Merge master.kernel.org:/home/rmk/linux-2.6-arm

[linux-2.6] / drivers / block / as-iosched.c

/*
 *  linux/drivers/block/as-iosched.c
 *
 *  Anticipatory & deadline i/o scheduler.
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 2002 Jens Axboe <axboe@suse.de>
 *                     Nick Piggin <piggin@cyberone.com.au>
 *
 */
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/blkdev.h>
#include <linux/elevator.h>
#include <linux/bio.h>
#include <linux/config.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/compiler.h>
#include <linux/hash.h>
#include <linux/rbtree.h>
#include <linux/interrupt.h>

#define REQ_SYNC        1
#define REQ_ASYNC       0

/*
 * See Documentation/block/as-iosched.txt
 */

/*
 * max time before a read is submitted.
 */
#define default_read_expire (HZ / 8)

/*
 * ditto for writes, these limits are not hard, even
 * if the disk is capable of satisfying them.
 */
#define default_write_expire (HZ / 4)

/*
 * read_batch_expire describes how long we will allow a stream of reads to
 * persist before looking to see whether it is time to switch over to writes.
 */
#define default_read_batch_expire (HZ / 2)

/*
 * write_batch_expire describes how long we want a stream of writes to run for.
 * This is not a hard limit, but a target we set for the auto-tuning thingy.
 * See, the problem is: we can send a lot of writes to disk cache / TCQ in
 * a short amount of time...
 */
#define default_write_batch_expire (HZ / 8)

/*
 * max time we may wait to anticipate a read (default around 6ms)
 */
#define default_antic_expire ((HZ / 150) ? HZ / 150 : 1)

/*
 * Keep track of up to 20ms thinktimes. We can go as big as we like here,
 * however huge values tend to interfere and not decay fast enough. A program
 * might be in a non-io phase of operation. Waiting on user input for example,
 * or doing a lengthy computation. A small penalty can be justified there, and
 * will still catch out those processes that constantly have large thinktimes.
 */
#define MAX_THINKTIME (HZ/50UL)

/* Bits in as_io_context.state */
enum as_io_states {
        AS_TASK_RUNNING=0,      /* Process has not exitted */
        AS_TASK_IOSTARTED,      /* Process has started some IO */
        AS_TASK_IORUNNING,      /* Process has completed some IO */
};

enum anticipation_status {
        ANTIC_OFF=0,            /* Not anticipating (normal operation)  */
        ANTIC_WAIT_REQ,         /* The last read has not yet completed  */
        ANTIC_WAIT_NEXT,        /* Currently anticipating a request vs
                                   last read (which has completed) */
        ANTIC_FINISHED,         /* Anticipating but have found a candidate
                                 * or timed out */
};

struct as_data {
        /*
         * run time data
         */

        struct request_queue *q;        /* the "owner" queue */

        /*
         * requests (as_rq s) are present on both sort_list and fifo_list
         */
        struct rb_root sort_list[2];
        struct list_head fifo_list[2];

        struct as_rq *next_arq[2];      /* next in sort order */
        sector_t last_sector[2];        /* last REQ_SYNC & REQ_ASYNC sectors */
        struct list_head *dispatch;     /* driver dispatch queue */
        struct list_head *hash;         /* request hash */

        unsigned long exit_prob;        /* probability a task will exit while
                                           being waited on */
        unsigned long new_ttime_total;  /* mean thinktime on new proc */
        unsigned long new_ttime_mean;
        u64 new_seek_total;             /* mean seek on new proc */
        sector_t new_seek_mean;

        unsigned long current_batch_expires;
        unsigned long last_check_fifo[2];
        int changed_batch;              /* 1: waiting for old batch to end */
        int new_batch;                  /* 1: waiting on first read complete */
        int batch_data_dir;             /* current batch REQ_SYNC / REQ_ASYNC */
        int write_batch_count;          /* max # of reqs in a write batch */
        int current_write_count;        /* how many requests left this batch */
        int write_batch_idled;          /* has the write batch gone idle? */
        mempool_t *arq_pool;

        enum anticipation_status antic_status;
        unsigned long antic_start;      /* jiffies: when it started */
        struct timer_list antic_timer;  /* anticipatory scheduling timer */
        struct work_struct antic_work;  /* Deferred unplugging */
        struct io_context *io_context;  /* Identify the expected process */
        int ioc_finished; /* IO associated with io_context is finished */
        int nr_dispatched;

        /*
         * settings that change how the i/o scheduler behaves
         */
        unsigned long fifo_expire[2];
        unsigned long batch_expire[2];
        unsigned long antic_expire;
};

#define list_entry_fifo(ptr)    list_entry((ptr), struct as_rq, fifo)

/*
 * per-request data.
 */
enum arq_state {
        AS_RQ_NEW=0,            /* New - not referenced and not on any lists */
        AS_RQ_QUEUED,           /* In the request queue. It belongs to the
                                   scheduler */
        AS_RQ_DISPATCHED,       /* On the dispatch list. It belongs to the
                                   driver now */
        AS_RQ_PRESCHED,         /* Debug poisoning for requests being used */
        AS_RQ_REMOVED,
        AS_RQ_MERGED,
        AS_RQ_POSTSCHED,        /* when they shouldn't be */
};

struct as_rq {
        /*
         * rbtree index, key is the starting offset
         */
        struct rb_node rb_node;
        sector_t rb_key;

        struct request *request;

        struct io_context *io_context;  /* The submitting task */

        /*
         * request hash, key is the ending offset (for back merge lookup)
         */
        struct list_head hash;
        unsigned int on_hash;

        /*
         * expire fifo
         */
        struct list_head fifo;
        unsigned long expires;

        unsigned int is_sync;
        enum arq_state state;
};

#define RQ_DATA(rq)     ((struct as_rq *) (rq)->elevator_private)

static kmem_cache_t *arq_pool;

/*
 * IO Context helper functions
 */

/* Called to deallocate the as_io_context */
static void free_as_io_context(struct as_io_context *aic)
{
        kfree(aic);
}

/* Called when the task exits */
static void exit_as_io_context(struct as_io_context *aic)
{
        WARN_ON(!test_bit(AS_TASK_RUNNING, &aic->state));
        clear_bit(AS_TASK_RUNNING, &aic->state);
}

static struct as_io_context *alloc_as_io_context(void)
{
        struct as_io_context *ret;

        ret = kmalloc(sizeof(*ret), GFP_ATOMIC);
        if (ret) {
                ret->dtor = free_as_io_context;
                ret->exit = exit_as_io_context;
                ret->state = 1 << AS_TASK_RUNNING;
                atomic_set(&ret->nr_queued, 0);
                atomic_set(&ret->nr_dispatched, 0);
                spin_lock_init(&ret->lock);
                ret->ttime_total = 0;
                ret->ttime_samples = 0;
                ret->ttime_mean = 0;
                ret->seek_total = 0;
                ret->seek_samples = 0;
                ret->seek_mean = 0;
        }

        return ret;
}

/*
 * If the current task has no AS IO context then create one and initialise it.
 * Then take a ref on the task's io context and return it.
 */
static struct io_context *as_get_io_context(void)
{
        struct io_context *ioc = get_io_context(GFP_ATOMIC);
        if (ioc && !ioc->aic) {
                ioc->aic = alloc_as_io_context();
                if (!ioc->aic) {
                        put_io_context(ioc);
                        ioc = NULL;
                }
        }
        return ioc;
}

/*
 * the back merge hash support functions
 */
static const int as_hash_shift = 6;
#define AS_HASH_BLOCK(sec)      ((sec) >> 3)
#define AS_HASH_FN(sec)         (hash_long(AS_HASH_BLOCK((sec)), as_hash_shift))
#define AS_HASH_ENTRIES         (1 << as_hash_shift)
#define rq_hash_key(rq)         ((rq)->sector + (rq)->nr_sectors)
#define list_entry_hash(ptr)    list_entry((ptr), struct as_rq, hash)

static inline void __as_del_arq_hash(struct as_rq *arq)
{
        arq->on_hash = 0;
        list_del_init(&arq->hash);
}

static inline void as_del_arq_hash(struct as_rq *arq)
{
        if (arq->on_hash)
                __as_del_arq_hash(arq);
}

static void as_remove_merge_hints(request_queue_t *q, struct as_rq *arq)
{
        as_del_arq_hash(arq);

        if (q->last_merge == arq->request)
                q->last_merge = NULL;
}

static void as_add_arq_hash(struct as_data *ad, struct as_rq *arq)
{
        struct request *rq = arq->request;

