2 * cpufreq driver for Enhanced SpeedStep, as found in Intel's Pentium
3 * M (part of the Centrino chipset).
5 * Since the original Pentium M, most new Intel CPUs support Enhanced
8 * Despite the "SpeedStep" in the name, this is almost entirely unlike
9 * traditional SpeedStep.
11 * Modelled on speedstep.c
13 * Copyright (C) 2003 Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@goop.org>
16 #include <linux/kernel.h>
17 #include <linux/module.h>
18 #include <linux/init.h>
19 #include <linux/cpufreq.h>
20 #include <linux/sched.h> /* current */
21 #include <linux/delay.h>
22 #include <linux/compiler.h>
24 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_SPEEDSTEP_CENTRINO_ACPI
25 #include <linux/acpi.h>
26 #include <linux/dmi.h>
27 #include <acpi/processor.h>
31 #include <asm/processor.h>
32 #include <asm/cpufeature.h>
34 #define PFX "speedstep-centrino: "
35 #define MAINTAINER "cpufreq@lists.linux.org.uk"
37 #define dprintk(msg...) cpufreq_debug_printk(CPUFREQ_DEBUG_DRIVER, "speedstep-centrino", msg)
39 #define INTEL_MSR_RANGE (0xffff)
43 __u8 x86; /* CPU family */
44 __u8 x86_model; /* model */
45 __u8 x86_mask; /* stepping */
57 static const struct cpu_id cpu_ids[] = {
58 [CPU_BANIAS] = { 6, 9, 5 },
59 [CPU_DOTHAN_A1] = { 6, 13, 1 },
60 [CPU_DOTHAN_A2] = { 6, 13, 2 },
61 [CPU_DOTHAN_B0] = { 6, 13, 6 },
62 [CPU_MP4HT_D0] = {15, 3, 4 },
63 [CPU_MP4HT_E0] = {15, 4, 1 },
65 #define N_IDS ARRAY_SIZE(cpu_ids)
69 const struct cpu_id *cpu_id;
70 const char *model_name;
71 unsigned max_freq; /* max clock in kHz */
73 struct cpufreq_frequency_table *op_points; /* clock/voltage pairs */
75 static int centrino_verify_cpu_id(const struct cpuinfo_x86 *c, const struct cpu_id *x);
77 /* Operating points for current CPU */
78 static struct cpu_model *centrino_model[NR_CPUS];
79 static const struct cpu_id *centrino_cpu[NR_CPUS];
81 static struct cpufreq_driver centrino_driver;
83 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_SPEEDSTEP_CENTRINO_TABLE
85 /* Computes the correct form for IA32_PERF_CTL MSR for a particular
86 frequency/voltage operating point; frequency in MHz, volts in mV.
87 This is stored as "index" in the structure. */
90 .frequency = (mhz) * 1000, \
91 .index = (((mhz)/100) << 8) | ((mv - 700) / 16) \
95 * These voltage tables were derived from the Intel Pentium M
96 * datasheet, document 25261202.pdf, Table 5. I have verified they
97 * are consistent with my IBM ThinkPad X31, which has a 1.3GHz Pentium
101 /* Ultra Low Voltage Intel Pentium M processor 900MHz (Banias) */
102 static struct cpufreq_frequency_table banias_900[] =
107 { .frequency = CPUFREQ_TABLE_END }
110 /* Ultra Low Voltage Intel Pentium M processor 1000MHz (Banias) */
111 static struct cpufreq_frequency_table banias_1000[] =
117 { .frequency = CPUFREQ_TABLE_END }
120 /* Low Voltage Intel Pentium M processor 1.10GHz (Banias) */
121 static struct cpufreq_frequency_table banias_1100[] =
128 { .frequency = CPUFREQ_TABLE_END }
132 /* Low Voltage Intel Pentium M processor 1.20GHz (Banias) */
