache (TNC) messages 128
130 LEB properties (lprops) messages 256
131 Input/output messages 512
134 Recovery messages 4096
136 debug_chks Selects extra checks that UBIFS can do while running:
141 Check Tree Node Cache (TNC) 2
142 Check indexing tree size 4
144 Check old indexing tree 16
145 Check LEB properties (lprops) 32
146 Check leaf nodes and inodes 64
148 debug_tsts Selects a mode of testing, as follows:
152 Force in-the-gaps method 2
153 Failure mode for recovery testing 4
155 For example, set debug_msgs to 5 to display General messages and Mount
162 UBIFS documentation and FAQ/HOWTO at the MTD web site:
163 http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/doc/ubifs.html
164 http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/faq/ubifs.html