        BUG_ON(arq->on_hash);

        arq->on_hash = 1;
        list_add(&arq->hash, &ad->hash[AS_HASH_FN(rq_hash_key(rq))]);
}

/*
 * move hot entry to front of chain
 */
static inline void as_hot_arq_hash(struct as_data *ad, struct as_rq *arq)
{
        struct request *rq = arq->request;
        struct list_head *head = &ad->hash[AS_HASH_FN(rq_hash_key(rq))];

        if (!arq->on_hash) {
                WARN_ON(1);
                return;
        }

        if (arq->hash.prev != head) {
                list_del(&arq->hash);
                list_add(&arq->hash, head);
        }
}

static struct request *as_find_arq_hash(struct as_data *ad, sector_t offset)
{
        struct list_head *hash_list = &ad->hash[AS_HASH_FN(offset)];
        struct list_head *entry, *next = hash_list->next;

        while ((entry = next) != hash_list) {
                struct as_rq *arq = list_entry_hash(entry);
                struct request *__rq = arq->request;

                next = entry->next;

                BUG_ON(!arq->on_hash);

                if (!rq_mergeable(__rq)) {
                        as_remove_merge_hints(ad->q, arq);
                        continue;
                }

                if (rq_hash_key(__rq) == offset)
                        return __rq;
        }

        return NULL;
}

/*
 * rb tree support functions
 */
#define RB_NONE         (2)
#define RB_EMPTY(root)  ((root)->rb_node == NULL)
#define ON_RB(node)     ((node)->rb_color != RB_NONE)
#define RB_CLEAR(node)  ((node)->rb_color = RB_NONE)
#define rb_entry_arq(node)      rb_entry((node), struct as_rq, rb_node)
#define ARQ_RB_ROOT(ad, arq)    (&(ad)->sort_list[(arq)->is_sync])
#define rq_rb_key(rq)           (rq)->sector

/*
 * as_find_first_arq finds the first (lowest sector numbered) request
 * for the specified data_dir. Used to sweep back to the start of the disk
 * (1-way elevator) after we process the last (highest sector) request.
 */
static struct as_rq *as_find_first_arq(struct as_data *ad, int data_dir)
{
        struct rb_node *n = ad->sort_list[data_dir].rb_node;

        if (n == NULL)
                return NULL;

        for (;;) {
                if (n->rb_left == NULL)
                        return rb_entry_arq(n);

                n = n->rb_left;
        }
}

/*
 * Add the request to the rb tree if it is unique.  If there is an alias (an
 * existing request against the same sector), which can happen when using
 * direct IO, then return the alias.
 */
static struct as_rq *as_add_arq_rb(struct as_data *ad, struct as_rq *arq)
{
        struct rb_node **p = &ARQ_RB_ROOT(ad, arq)->rb_node;
        struct rb_node *parent = NULL;
        struct as_rq *__arq;
        struct request *rq = arq->request;

        arq->rb_key = rq_rb_key(rq);

        while (*p) {
                parent = *p;
                __arq = rb_entry_arq(parent);

                if (arq->rb_key < __arq->rb_key)
                        p = &(*p)->rb_left;
                else if (arq->rb_key > __arq->rb_key)
                        p = &(*p)->rb_right;
                else
                        return __arq;
        }

        rb_link_node(&arq->rb_node, parent, p);
        rb_insert_color(&arq->rb_node, ARQ_RB_ROOT(ad, arq));

        return NULL;
}

static inline void as_del_arq_rb(struct as_data *ad, struct as_rq *arq)
{
        if (!ON_RB(&arq->rb_node)) {
                WARN_ON(1);
                return;
        }

        rb_erase(&arq->rb_node, ARQ_RB_ROOT(ad, arq));
        RB_CLEAR(&arq->rb_node);
}

static struct request *
as_find_arq_rb(struct as_data *ad, sector_t sector, int data_dir)
{
        struct rb_node *n = ad->sort_list[data_dir].rb_node;
        struct as_rq *arq;

        while (n) {
                arq = rb_entry_arq(n);

                if (sector < arq->rb_key)
                        n = n->rb_left;
                else if (sector > arq->rb_key)
                        n = n->rb_right;
                else
                        return arq->request;
        }

        return NULL;
}

/*
 * IO Scheduler proper
 */

#define MAXBACK (1024 * 1024)   /*
                                 * Maximum distance the disk will go backward
                                 * for a request.
                                 */

#define BACK_PENALTY    2

/*
 * as_choose_req selects the preferred one of two requests of the same data_dir
 * ignoring time - eg. timeouts, which is the job of as_dispatch_request
 */
static struct as_rq *
as_choose_req(struct as_data *ad, struct as_rq *arq1, struct as_rq *arq2)
{
        int data_dir;
        sector_t last, s1, s2, d1, d2;
        int r1_wrap=0, r2_wrap=0;       /* requests are behind the disk head */
        const sector_t maxback = MAXBACK;

        if (arq1 == NULL || arq1 == arq2)
                return arq2;
        if (arq2 == NULL)
                return arq1;

        data_dir = arq1->is_sync;

        last = ad->last_sector[data_dir];
        s1 = arq1->request->sector;
        s2 = arq2->request->sector;

        BUG_ON(data_dir != arq2->is_sync);

        /*
         * Strict one way elevator _except_ in the case where we allow
         * short backward seeks which are biased as twice the cost of a
         * similar forward seek.
         */
        if (s1 >= last)
                d1 = s1 - last;
        else if (s1+maxback >= last)
                d1 = (last - s1)*BACK_PENALTY;
        else {
                r1_wrap = 1;
                d1 = 0; /* shut up, gcc */
        }

        if (s2 >= last)
                d2 = s2 - last;
        else if (s2+maxback >= last)
                d2 = (last - s2)*BACK_PENALTY;
        else {
                r2_wrap = 1;
                d2 = 0;
        }

        /* Found required data */
        if (!r1_wrap && r2_wrap)
                return arq1;
        else if (!r2_wrap && r1_wrap)
                return arq2;
        else if (r1_wrap && r2_wrap) {
                /* both behind the head */
                if (s1 <= s2)
                        return arq1;
                else
                        return arq2;
        }

        /* Both requests in front of the head */
        if (d1 < d2)
                return arq1;
        else if (d2 < d1)
                return arq2;
        else {
                if (s1 >= s2)
                        return arq1;
                else
                        return arq2;
        }
}

/*
 * as_find_next_arq finds the next request after @prev in elevator order.
 * this with as_choose_req form the basis for how the scheduler chooses
 * what request to process next. Anticipation works on top of this.
 */
static struct as_rq *as_find_next_arq(struct as_data *ad, struct as_rq *last)
{
        const int data_dir = last->is_sync;
        struct as_rq *ret;
        struct rb_node *rbnext = rb_next(&last->rb_node);
        struct rb_node *rbprev = rb_prev(&last->rb_node);
        struct as_rq *arq_next, *arq_prev;

        BUG_ON(!ON_RB(&last->rb_node));

        if (rbprev)
                arq_prev = rb_entry_arq(rbprev);
        else
                arq_prev = NULL;

        if (rbnext)
                arq_next = rb_entry_arq(rbnext);
        else {
                arq_next = as_find_first_arq(ad, data_dir);
                if (arq_next == last)
                        arq_next = NULL;
        }

        ret = as_choose_req(ad, arq_next, arq_prev);

        return ret;
}

/*
 * anticipatory scheduling functions follow
 */

/*
 * as_antic_expired tells us when we have anticipated too long.
 * The funny "absolute difference" math on the elapsed time is to handle
 * jiffy wraps, and disks which have been idle for 0x80000000 jiffies.
 */
static int as_antic_expired(struct as_data *ad)
{
        long delta_jif;

        delta_jif = jiffies - ad->antic_start;
        if (unlikely(delta_jif < 0))
                delta_jif = -delta_jif;
        if (delta_jif < ad->antic_expire)
                return 0;

        return 1;
}

/*
 * as_antic_waitnext starts anticipating that a nice request will soon be
 * submitted. See also as_antic_waitreq
 */
static void as_antic_waitnext(struct as_data *ad)
{
        unsigned long timeout;