133 static struct cpufreq_frequency_table banias_1200[] =
141 { .frequency = CPUFREQ_TABLE_END }
144 /* Intel Pentium M processor 1.30GHz (Banias) */
145 static struct cpufreq_frequency_table banias_1300[] =
152 { .frequency = CPUFREQ_TABLE_END }
155 /* Intel Pentium M processor 1.40GHz (Banias) */
156 static struct cpufreq_frequency_table banias_1400[] =
163 { .frequency = CPUFREQ_TABLE_END }
166 /* Intel Pentium M processor 1.50GHz (Banias) */
167 static struct cpufreq_frequency_table banias_1500[] =
175 { .frequency = CPUFREQ_TABLE_END }
178 /* Intel Pentium M processor 1.60GHz (Banias) */
179 static struct cpufreq_frequency_table banias_1600[] =
187 { .frequency = CPUFREQ_TABLE_END }
190 /* Intel Pentium M processor 1.70GHz (Banias) */
191 static struct cpufreq_frequency_table banias_1700[] =
199 { .frequency = CPUFREQ_TABLE_END }
203 #define _BANIAS(cpuid, max, name) \
205 .model_name = "Intel(R) Pentium(R) M processor " name "MHz", \
206 .max_freq = (max)*1000, \
207 .op_points = banias_##max, \
209 #define BANIAS(max) _BANIAS(&cpu_ids[CPU_BANIAS], max, #max)
211 /* CPU models, their operating frequency range, and freq/voltage
213 static struct cpu_model models[] =
215 _BANIAS(&cpu_ids[CPU_BANIAS], 900, " 900"),
225 /* NULL model_name is a wildcard */
226 { &cpu_ids[CPU_DOTHAN_A1], NULL, 0, NULL },
227 { &cpu_ids[CPU_DOTHAN_A2], NULL, 0, NULL },
228 { &cpu_ids[CPU_DOTHAN_B0], NULL, 0, NULL },
229 { &cpu_ids[CPU_MP4HT_D0], NULL, 0, NULL },
230 { &cpu_ids[CPU_MP4HT_E0], NULL, 0, NULL },
237 static int centrino_cpu_init_table(struct cpufreq_policy *policy)
239 struct cpuinfo_x86 *cpu = &cpu_data[policy->cpu];
240 struct cpu_model *model;
242 for(model = models; model->cpu_id != NULL; model++)
243 if (centrino_verify_cpu_id(cpu, model->cpu_id) &&
244 (model->model_name == NULL ||
245 strcmp(cpu->x86_model_id, model->model_name) == 0))
248 if (model->cpu_id == NULL) {
249 /* No match at all */
250 dprintk("no support for CPU model \"%s\": "
251 "send /proc/cpuinfo to " MAINTAINER "\n",
256 if (model->op_points == NULL) {
257 /* Matched a non-match */
258 dprintk("no table support for CPU model \"%s\"\n",
260 #ifndef CONFIG_X86_SPEEDSTEP_CENTRINO_ACPI
261 dprintk("try compiling with CONFIG_X86_SPEEDSTEP_CENTRINO_ACPI enabled\n");
266 centrino_model[policy->cpu] = model;
268 dprintk("found \"%s\": max frequency: %dkHz\n",
269 model->model_name, model->max_freq);
275 static inline int centrino_cpu_init_table(struct cpufreq_policy *policy) { return -ENODEV; }
276 #endif /* CONFIG_X86_SPEEDSTEP_CENTRINO_TABLE */
278 static int centrino_verify_cpu_id(const struct cpuinfo_x86 *c, const struct cpu_id *x)
280 if ((c->x86 == x->x86) &&
281 (c->x86_model == x->x86_model) &&
282 (c->x86_mask == x->x86_mask))
287 /* To be called only after centrino_model is initialized */
288 static unsigned extract_clock(unsigned msr, unsigned int cpu, int failsafe)
293 * Extract clock in kHz from PERF_CTL value
294 * for centrino, as some DSDTs are buggy.
295 * Ideally, this can be done using the acpi_data structure.