        BUG_ON(ad->antic_status != ANTIC_OFF
                        && ad->antic_status != ANTIC_WAIT_REQ);

        timeout = ad->antic_start + ad->antic_expire;

        mod_timer(&ad->antic_timer, timeout);

        ad->antic_status = ANTIC_WAIT_NEXT;
}

/*
 * as_antic_waitreq starts anticipating. We don't start timing the anticipation
 * until the request that we're anticipating on has finished. This means we
 * are timing from when the candidate process wakes up hopefully.
 */
static void as_antic_waitreq(struct as_data *ad)
{
        BUG_ON(ad->antic_status == ANTIC_FINISHED);
        if (ad->antic_status == ANTIC_OFF) {
                if (!ad->io_context || ad->ioc_finished)
                        as_antic_waitnext(ad);
                else
                        ad->antic_status = ANTIC_WAIT_REQ;
        }
}

/*
 * This is called directly by the functions in this file to stop anticipation.
 * We kill the timer and schedule a call to the request_fn asap.
 */
static void as_antic_stop(struct as_data *ad)
{
        int status = ad->antic_status;

        if (status == ANTIC_WAIT_REQ || status == ANTIC_WAIT_NEXT) {
                if (status == ANTIC_WAIT_NEXT)
                        del_timer(&ad->antic_timer);
                ad->antic_status = ANTIC_FINISHED;
                /* see as_work_handler */
                kblockd_schedule_work(&ad->antic_work);
        }
}

/*
 * as_antic_timeout is the timer function set by as_antic_waitnext.
 */
static void as_antic_timeout(unsigned long data)
{
        struct request_queue *q = (struct request_queue *)data;
        struct as_data *ad = q->elevator->elevator_data;
        unsigned long flags;

        spin_lock_irqsave(q->queue_lock, flags);
        if (ad->antic_status == ANTIC_WAIT_REQ
                        || ad->antic_status == ANTIC_WAIT_NEXT) {
                struct as_io_context *aic = ad->io_context->aic;

                ad->antic_status = ANTIC_FINISHED;
                kblockd_schedule_work(&ad->antic_work);

                if (aic->ttime_samples == 0) {
                        /* process anticipated on has exitted or timed out*/
                        ad->exit_prob = (7*ad->exit_prob + 256)/8;
                }
        }
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(q->queue_lock, flags);
}

/*
 * as_close_req decides if one request is considered "close" to the
 * previous one issued.
 */
static int as_close_req(struct as_data *ad, struct as_rq *arq)
{
        unsigned long delay;    /* milliseconds */
        sector_t last = ad->last_sector[ad->batch_data_dir];
        sector_t next = arq->request->sector;
        sector_t delta; /* acceptable close offset (in sectors) */

        if (ad->antic_status == ANTIC_OFF || !ad->ioc_finished)
                delay = 0;
        else
                delay = ((jiffies - ad->antic_start) * 1000) / HZ;

        if (delay <= 1)
                delta = 64;
        else if (delay <= 20 && delay <= ad->antic_expire)
                delta = 64 << (delay-1);
        else
                return 1;

        return (last - (delta>>1) <= next) && (next <= last + delta);
}

/*
 * as_can_break_anticipation returns true if we have been anticipating this
 * request.
 *
 * It also returns true if the process against which we are anticipating
 * submits a write - that's presumably an fsync, O_SYNC write, etc. We want to
 * dispatch it ASAP, because we know that application will not be submitting
 * any new reads.
 *
 * If the task which has submitted the request has exitted, break anticipation.
 *
 * If this task has queued some other IO, do not enter enticipation.
 */
static int as_can_break_anticipation(struct as_data *ad, struct as_rq *arq)
{
        struct io_context *ioc;
        struct as_io_context *aic;
        sector_t s;

        ioc = ad->io_context;
        BUG_ON(!ioc);

        if (arq && ioc == arq->io_context) {
                /* request from same process */
                return 1;
        }

        if (ad->ioc_finished && as_antic_expired(ad)) {
                /*
                 * In this situation status should really be FINISHED,
                 * however the timer hasn't had the chance to run yet.
                 */
                return 1;
        }

        aic = ioc->aic;
        if (!aic)
                return 0;

        if (!test_bit(AS_TASK_RUNNING, &aic->state)) {
                /* process anticipated on has exitted */
                if (aic->ttime_samples == 0)
                        ad->exit_prob = (7*ad->exit_prob + 256)/8;
                return 1;
        }

        if (atomic_read(&aic->nr_queued) > 0) {
                /* process has more requests queued */
                return 1;
        }

        if (atomic_read(&aic->nr_dispatched) > 0) {
                /* process has more requests dispatched */
                return 1;
        }

        if (arq && arq->is_sync == REQ_SYNC && as_close_req(ad, arq)) {
                /*
                 * Found a close request that is not one of ours.
                 *
                 * This makes close requests from another process reset
                 * our thinktime delay. Is generally useful when there are
                 * two or more cooperating processes working in the same
                 * area.
                 */
                spin_lock(&aic->lock);
                aic->last_end_request = jiffies;
                spin_unlock(&aic->lock);
                return 1;
        }


        if (aic->ttime_samples == 0) {
                if (ad->new_ttime_mean > ad->antic_expire)
                        return 1;
                if (ad->exit_prob > 128)
                        return 1;
        } else if (aic->ttime_mean > ad->antic_expire) {
                /* the process thinks too much between requests */
                return 1;
        }

        if (!arq)
                return 0;

        if (ad->last_sector[REQ_SYNC] < arq->request->sector)
                s = arq->request->sector - ad->last_sector[REQ_SYNC];
        else
                s = ad->last_sector[REQ_SYNC] - arq->request->sector;

        if (aic->seek_samples == 0) {
                /*
                 * Process has just started IO. Use past statistics to
                 * guage success possibility
                 */
                if (ad->new_seek_mean > s) {
                        /* this request is better than what we're expecting */
                        return 1;
                }

        } else {
                if (aic->seek_mean > s) {
                        /* this request is better than what we're expecting */
                        return 1;
                }
        }

        return 0;
}

/*
 * as_can_anticipate indicates weather we should either run arq
 * or keep anticipating a better request.
 */
static int as_can_anticipate(struct as_data *ad, struct as_rq *arq)
{
        if (!ad->io_context)
                /*
                 * Last request submitted was a write
                 */
                return 0;

        if (ad->antic_status == ANTIC_FINISHED)
                /*
                 * Don't restart if we have just finished. Run the next request
                 */
                return 0;

        if (as_can_break_anticipation(ad, arq))
                /*
                 * This request is a good candidate. Don't keep anticipating,
                 * run it.
                 */
                return 0;

        /*
         * OK from here, we haven't finished, and don't have a decent request!
         * Status is either ANTIC_OFF so start waiting,
         * ANTIC_WAIT_REQ so continue waiting for request to finish
         * or ANTIC_WAIT_NEXT so continue waiting for an acceptable request.
         *
         */

        return 1;
}

static void as_update_thinktime(struct as_data *ad, struct as_io_context *aic, unsigned long ttime)
{
        /* fixed point: 1.0 == 1<<8 */
        if (aic->ttime_samples == 0) {
                ad->new_ttime_total = (7*ad->new_ttime_total + 256*ttime) / 8;
                ad->new_ttime_mean = ad->new_ttime_total / 256;

                ad->exit_prob = (7*ad->exit_prob)/8;
        }
        aic->ttime_samples = (7*aic->ttime_samples + 256) / 8;
        aic->ttime_total = (7*aic->ttime_total + 256*ttime) / 8;
        aic->ttime_mean = (aic->ttime_total + 128) / aic->ttime_samples;
}

static void as_update_seekdist(struct as_data *ad, struct as_io_context *aic, sector_t sdist)
{
        u64 total;

        if (aic->seek_samples == 0) {
                ad->new_seek_total = (7*ad->new_seek_total + 256*(u64)sdist)/8;
                ad->new_seek_mean = ad->new_seek_total / 256;
        }