297 if ((centrino_cpu[cpu] == &cpu_ids[CPU_BANIAS]) ||
298 (centrino_cpu[cpu] == &cpu_ids[CPU_DOTHAN_A1]) ||
299 (centrino_cpu[cpu] == &cpu_ids[CPU_DOTHAN_B0])) {
300 msr = (msr >> 8) & 0xff;
304 if ((!centrino_model[cpu]) || (!centrino_model[cpu]->op_points))
308 for (i=0;centrino_model[cpu]->op_points[i].frequency != CPUFREQ_TABLE_END; i++) {
309 if (msr == centrino_model[cpu]->op_points[i].index)
310 return centrino_model[cpu]->op_points[i].frequency;
313 return centrino_model[cpu]->op_points[i-1].frequency;
318 /* Return the current CPU frequency in kHz */
319 static unsigned int get_cur_freq(unsigned int cpu)
323 cpumask_t saved_mask;
325 saved_mask = current->cpus_allowed;
326 set_cpus_allowed(current, cpumask_of_cpu(cpu));
327 if (smp_processor_id() != cpu)
330 rdmsr(MSR_IA32_PERF_STATUS, l, h);
331 clock_freq = extract_clock(l, cpu, 0);
333 if (unlikely(clock_freq == 0)) {
335 * On some CPUs, we can see transient MSR values (which are
336 * not present in _PSS), while CPU is doing some automatic
337 * P-state transition (like TM2). Get the last freq set
340 rdmsr(MSR_IA32_PERF_CTL, l, h);
341 clock_freq = extract_clock(l, cpu, 1);
344 set_cpus_allowed(current, saved_mask);
349 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_SPEEDSTEP_CENTRINO_ACPI
351 static struct acpi_processor_performance *acpi_perf_data[NR_CPUS];
354 * centrino_cpu_early_init_acpi - Do the preregistering with ACPI P-States
357 * Before doing the actual init, we need to do _PSD related setup whenever
358 * supported by the BIOS. These are handled by this early_init routine.
360 static int centrino_cpu_early_init_acpi(void)
363 struct acpi_processor_performance *data;
365 for_each_possible_cpu(i) {
366 data = kzalloc(sizeof(struct acpi_processor_performance),
369 for_each_possible_cpu(j) {
370 kfree(acpi_perf_data[j]);
371 acpi_perf_data[j] = NULL;
375 acpi_perf_data[i] = data;
378 acpi_processor_preregister_performance(acpi_perf_data);
385 * Some BIOSes do SW_ANY coordination internally, either set it up in hw
386 * or do it in BIOS firmware and won't inform about it to OS. If not
387 * detected, this has a side effect of making CPU run at a different speed
388 * than OS intended it to run at. Detect it and handle it cleanly.
390 static int bios_with_sw_any_bug;
391 static int sw_any_bug_found(struct dmi_system_id *d)
393 bios_with_sw_any_bug = 1;
397 static struct dmi_system_id sw_any_bug_dmi_table[] = {
399 .callback = sw_any_bug_found,
400 .ident = "Supermicro Server X6DLP",
402 DMI_MATCH(DMI_SYS_VENDOR, "Supermicro"),
403 DMI_MATCH(DMI_BIOS_VERSION, "080010"),
404 DMI_MATCH(DMI_PRODUCT_NAME, "X6DLP"),
412 * centrino_cpu_init_acpi - register with ACPI P-States library
414 * Register with the ACPI P-States library (part of drivers/acpi/processor.c)
415 * in order to determine correct frequency and voltage pairings by reading
416 * the _PSS of the ACPI DSDT or SSDT tables.
418 static int centrino_cpu_init_acpi(struct cpufreq_policy *policy)
420 unsigned long cur_freq;
422 unsigned int cpu = policy->cpu;
423 struct acpi_processor_performance *p;
425 p = acpi_perf_data[cpu];
427 /* register with ACPI core */
428 if (acpi_processor_register_performance(p, cpu)) {
429 dprintk(PFX "obtaining ACPI data failed\n");
433 policy->shared_type = p->shared_type;
435 * Will let policy->cpus know about dependency only when software
436 * coordination is required.
438 if (policy->shared_type == CPUFREQ_SHARED_TYPE_ALL ||
439 policy->shared_type == CPUFREQ_SHARED_TYPE_ANY) {
440 policy->cpus = p->shared_cpu_map;
444 dmi_check_system(sw_any_bug_dmi_table);
445 if (bios_with_sw_any_bug && cpus_weight(policy->cpus) == 1) {
446 policy->shared_type = CPUFREQ_SHARED_TYPE_ALL;
447 policy->cpus = cpu_core_map[cpu];
451 /* verify the acpi_data */
452 if (p->state_count <= 1) {
453 dprintk("No P-States\n");
458 if ((p->control_register.space_id != ACPI_ADR_SPACE_FIXED_HARDWARE) ||
459 (p->status_register.space_id != ACPI_ADR_SPACE_FIXED_HARDWARE)) {
460 dprintk("Invalid control/status registers (%x - %x)\n",
461 p->control_register.space_id, p->status_register.space_id);
466 for (i=0; i<p->state_count; i++) {
467 if ((p->states[i].control & INTEL_MSR_RANGE) !=
468 (p->states[i].status & INTEL_MSR_RANGE)) {
469 dprintk("Different MSR bits in control (%llu) and status (%llu)\n",
470 p->states[i].control, p->states[i].status);
475 if (!p->states[i].core_frequency) {
476 dprintk("Zero core frequency for state %u\n", i);
481 if (p->states[i].core_frequency > p->states[0].core_frequency) {
482 dprintk("P%u has larger frequency (%llu) than P0 (%llu), skipping\n", i,
483 p->states[i].core_frequency, p->states[0].core_frequency);
484 p->states[i].core_frequency = 0;
489 centrino_model[cpu] = kzalloc(sizeof(struct cpu_model), GFP_KERNEL);
490 if (!centrino_model[cpu]) {
495 centrino_model[cpu]->model_name=NULL;
496 centrino_model[cpu]->max_freq = p->states[0].core_frequency * 1000;
497 centrino_model[cpu]->op_points = kmalloc(sizeof(struct cpufreq_frequency_table) *
498 (p->state_count + 1), GFP_KERNEL);
499 if (!centrino_model[cpu]->op_points) {
504 for (i=0; i<p->state_count; i++) {
505 centrino_model[cpu]->op_points[i].index = p->states[i].control & INTEL_MSR_RANGE;
506 centrino_model[cpu]->op_points[i].frequency = p->states[i].core_frequency * 1000;
507 dprintk("adding state %i with frequency %u and control value %04x\n",
508 i, centrino_model[cpu]->op_points[i].frequency, centrino_model[cpu]->op_points[i].index);
510 centrino_model[cpu]->op_points[p->state_count].frequency = CPUFREQ_TABLE_END;
512 cur_freq = get_cur_freq(cpu);
514 for (i=0; i<p->state_count; i++) {
515 if (!p->states[i].core_frequency) {
516 dprintk("skipping state %u\n", i);
517 centrino_model[cpu]->op_points[i].frequency = CPUFREQ_ENTRY_INVALID;
521 if (extract_clock(centrino_model[cpu]->op_points[i].index, cpu, 0) !=
522 (centrino_model[cpu]->op_points[i].frequency)) {
523 dprintk("Invalid encoded frequency (%u vs. %u)\n",
524 extract_clock(centrino_model[cpu]->op_points[i].index, cpu, 0),
525 centrino_model[cpu]->op_points[i].frequency);
530 if (cur_freq == centrino_model[cpu]->op_points[i].frequency)
534 /* notify BIOS that we exist */
535 acpi_processor_notify_smm(THIS_MODULE);
536 printk("speedstep-centrino with X86_SPEEDSTEP_CENTRINO_ACPI"
537 "config is deprecated.\n "
538 "Use X86_ACPI_CPUFREQ (acpi-cpufreq instead.\n" );
543 kfree(centrino_model[cpu]->op_points);
545 kfree(centrino_model[cpu]);
547 acpi_processor_unregister_performance(p, cpu);
548 dprintk(PFX "invalid ACPI data\n");
552 static inline int centrino_cpu_init_acpi(struct cpufreq_policy *policy) { return -ENODEV; }
553 static inline int centrino_cpu_early_init_acpi(void) { return 0; }
556 static int centrino_cpu_init(struct cpufreq_policy *policy)
558 struct cpuinfo_x86 *cpu = &cpu_data[policy->cpu];
564 /* Only Intel makes Enhanced Speedstep-capable CPUs */