        /*
         * Don't allow the seek distance to get too large from the
         * odd fragment, pagein, etc
         */
        if (aic->seek_samples <= 60) /* second&third seek */
                sdist = min(sdist, (aic->seek_mean * 4) + 2*1024*1024);
        else
                sdist = min(sdist, (aic->seek_mean * 4) + 2*1024*64);

        aic->seek_samples = (7*aic->seek_samples + 256) / 8;
        aic->seek_total = (7*aic->seek_total + (u64)256*sdist) / 8;
        total = aic->seek_total + (aic->seek_samples/2);
        do_div(total, aic->seek_samples);
        aic->seek_mean = (sector_t)total;
}

/*
 * as_update_iohist keeps a decaying histogram of IO thinktimes, and
 * updates @aic->ttime_mean based on that. It is called when a new
 * request is queued.
 */
static void as_update_iohist(struct as_data *ad, struct as_io_context *aic, struct request *rq)
{
        struct as_rq *arq = RQ_DATA(rq);
        int data_dir = arq->is_sync;
        unsigned long thinktime;
        sector_t seek_dist;

        if (aic == NULL)
                return;

        if (data_dir == REQ_SYNC) {
                unsigned long in_flight = atomic_read(&aic->nr_queued)
                                        + atomic_read(&aic->nr_dispatched);
                spin_lock(&aic->lock);
                if (test_bit(AS_TASK_IORUNNING, &aic->state) ||
                        test_bit(AS_TASK_IOSTARTED, &aic->state)) {
                        /* Calculate read -> read thinktime */
                        if (test_bit(AS_TASK_IORUNNING, &aic->state)
                                                        && in_flight == 0) {
                                thinktime = jiffies - aic->last_end_request;
                                thinktime = min(thinktime, MAX_THINKTIME-1);
                        } else
                                thinktime = 0;
                        as_update_thinktime(ad, aic, thinktime);

                        /* Calculate read -> read seek distance */
                        if (aic->last_request_pos < rq->sector)
                                seek_dist = rq->sector - aic->last_request_pos;
                        else
                                seek_dist = aic->last_request_pos - rq->sector;
                        as_update_seekdist(ad, aic, seek_dist);
                }
                aic->last_request_pos = rq->sector + rq->nr_sectors;
                set_bit(AS_TASK_IOSTARTED, &aic->state);
                spin_unlock(&aic->lock);
        }
}

/*
 * as_update_arq must be called whenever a request (arq) is added to
 * the sort_list. This function keeps caches up to date, and checks if the
 * request might be one we are "anticipating"
 */
static void as_update_arq(struct as_data *ad, struct as_rq *arq)
{
        const int data_dir = arq->is_sync;

        /* keep the next_arq cache up to date */
        ad->next_arq[data_dir] = as_choose_req(ad, arq, ad->next_arq[data_dir]);

        /*
         * have we been anticipating this request?
         * or does it come from the same process as the one we are anticipating
         * for?
         */
        if (ad->antic_status == ANTIC_WAIT_REQ
                        || ad->antic_status == ANTIC_WAIT_NEXT) {
                if (as_can_break_anticipation(ad, arq))
                        as_antic_stop(ad);
        }
}

/*
 * Gathers timings and resizes the write batch automatically
 */
static void update_write_batch(struct as_data *ad)
{
        unsigned long batch = ad->batch_expire[REQ_ASYNC];
        long write_time;

        write_time = (jiffies - ad->current_batch_expires) + batch;
        if (write_time < 0)
                write_time = 0;

        if (write_time > batch && !ad->write_batch_idled) {
                if (write_time > batch * 3)
                        ad->write_batch_count /= 2;
                else
                        ad->write_batch_count--;
        } else if (write_time < batch && ad->current_write_count == 0) {
                if (batch > write_time * 3)
                        ad->write_batch_count *= 2;
                else
                        ad->write_batch_count++;
        }

        if (ad->write_batch_count < 1)
                ad->write_batch_count = 1;
}

/*
 * as_completed_request is to be called when a request has completed and
 * returned something to the requesting process, be it an error or data.
 */
static void as_completed_request(request_queue_t *q, struct request *rq)
{
        struct as_data *ad = q->elevator->elevator_data;
        struct as_rq *arq = RQ_DATA(rq);

        WARN_ON(!list_empty(&rq->queuelist));

        if (arq->state == AS_RQ_PRESCHED) {
                WARN_ON(arq->io_context);
                goto out;
        }

        if (arq->state == AS_RQ_MERGED)
                goto out_ioc;

        if (arq->state != AS_RQ_REMOVED) {
                printk("arq->state %d\n", arq->state);
                WARN_ON(1);
                goto out;
        }

        if (!blk_fs_request(rq))
                goto out;

        if (ad->changed_batch && ad->nr_dispatched == 1) {
                kblockd_schedule_work(&ad->antic_work);
                ad->changed_batch = 0;

                if (ad->batch_data_dir == REQ_SYNC)
                        ad->new_batch = 1;
        }
        WARN_ON(ad->nr_dispatched == 0);
        ad->nr_dispatched--;

        /*
         * Start counting the batch from when a request of that direction is
         * actually serviced. This should help devices with big TCQ windows
         * and writeback caches
         */
        if (ad->new_batch && ad->batch_data_dir == arq->is_sync) {
                update_write_batch(ad);
                ad->current_batch_expires = jiffies +
                                ad->batch_expire[REQ_SYNC];
                ad->new_batch = 0;
        }

        if (ad->io_context == arq->io_context && ad->io_context) {
                ad->antic_start = jiffies;
                ad->ioc_finished = 1;
                if (ad->antic_status == ANTIC_WAIT_REQ) {
                        /*
                         * We were waiting on this request, now anticipate
                         * the next one
                         */
                        as_antic_waitnext(ad);
                }
        }

out_ioc:
        if (!arq->io_context)
                goto out;

        if (arq->is_sync == REQ_SYNC) {
                struct as_io_context *aic = arq->io_context->aic;
                if (aic) {
                        spin_lock(&aic->lock);
                        set_bit(AS_TASK_IORUNNING, &aic->state);
                        aic->last_end_request = jiffies;
                        spin_unlock(&aic->lock);
                }
        }

        put_io_context(arq->io_context);
out:
        arq->state = AS_RQ_POSTSCHED;
}

/*
 * as_remove_queued_request removes a request from the pre dispatch queue
 * without updating refcounts. It is expected the caller will drop the
 * reference unless it replaces the request at somepart of the elevator
 * (ie. the dispatch queue)
 */
static void as_remove_queued_request(request_queue_t *q, struct request *rq)
{
        struct as_rq *arq = RQ_DATA(rq);
        const int data_dir = arq->is_sync;
        struct as_data *ad = q->elevator->elevator_data;

        WARN_ON(arq->state != AS_RQ_QUEUED);

        if (arq->io_context && arq->io_context->aic) {
                BUG_ON(!atomic_read(&arq->io_context->aic->nr_queued));
                atomic_dec(&arq->io_context->aic->nr_queued);
        }

        /*
         * Update the "next_arq" cache if we are about to remove its
         * entry
         */
        if (ad->next_arq[data_dir] == arq)
                ad->next_arq[data_dir] = as_find_next_arq(ad, arq);

        list_del_init(&arq->fifo);
        as_remove_merge_hints(q, arq);
        as_del_arq_rb(ad, arq);
}

/*
 * as_remove_dispatched_request is called to remove a request which has gone
 * to the dispatch list.
 */
static void as_remove_dispatched_request(request_queue_t *q, struct request *rq)
{
        struct as_rq *arq = RQ_DATA(rq);
        struct as_io_context *aic;

        if (!arq) {
                WARN_ON(1);
                return;
        }

        WARN_ON(arq->state != AS_RQ_DISPATCHED);
        WARN_ON(ON_RB(&arq->rb_node));
        if (arq->io_context && arq->io_context->aic) {
                aic = arq->io_context->aic;
                if (aic) {
                        WARN_ON(!atomic_read(&aic->nr_dispatched));
                        atomic_dec(&aic->nr_dispatched);
                }
        }
}

/*
 * as_remove_request is called when a driver has finished with a request.
 * This should be only called for dispatched requests, but for some reason
 * a POWER4 box running hwscan it does not.
 */
static void as_remove_request(request_queue_t *q, struct request *rq)
{
        struct as_rq *arq = RQ_DATA(rq);

        if (unlikely(arq->state == AS_RQ_NEW))
                goto out;

        if (ON_RB(&arq->rb_node)) {
                if (arq->state != AS_RQ_QUEUED) {
                        printk("arq->state %d\n", arq->state);
                        WARN_ON(1);
                        goto out;
                }
                /*
                 * We'll lose the aliased request(s) here. I don't think this
                 * will ever happen, but if it does, hopefully someone will
                 * report it.
                 */
                WARN_ON(!list_empty(&rq->queuelist));
                as_remove_queued_request(q, rq);
        } else {
                if (arq->state != AS_RQ_DISPATCHED) {
                        printk("arq->state %d\n", arq->state);
                        WARN_ON(1);
                        goto out;
                }
                as_remove_dispatched_request(q, rq);
        }
out:
        arq->state = AS_RQ_REMOVED;
}

/*
 * as_fifo_expired returns 0 if there are no expired reads on the fifo,
 * 1 otherwise.  It is ratelimited so that we only perform the check once per
 * `fifo_expire' interval.  Otherwise a large number of expired requests
 * would create a hopeless seekstorm.
 *
 * See as_antic_expired comment.
 */
static int as_fifo_expired(struct as_data *ad, int adir)
{
        struct as_rq *arq;
        long delta_jif;

        delta_jif = jiffies - ad->last_check_fifo[adir];
        if (unlikely(delta_jif < 0))
                delta_jif = -delta_jif;
        if (delta_jif < ad->fifo_expire[adir])
                return 0;

        ad->last_check_fifo[adir] = jiffies;

        if (list_empty(&ad->fifo_list[adir]))
                return 0;

        arq = list_entry_fifo(ad->fifo_list[adir].next);

        return time_after(jiffies, arq->expires);
}

/*
 * as_batch_expired returns true if the current batch has expired. A batch
 * is a set of reads or a set of writes.
 */
static inline int as_batch_expired(struct as_data *ad)
{
        if (ad->changed_batch || ad->new_batch)
                return 0;

        if (ad->batch_data_dir == REQ_SYNC)
                /* TODO! add a check so a complete fifo gets written? */
                return time_after(jiffies, ad->current_batch_expires);

        return time_after(jiffies, ad->current_batch_expires)
                || ad->current_write_count == 0;
}

/*
 * move an entry to dispatch queue
 */
static void as_move_to_dispatch(struct as_data *ad, struct as_rq *arq)
{
        struct request *rq = arq->request;
        struct list_head *insert;
        const int data_dir = arq->is_sync;

        BUG_ON(!ON_RB(&arq->rb_node));

        as_antic_stop(ad);
        ad->antic_status = ANTIC_OFF;

        /*
         * This has to be set in order to be correctly updated by
         * as_find_next_arq
         */
        ad->last_sector[data_dir] = rq->sector + rq->nr_sectors;

        if (data_dir == REQ_SYNC) {
                /* In case we have to anticipate after this */
                copy_io_context(&ad->io_context, &arq->io_context);
        } else {
                if (ad->io_context) {
                        put_io_context(ad->io_context);
                        ad->io_context = NULL;
                }

                if (ad->current_write_count != 0)
                        ad->current_write_count--;
        }
        ad->ioc_finished = 0;

        ad->next_arq[data_dir] = as_find_next_arq(ad, arq);

        /*
         * take it off the sort and fifo list, add to dispatch queue
         */
        insert = ad->dispatch->prev;

        while (!list_empty(&rq->queuelist)) {
                struct request *__rq = list_entry_rq(rq->queuelist.next);
                struct as_rq *__arq = RQ_DATA(__rq);

                list_move_tail(&__rq->queuelist, ad->dispatch);

                if (__arq->io_context && __arq->io_context->aic)
                        atomic_inc(&__arq->io_context->aic->nr_dispatched);

                WARN_ON(__arq->state != AS_RQ_QUEUED);
                __arq->state = AS_RQ_DISPATCHED;

                ad->nr_dispatched++;
        }

        as_remove_queued_request(ad->q, rq);
        WARN_ON(arq->state != AS_RQ_QUEUED);

        list_add(&rq->queuelist, insert);
        arq->state = AS_RQ_DISPATCHED;
        if (arq->io_context && arq->io_context->aic)
                atomic_inc(&arq->io_context->aic->nr_dispatched);
        ad->nr_dispatched++;
}

/*
 * as_dispatch_request selects the best request according to
 * read/write expire, batch expire, etc, and moves it to the dispatch
 * queue. Returns 1 if a request was found, 0 otherwise.
 */
static int as_dispatch_request(struct as_data *ad)
{
        struct as_rq *arq;
        const int reads = !list_empty(&ad->fifo_list[REQ_SYNC]);
        const int writes = !list_empty(&ad->fifo_list[REQ_ASYNC]);

        /* Signal that the write batch was uncontended, so we can't time it */
        if (ad->batch_data_dir == REQ_ASYNC && !reads) {
                if (ad->current_write_count == 0 || !writes)
                        ad->write_batch_idled = 1;
        }

        if (!(reads || writes)
                || ad->antic_status == ANTIC_WAIT_REQ
                || ad->antic_status == ANTIC_WAIT_NEXT
                || ad->changed_batch)
                return 0;

        if (!(reads && writes && as_batch_expired(ad)) ) {
                /*
                 * batch is still running or no reads or no writes
                 */
                arq = ad->next_arq[ad->batch_data_dir];

                if (ad->batch_data_dir == REQ_SYNC && ad->antic_expire) {
                        if (as_fifo_expired(ad, REQ_SYNC))
                                goto fifo_expired;

                        if (as_can_anticipate(ad, arq)) {
                                as_antic_waitreq(ad);
                                return 0;
                        }
                }

                if (arq) {
                        /* we have a "next request" */
                        if (reads && !writes)
                                ad->current_batch_expires =
                                        jiffies + ad->batch_expire[REQ_SYNC];
                        goto dispatch_request;
                }
        }

        /*
         * at this point we are not running a batch. select the appropriate
         * data direction (read / write)
         */

        if (reads) {
                BUG_ON(RB_EMPTY(&ad->sort_list[REQ_SYNC]));

                if (writes && ad->batch_data_dir == REQ_SYNC)
                        /*
                         * Last batch was a read, switch to writes
                         */
                        goto dispatch_writes;

                if (ad->batch_data_dir == REQ_ASYNC) {
                        WARN_ON(ad->new_batch);
                        ad->changed_batch = 1;
                }
                ad->batch_data_dir = REQ_SYNC;
                arq = list_entry_fifo(ad->fifo_list[ad->batch_data_dir].next);
                ad->last_check_fifo[ad->batch_data_dir] = jiffies;
                goto dispatch_request;
        }

        /*
         * the last batch was a read
         */

        if (writes) {
dispatch_writes:
                BUG_ON(RB_EMPTY(&ad->sort_list[REQ_ASYNC]));

                if (ad->batch_data_dir == REQ_SYNC) {
                        ad->changed_batch = 1;

                        /*
                         * new_batch might be 1 when the queue runs out of
                         * reads. A subsequent submission of a write might
                         * cause a change of batch before the read is finished.
                         */
                        ad->new_batch = 0;
                }
                ad->batch_data_dir = REQ_ASYNC;
                ad->current_write_count = ad->write_batch_count;
                ad->write_batch_idled = 0;
                arq = ad->next_arq[ad->batch_data_dir];
                goto dispatch_request;
        }

        BUG();
        return 0;

dispatch_request:
        /*
         * If a request has expired, service it.
         */

        if (as_fifo_expired(ad, ad->batch_data_dir)) {
fifo_expired:
                arq = list_entry_fifo(ad->fifo_list[ad->batch_data_dir].next);
                BUG_ON(arq == NULL);
        }

        if (ad->changed_batch) {
                WARN_ON(ad->new_batch);

                if (ad->nr_dispatched)
                        return 0;

                if (ad->batch_data_dir == REQ_ASYNC)
                        ad->current_batch_expires = jiffies +
                                        ad->batch_expire[REQ_ASYNC];
                else
                        ad->new_batch = 1;

                ad->changed_batch = 0;
        }

        /*
         * arq is the selected appropriate request.
         */
        as_move_to_dispatch(ad, arq);

        return 1;
}

static struct request *as_next_request(request_queue_t *q)
{
        struct as_data *ad = q->elevator->elevator_data;
        struct request *rq = NULL;