565 if (cpu->x86_vendor != X86_VENDOR_INTEL || !cpu_has(cpu, X86_FEATURE_EST))
568 if (cpu_has(cpu, X86_FEATURE_CONSTANT_TSC))
569 centrino_driver.flags |= CPUFREQ_CONST_LOOPS;
571 if (centrino_cpu_init_acpi(policy)) {
572 if (policy->cpu != 0)
575 for (i = 0; i < N_IDS; i++)
576 if (centrino_verify_cpu_id(cpu, &cpu_ids[i]))
580 centrino_cpu[policy->cpu] = &cpu_ids[i];
582 if (!centrino_cpu[policy->cpu]) {
583 dprintk("found unsupported CPU with "
584 "Enhanced SpeedStep: send /proc/cpuinfo to "
589 if (centrino_cpu_init_table(policy)) {
594 /* Check to see if Enhanced SpeedStep is enabled, and try to
596 rdmsr(MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE, l, h);
598 if (!(l & (1<<16))) {
600 dprintk("trying to enable Enhanced SpeedStep (%x)\n", l);
601 wrmsr(MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE, l, h);
603 /* check to see if it stuck */
604 rdmsr(MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE, l, h);
605 if (!(l & (1<<16))) {
606 printk(KERN_INFO PFX "couldn't enable Enhanced SpeedStep\n");
611 freq = get_cur_freq(policy->cpu);
613 policy->governor = CPUFREQ_DEFAULT_GOVERNOR;
614 policy->cpuinfo.transition_latency = 10000; /* 10uS transition latency */
617 dprintk("centrino_cpu_init: cur=%dkHz\n", policy->cur);
619 ret = cpufreq_frequency_table_cpuinfo(policy, centrino_model[policy->cpu]->op_points);
623 cpufreq_frequency_table_get_attr(centrino_model[policy->cpu]->op_points, policy->cpu);
628 static int centrino_cpu_exit(struct cpufreq_policy *policy)
630 unsigned int cpu = policy->cpu;
632 if (!centrino_model[cpu])
635 cpufreq_frequency_table_put_attr(cpu);
637 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_SPEEDSTEP_CENTRINO_ACPI
638 if (!centrino_model[cpu]->model_name) {
639 static struct acpi_processor_performance *p;
641 if (acpi_perf_data[cpu]) {
642 p = acpi_perf_data[cpu];
643 dprintk("unregistering and freeing ACPI data\n");
644 acpi_processor_unregister_performance(p, cpu);
645 kfree(centrino_model[cpu]->op_points);
646 kfree(centrino_model[cpu]);
651 centrino_model[cpu] = NULL;
657 * centrino_verify - verifies a new CPUFreq policy
658 * @policy: new policy
660 * Limit must be within this model's frequency range at least one
663 static int centrino_verify (struct cpufreq_policy *policy)
665 return cpufreq_frequency_table_verify(policy, centrino_model[policy->cpu]->op_points);
669 * centrino_setpolicy - set a new CPUFreq policy
670 * @policy: new policy
671 * @target_freq: the target frequency
672 * @relation: how that frequency relates to achieved frequency (CPUFREQ_RELATION_L or CPUFREQ_RELATION_H)
674 * Sets a new CPUFreq policy.
676 static int centrino_target (struct cpufreq_policy *policy,
677 unsigned int target_freq,
678 unsigned int relation)
680 unsigned int newstate = 0;
681 unsigned int msr, oldmsr = 0, h = 0, cpu = policy->cpu;
682 struct cpufreq_freqs freqs;
683 cpumask_t online_policy_cpus;
684 cpumask_t saved_mask;
686 cpumask_t covered_cpus;
688 unsigned int j, k, first_cpu, tmp;
690 if (unlikely(centrino_model[cpu] == NULL))
693 if (unlikely(cpufreq_frequency_table_target(policy,
694 centrino_model[cpu]->op_points,
701 #ifdef CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU
702 /* cpufreq holds the hotplug lock, so we are safe from here on */
703 cpus_and(online_policy_cpus, cpu_online_map, policy->cpus);
705 online_policy_cpus = policy->cpus;
708 saved_mask = current->cpus_allowed;
710 cpus_clear(covered_cpus);
711 for_each_cpu_mask(j, online_policy_cpus) {
713 * Support for SMP systems.