        /*
         * if there are still requests on the dispatch queue, grab the first
         */
        if (!list_empty(ad->dispatch) || as_dispatch_request(ad))
                rq = list_entry_rq(ad->dispatch->next);

        return rq;
}

/*
 * Add arq to a list behind alias
 */
static inline void
as_add_aliased_request(struct as_data *ad, struct as_rq *arq, struct as_rq *alias)
{
        struct request  *req = arq->request;
        struct list_head *insert = alias->request->queuelist.prev;

        /*
         * Transfer list of aliases
         */
        while (!list_empty(&req->queuelist)) {
                struct request *__rq = list_entry_rq(req->queuelist.next);
                struct as_rq *__arq = RQ_DATA(__rq);

                list_move_tail(&__rq->queuelist, &alias->request->queuelist);

                WARN_ON(__arq->state != AS_RQ_QUEUED);
        }

        /*
         * Another request with the same start sector on the rbtree.
         * Link this request to that sector. They are untangled in
         * as_move_to_dispatch
         */
        list_add(&arq->request->queuelist, insert);

        /*
         * Don't want to have to handle merges.
         */
        as_remove_merge_hints(ad->q, arq);
}

/*
 * add arq to rbtree and fifo
 */
static void as_add_request(struct as_data *ad, struct as_rq *arq)
{
        struct as_rq *alias;
        int data_dir;

        if (rq_data_dir(arq->request) == READ
                        || current->flags&PF_SYNCWRITE)
                arq->is_sync = 1;
        else
                arq->is_sync = 0;
        data_dir = arq->is_sync;

        arq->io_context = as_get_io_context();

        if (arq->io_context) {
                as_update_iohist(ad, arq->io_context->aic, arq->request);
                atomic_inc(&arq->io_context->aic->nr_queued);
        }

        alias = as_add_arq_rb(ad, arq);
        if (!alias) {
                /*
                 * set expire time (only used for reads) and add to fifo list
                 */
                arq->expires = jiffies + ad->fifo_expire[data_dir];
                list_add_tail(&arq->fifo, &ad->fifo_list[data_dir]);

                if (rq_mergeable(arq->request)) {
                        as_add_arq_hash(ad, arq);

                        if (!ad->q->last_merge)
                                ad->q->last_merge = arq->request;
                }
                as_update_arq(ad, arq); /* keep state machine up to date */

        } else {
                as_add_aliased_request(ad, arq, alias);

                /*
                 * have we been anticipating this request?
                 * or does it come from the same process as the one we are
                 * anticipating for?
                 */
                if (ad->antic_status == ANTIC_WAIT_REQ
                                || ad->antic_status == ANTIC_WAIT_NEXT) {
                        if (as_can_break_anticipation(ad, arq))
                                as_antic_stop(ad);
                }
        }

        arq->state = AS_RQ_QUEUED;
}

static void as_deactivate_request(request_queue_t *q, struct request *rq)
{
        struct as_data *ad = q->elevator->elevator_data;
        struct as_rq *arq = RQ_DATA(rq);

        if (arq) {
                if (arq->state == AS_RQ_REMOVED) {
                        arq->state = AS_RQ_DISPATCHED;
                        if (arq->io_context && arq->io_context->aic)
                                atomic_inc(&arq->io_context->aic->nr_dispatched);
                }
        } else
                WARN_ON(blk_fs_request(rq)
                        && (!(rq->flags & (REQ_HARDBARRIER|REQ_SOFTBARRIER))) );

        /* Stop anticipating - let this request get through */
        as_antic_stop(ad);
}

/*
 * requeue the request. The request has not been completed, nor is it a
 * new request, so don't touch accounting.
 */
static void as_requeue_request(request_queue_t *q, struct request *rq)
{
        as_deactivate_request(q, rq);
        list_add(&rq->queuelist, &q->queue_head);
}

/*
 * Account a request that is inserted directly onto the dispatch queue.
 * arq->io_context->aic->nr_dispatched should not need to be incremented
 * because only new requests should come through here: requeues go through
 * our explicit requeue handler.
 */
static void as_account_queued_request(struct as_data *ad, struct request *rq)
{
        if (blk_fs_request(rq)) {
                struct as_rq *arq = RQ_DATA(rq);
                arq->state = AS_RQ_DISPATCHED;
                ad->nr_dispatched++;
        }
}

static void
as_insert_request(request_queue_t *q, struct request *rq, int where)
{
        struct as_data *ad = q->elevator->elevator_data;
        struct as_rq *arq = RQ_DATA(rq);

        if (arq) {
                if (arq->state != AS_RQ_PRESCHED) {
                        printk("arq->state: %d\n", arq->state);
                        WARN_ON(1);
                }
                arq->state = AS_RQ_NEW;
        }

        /* barriers must flush the reorder queue */
        if (unlikely(rq->flags & (REQ_SOFTBARRIER | REQ_HARDBARRIER)
                        && where == ELEVATOR_INSERT_SORT)) {
                WARN_ON(1);
                where = ELEVATOR_INSERT_BACK;
        }

        switch (where) {
                case ELEVATOR_INSERT_BACK:
                        while (ad->next_arq[REQ_SYNC])
                                as_move_to_dispatch(ad, ad->next_arq[REQ_SYNC]);

                        while (ad->next_arq[REQ_ASYNC])
                                as_move_to_dispatch(ad, ad->next_arq[REQ_ASYNC]);

                        list_add_tail(&rq->queuelist, ad->dispatch);
                        as_account_queued_request(ad, rq);
                        as_antic_stop(ad);
                        break;
                case ELEVATOR_INSERT_FRONT:
                        list_add(&rq->queuelist, ad->dispatch);
                        as_account_queued_request(ad, rq);
                        as_antic_stop(ad);
                        break;
                case ELEVATOR_INSERT_SORT:
                        BUG_ON(!blk_fs_request(rq));
                        as_add_request(ad, arq);
                        break;
                default:
                        BUG();
                        return;
        }
}

/*
 * as_queue_empty tells us if there are requests left in the device. It may
 * not be the case that a driver can get the next request even if the queue
 * is not empty - it is used in the block layer to check for plugging and
 * merging opportunities
 */
static int as_queue_empty(request_queue_t *q)
{
        struct as_data *ad = q->elevator->elevator_data;

        if (!list_empty(&ad->fifo_list[REQ_ASYNC])
                || !list_empty(&ad->fifo_list[REQ_SYNC])
                || !list_empty(ad->dispatch))
                        return 0;

        return 1;
}

static struct request *
as_former_request(request_queue_t *q, struct request *rq)
{
        struct as_rq *arq = RQ_DATA(rq);
        struct rb_node *rbprev = rb_prev(&arq->rb_node);
        struct request *ret = NULL;

        if (rbprev)
                ret = rb_entry_arq(rbprev)->request;

        return ret;
}

static struct request *
as_latter_request(request_queue_t *q, struct request *rq)
{
        struct as_rq *arq = RQ_DATA(rq);
        struct rb_node *rbnext = rb_next(&arq->rb_node);
        struct request *ret = NULL;

        if (rbnext)
                ret = rb_entry_arq(rbnext)->request;

        return ret;
}

static int
as_merge(request_queue_t *q, struct request **req, struct bio *bio)
{
        struct as_data *ad = q->elevator->elevator_data;
        sector_t rb_key = bio->bi_sector + bio_sectors(bio);
        struct request *__rq;
        int ret;

        /*
         * try last_merge to avoid going to hash
         */
        ret = elv_try_last_merge(q, bio);
        if (ret != ELEVATOR_NO_MERGE) {
                __rq = q->last_merge;
                goto out_insert;
        }

        /*
         * see if the merge hash can satisfy a back merge
         */
        __rq = as_find_arq_hash(ad, bio->bi_sector);
        if (__rq) {
                BUG_ON(__rq->sector + __rq->nr_sectors != bio->bi_sector);

                if (elv_rq_merge_ok(__rq, bio)) {
                        ret = ELEVATOR_BACK_MERGE;
                        goto out;
                }
        }

        /*
         * check for front merge
         */
        __rq = as_find_arq_rb(ad, rb_key, bio_data_dir(bio));
        if (__rq) {
                BUG_ON(rb_key != rq_rb_key(__rq));

                if (elv_rq_merge_ok(__rq, bio)) {
                        ret = ELEVATOR_FRONT_MERGE;
                        goto out;
                }
        }

        return ELEVATOR_NO_MERGE;
out:
        if (rq_mergeable(__rq))
                q->last_merge = __rq;
out_insert:
        if (ret) {
                if (rq_mergeable(__rq))
                        as_hot_arq_hash(ad, RQ_DATA(__rq));
        }
        *req = __rq;
        return ret;
}

static void as_merged_request(request_queue_t *q, struct request *req)
{
        struct as_data *ad = q->elevator->elevator_data;
        struct as_rq *arq = RQ_DATA(req);

        /*
         * hash always needs to be repositioned, key is end sector
         */
        as_del_arq_hash(arq);
        as_add_arq_hash(ad, arq);

        /*
         * if the merge was a front merge, we need to reposition request
         */
        if (rq_rb_key(req) != arq->rb_key) {
                struct as_rq *alias, *next_arq = NULL;

                if (ad->next_arq[arq->is_sync] == arq)
                        next_arq = as_find_next_arq(ad, arq);

                /*
                 * Note! We should really be moving any old aliased requests
                 * off this request and try to insert them into the rbtree. We
                 * currently don't bother. Ditto the next function.
                 */
                as_del_arq_rb(ad, arq);
                if ((alias = as_add_arq_rb(ad, arq)) ) {
                        list_del_init(&arq->fifo);
                        as_add_aliased_request(ad, arq, alias);
                        if (next_arq)
                                ad->next_arq[arq->is_sync] = next_arq;
                }
                /*
                 * Note! At this stage of this and the next function, our next
                 * request may not be optimal - eg the request may have "grown"
                 * behind the disk head. We currently don't bother adjusting.
                 */
        }

        if (arq->on_hash)
                q->last_merge = req;
}

static void
as_merged_requests(request_queue_t *q, struct request *req,
                         struct request *next)
{
        struct as_data *ad = q->elevator->elevator_data;
        struct as_rq *arq = RQ_DATA(req);
        struct as_rq *anext = RQ_DATA(next);

        BUG_ON(!arq);
        BUG_ON(!anext);

        /*
         * reposition arq (this is the merged request) in hash, and in rbtree
         * in case of a front merge
         */
        as_del_arq_hash(arq);
        as_add_arq_hash(ad, arq);

        if (rq_rb_key(req) != arq->rb_key) {
                struct as_rq *alias, *next_arq = NULL;

                if (ad->next_arq[arq->is_sync] == arq)
                        next_arq = as_find_next_arq(ad, arq);

                as_del_arq_rb(ad, arq);
                if ((alias = as_add_arq_rb(ad, arq)) ) {
                        list_del_init(&arq->fifo);
                        as_add_aliased_request(ad, arq, alias);
                        if (next_arq)
                                ad->next_arq[arq->is_sync] = next_arq;
                }
        }

        /*
         * if anext expires before arq, assign its expire time to arq
         * and move into anext position (anext will be deleted) in fifo
         */
        if (!list_empty(&arq->fifo) && !list_empty(&anext->fifo)) {
                if (time_before(anext->expires, arq->expires)) {
                        list_move(&arq->fifo, &anext->fifo);
                        arq->expires = anext->expires;
                        /*
                         * Don't copy here but swap, because when anext is
                         * removed below, it must contain the unused context
                         */
                        swap_io_context(&arq->io_context, &anext->io_context);
                }
        }

        /*
         * Transfer list of aliases
         */
        while (!list_empty(&next->queuelist)) {
                struct request *__rq = list_entry_rq(next->queuelist.next);
                struct as_rq *__arq = RQ_DATA(__rq);

                list_move_tail(&__rq->queuelist, &req->queuelist);

                WARN_ON(__arq->state != AS_RQ_QUEUED);
        }

        /*
         * kill knowledge of next, this one is a goner
         */
        as_remove_queued_request(q, next);

        anext->state = AS_RQ_MERGED;
}

/*
 * This is executed in a "deferred" process context, by kblockd. It calls the
 * driver's request_fn so the driver can submit that request.
 *
 * IMPORTANT! This guy will reenter the elevator, so set up all queue global
 * state before calling, and don't rely on any state over calls.
 *
 * FIXME! dispatch queue is not a queue at all!
 */
static void as_work_handler(void *data)
{
        struct request_queue *q = data;
        unsigned long flags;

        spin_lock_irqsave(q->queue_lock, flags);
        if (as_next_request(q))
                q->request_fn(q);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(q->queue_lock, flags);
}

static void as_put_request(request_queue_t *q, struct request *rq)
{
        struct as_data *ad = q->elevator->elevator_data;
        struct as_rq *arq = RQ_DATA(rq);

        if (!arq) {
                WARN_ON(1);
                return;
        }

        if (arq->state != AS_RQ_POSTSCHED && arq->state != AS_RQ_PRESCHED) {
                printk("arq->state %d\n", arq->state);
                WARN_ON(1);
        }

        mempool_free(arq, ad->arq_pool);
        rq->elevator_private = NULL;
}

static int as_set_request(request_queue_t *q, struct request *rq, int gfp_mask)
{
        struct as_data *ad = q->elevator->elevator_data;
        struct as_rq *arq = mempool_alloc(ad->arq_pool, gfp_mask);

        if (arq) {
                memset(arq, 0, sizeof(*arq));
                RB_CLEAR(&arq->rb_node);
                arq->request = rq;
                arq->state = AS_RQ_PRESCHED;
                arq->io_context = NULL;
                INIT_LIST_HEAD(&arq->hash);
                arq->on_hash = 0;
                INIT_LIST_HEAD(&arq->fifo);
                rq->elevator_private = arq;
                return 0;
        }

        return 1;
}

static int as_may_queue(request_queue_t *q, int rw)
{
        int ret = ELV_MQUEUE_MAY;
        struct as_data *ad = q->elevator->elevator_data;
        struct io_context *ioc;
        if (ad->antic_status == ANTIC_WAIT_REQ ||
                        ad->antic_status == ANTIC_WAIT_NEXT) {
                ioc = as_get_io_context();
                if (ad->io_context == ioc)
                        ret = ELV_MQUEUE_MUST;
                put_io_context(ioc);
        }

        return ret;
}

static void as_exit_queue(elevator_t *e)
{
        struct as_data *ad = e->elevator_data;

        del_timer_sync(&ad->antic_timer);
        kblockd_flush();

        BUG_ON(!list_empty(&ad->fifo_list[REQ_SYNC]));
        BUG_ON(!list_empty(&ad->fifo_list[REQ_ASYNC]));

        mempool_destroy(ad->arq_pool);
        put_io_context(ad->io_context);
        kfree(ad->hash);
        kfree(ad);
}

/*
 * initialize elevator private data (as_data), and alloc a arq for
 * each request on the free lists
 */
static int as_init_queue(request_queue_t *q, elevator_t *e)
{
        struct as_data *ad;
        int i;

        if (!arq_pool)
                return -ENOMEM;

        ad = kmalloc_node(sizeof(*ad), GFP_KERNEL, q->node);
        if (!ad)
                return -ENOMEM;
        memset(ad, 0, sizeof(*ad));

        ad->q = q; /* Identify what queue the data belongs to */

        ad->hash = kmalloc_node(sizeof(struct list_head)*AS_HASH_ENTRIES,
                                GFP_KERNEL, q->node);
        if (!ad->hash) {
                kfree(ad);
                return -ENOMEM;
        }

        ad->arq_pool = mempool_create_node(BLKDEV_MIN_RQ, mempool_alloc_slab,
                                mempool_free_slab, arq_pool, q->node);
        if (!ad->arq_pool) {
                kfree(ad->hash);
                kfree(ad);
                return -ENOMEM;
        }

        /* anticipatory scheduling helpers */
        ad->antic_timer.function = as_antic_timeout;
        ad->antic_timer.data = (unsigned long)q;
        init_timer(&ad->antic_timer);
        INIT_WORK(&ad->antic_work, as_work_handler, q);

        for (i = 0; i < AS_HASH_ENTRIES; i++)
                INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ad->hash[i]);