714 * Make sure we are running on CPU that wants to change freq
716 cpus_clear(set_mask);
717 if (policy->shared_type == CPUFREQ_SHARED_TYPE_ANY)
718 cpus_or(set_mask, set_mask, online_policy_cpus);
720 cpu_set(j, set_mask);
722 set_cpus_allowed(current, set_mask);
723 if (unlikely(!cpu_isset(smp_processor_id(), set_mask))) {
724 dprintk("couldn't limit to CPUs in this domain\n");
727 /* We haven't started the transition yet. */
733 msr = centrino_model[cpu]->op_points[newstate].index;
736 rdmsr(MSR_IA32_PERF_CTL, oldmsr, h);
737 if (msr == (oldmsr & 0xffff)) {
738 dprintk("no change needed - msr was and needs "
739 "to be %x\n", oldmsr);
744 freqs.old = extract_clock(oldmsr, cpu, 0);
745 freqs.new = extract_clock(msr, cpu, 0);
747 dprintk("target=%dkHz old=%d new=%d msr=%04x\n",
748 target_freq, freqs.old, freqs.new, msr);
750 for_each_cpu_mask(k, online_policy_cpus) {
752 cpufreq_notify_transition(&freqs,
757 /* all but 16 LSB are reserved, treat them with care */
763 wrmsr(MSR_IA32_PERF_CTL, oldmsr, h);
764 if (policy->shared_type == CPUFREQ_SHARED_TYPE_ANY)
767 cpu_set(j, covered_cpus);
770 for_each_cpu_mask(k, online_policy_cpus) {
772 cpufreq_notify_transition(&freqs, CPUFREQ_POSTCHANGE);
775 if (unlikely(retval)) {
777 * We have failed halfway through the frequency change.
778 * We have sent callbacks to policy->cpus and
779 * MSRs have already been written on coverd_cpus.
783 if (!cpus_empty(covered_cpus)) {
784 for_each_cpu_mask(j, covered_cpus) {
785 set_cpus_allowed(current, cpumask_of_cpu(j));
786 wrmsr(MSR_IA32_PERF_CTL, oldmsr, h);
791 freqs.new = freqs.old;
793 for_each_cpu_mask(j, online_policy_cpus) {
795 cpufreq_notify_transition(&freqs, CPUFREQ_PRECHANGE);
796 cpufreq_notify_transition(&freqs, CPUFREQ_POSTCHANGE);
801 set_cpus_allowed(current, saved_mask);
805 static struct freq_attr* centrino_attr[] = {
806 &cpufreq_freq_attr_scaling_available_freqs,
810 static struct cpufreq_driver centrino_driver = {
811 .name = "centrino", /* should be speedstep-centrino,
812 but there's a 16 char limit */
813 .init = centrino_cpu_init,
814 .exit = centrino_cpu_exit,
815 .verify = centrino_verify,
816 .target = centrino_target,
818 .attr = centrino_attr,
819 .owner = THIS_MODULE,
824 * centrino_init - initializes the Enhanced SpeedStep CPUFreq driver
826 * Initializes the Enhanced SpeedStep support. Returns -ENODEV on
827 * unsupported devices, -ENOENT if there's no voltage table for this
828 * particular CPU model, -EINVAL on problems during initiatization,
829 * and zero on success.
831 * This is quite picky. Not only does the CPU have to advertise the
832 * "est" flag in the cpuid capability flags, we look for a specific
833 * CPU model and stepping, and we need to have the exact model name in
834 * our voltage tables. That is, be paranoid about not releasing
835 * someone's valuable magic smoke.
837 static int __init centrino_init(void)
839 struct cpuinfo_x86 *cpu = cpu_data;
841 if (!cpu_has(cpu, X86_FEATURE_EST))
844 centrino_cpu_early_init_acpi();
846 return cpufreq_register_driver(¢rino_driver);
849 static void __exit centrino_exit(void)
851 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_SPEEDSTEP_CENTRINO_ACPI
855 cpufreq_unregister_driver(¢rino_driver);
857 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_SPEEDSTEP_CENTRINO_ACPI
858 for_each_possible_cpu(j) {
859 kfree(acpi_perf_data[j]);
860 acpi_perf_data[j] = NULL;
865 MODULE_AUTHOR ("Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@goop.org>");
866 MODULE_DESCRIPTION ("Enhanced SpeedStep driver for Intel Pentium M processors.");
867 MODULE_LICENSE ("GPL");
869 late_initcall(centrino_init);
870 module_exit(centrino_exit);