        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ad->fifo_list[REQ_SYNC]);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ad->fifo_list[REQ_ASYNC]);
        ad->sort_list[REQ_SYNC] = RB_ROOT;
        ad->sort_list[REQ_ASYNC] = RB_ROOT;
        ad->dispatch = &q->queue_head;
        ad->fifo_expire[REQ_SYNC] = default_read_expire;
        ad->fifo_expire[REQ_ASYNC] = default_write_expire;
        ad->antic_expire = default_antic_expire;
        ad->batch_expire[REQ_SYNC] = default_read_batch_expire;
        ad->batch_expire[REQ_ASYNC] = default_write_batch_expire;
        e->elevator_data = ad;

        ad->current_batch_expires = jiffies + ad->batch_expire[REQ_SYNC];
        ad->write_batch_count = ad->batch_expire[REQ_ASYNC] / 10;
        if (ad->write_batch_count < 2)
                ad->write_batch_count = 2;

        return 0;
}

/*
 * sysfs parts below
 */
struct as_fs_entry {
        struct attribute attr;
        ssize_t (*show)(struct as_data *, char *);
        ssize_t (*store)(struct as_data *, const char *, size_t);
};

static ssize_t
as_var_show(unsigned int var, char *page)
{
        var = (var * 1000) / HZ;
        return sprintf(page, "%d\n", var);
}

static ssize_t
as_var_store(unsigned long *var, const char *page, size_t count)
{
        unsigned long tmp;
        char *p = (char *) page;

        tmp = simple_strtoul(p, &p, 10);
        if (tmp != 0) {
                tmp = (tmp * HZ) / 1000;
                if (tmp == 0)
                        tmp = 1;
        }
        *var = tmp;
        return count;
}

static ssize_t as_est_show(struct as_data *ad, char *page)
{
        int pos = 0;

        pos += sprintf(page+pos, "%lu %% exit probability\n", 100*ad->exit_prob/256);
        pos += sprintf(page+pos, "%lu ms new thinktime\n", ad->new_ttime_mean);
        pos += sprintf(page+pos, "%llu sectors new seek distance\n", (unsigned long long)ad->new_seek_mean);

        return pos;
}

#define SHOW_FUNCTION(__FUNC, __VAR)                            \
static ssize_t __FUNC(struct as_data *ad, char *page)           \
{                                                               \
        return as_var_show(jiffies_to_msecs((__VAR)), (page));  \
}
SHOW_FUNCTION(as_readexpire_show, ad->fifo_expire[REQ_SYNC]);
SHOW_FUNCTION(as_writeexpire_show, ad->fifo_expire[REQ_ASYNC]);
SHOW_FUNCTION(as_anticexpire_show, ad->antic_expire);
SHOW_FUNCTION(as_read_batchexpire_show, ad->batch_expire[REQ_SYNC]);
SHOW_FUNCTION(as_write_batchexpire_show, ad->batch_expire[REQ_ASYNC]);
#undef SHOW_FUNCTION

#define STORE_FUNCTION(__FUNC, __PTR, MIN, MAX)                         \
static ssize_t __FUNC(struct as_data *ad, const char *page, size_t count)       \
{                                                                       \
        int ret = as_var_store(__PTR, (page), count);           \
        if (*(__PTR) < (MIN))                                           \
                *(__PTR) = (MIN);                                       \
        else if (*(__PTR) > (MAX))                                      \
                *(__PTR) = (MAX);                                       \
        *(__PTR) = msecs_to_jiffies(*(__PTR));                          \
        return ret;                                                     \
}
STORE_FUNCTION(as_readexpire_store, &ad->fifo_expire[REQ_SYNC], 0, INT_MAX);
STORE_FUNCTION(as_writeexpire_store, &ad->fifo_expire[REQ_ASYNC], 0, INT_MAX);
STORE_FUNCTION(as_anticexpire_store, &ad->antic_expire, 0, INT_MAX);
STORE_FUNCTION(as_read_batchexpire_store,
                        &ad->batch_expire[REQ_SYNC], 0, INT_MAX);
STORE_FUNCTION(as_write_batchexpire_store,
                        &ad->batch_expire[REQ_ASYNC], 0, INT_MAX);
#undef STORE_FUNCTION

static struct as_fs_entry as_est_entry = {
        .attr = {.name = "est_time", .mode = S_IRUGO },
        .show = as_est_show,
};
static struct as_fs_entry as_readexpire_entry = {
        .attr = {.name = "read_expire", .mode = S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR },
        .show = as_readexpire_show,
        .store = as_readexpire_store,
};
static struct as_fs_entry as_writeexpire_entry = {
        .attr = {.name = "write_expire", .mode = S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR },
        .show = as_writeexpire_show,
        .store = as_writeexpire_store,
};
static struct as_fs_entry as_anticexpire_entry = {
        .attr = {.name = "antic_expire", .mode = S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR },
        .show = as_anticexpire_show,
        .store = as_anticexpire_store,
};
static struct as_fs_entry as_read_batchexpire_entry = {
        .attr = {.name = "read_batch_expire", .mode = S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR },
        .show = as_read_batchexpire_show,
        .store = as_read_batchexpire_store,
};
static struct as_fs_entry as_write_batchexpire_entry = {
        .attr = {.name = "write_batch_expire", .mode = S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR },
        .show = as_write_batchexpire_show,
        .store = as_write_batchexpire_store,
};

static struct attribute *default_attrs[] = {
        &as_est_entry.attr,
        &as_readexpire_entry.attr,
        &as_writeexpire_entry.attr,
        &as_anticexpire_entry.attr,
        &as_read_batchexpire_entry.attr,
        &as_write_batchexpire_entry.attr,
        NULL,
};

#define to_as(atr) container_of((atr), struct as_fs_entry, attr)

static ssize_t
as_attr_show(struct kobject *kobj, struct attribute *attr, char *page)
{
        elevator_t *e = container_of(kobj, elevator_t, kobj);
        struct as_fs_entry *entry = to_as(attr);

        if (!entry->show)
                return -EIO;

        return entry->show(e->elevator_data, page);
}

static ssize_t
as_attr_store(struct kobject *kobj, struct attribute *attr,
                    const char *page, size_t length)
{
        elevator_t *e = container_of(kobj, elevator_t, kobj);
        struct as_fs_entry *entry = to_as(attr);

        if (!entry->store)
                return -EIO;

        return entry->store(e->elevator_data, page, length);
}

static struct sysfs_ops as_sysfs_ops = {
        .show   = as_attr_show,
        .store  = as_attr_store,
};

static struct kobj_type as_ktype = {
        .sysfs_ops      = &as_sysfs_ops,
        .default_attrs  = default_attrs,
};

static struct elevator_type iosched_as = {
        .ops = {
                .elevator_merge_fn =            as_merge,
                .elevator_merged_fn =           as_merged_request,
                .elevator_merge_req_fn =        as_merged_requests,
                .elevator_next_req_fn =         as_next_request,
                .elevator_add_req_fn =          as_insert_request,
                .elevator_remove_req_fn =       as_remove_request,
                .elevator_requeue_req_fn =      as_requeue_request,
                .elevator_deactivate_req_fn =   as_deactivate_request,
                .elevator_queue_empty_fn =      as_queue_empty,
                .elevator_completed_req_fn =    as_completed_request,
                .elevator_former_req_fn =       as_former_request,
                .elevator_latter_req_fn =       as_latter_request,
                .elevator_set_req_fn =          as_set_request,
                .elevator_put_req_fn =          as_put_request,
                .elevator_may_queue_fn =        as_may_queue,
                .elevator_init_fn =             as_init_queue,
                .elevator_exit_fn =             as_exit_queue,
        },

        .elevator_ktype = &as_ktype,
        .elevator_name = "anticipatory",
        .elevator_owner = THIS_MODULE,
};

static int __init as_init(void)
{
        int ret;

        arq_pool = kmem_cache_create("as_arq", sizeof(struct as_rq),
                                     0, 0, NULL, NULL);
        if (!arq_pool)
                return -ENOMEM;

        ret = elv_register(&iosched_as);
        if (!ret) {
                /*
                 * don't allow AS to get unregistered, since we would have
                 * to browse all tasks in the system and release their
                 * as_io_context first
                 */
                __module_get(THIS_MODULE);
                return 0;
        }

        kmem_cache_destroy(arq_pool);
        return ret;
}

static void __exit as_exit(void)
{
        kmem_cache_destroy(arq_pool);
        elv_unregister(&iosched_as);
}

module_init(as_init);
module_exit(as_exit);

MODULE_AUTHOR("Nick Piggin");
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("anticipatory IO scheduler");