4 Page migration allows the moving of the physical location of pages between
5 nodes in a numa system while the process is running. This means that the
6 virtual addresses that the process sees do not change. However, the
7 system rearranges the physical location of those pages.
9 The main intend of page migration is to reduce the latency of memory access
10 by moving pages near to the processor where the process accessing that memory
13 Page migration allows a process to manually relocate the node on which its
14 pages are located through the MF_MOVE and MF_MOVE_ALL options while setting
15 a new memory policy via mbind(). The pages of process can also be relocated
16 from another process using the sys_migrate_pages() function call. The
17 migrate_pages function call takes two sets of nodes and moves pages of a
18 process that are located on the from nodes to the destination nodes.
19 Page migration functions are provided by the numactl package by Andi Kleen
20 (a version later than 0.9.3 is required. Get it from
21 ftp://ftp.suse.com/pub/people/ak). numactl provided libnuma which
22 provides an interface similar to other numa functionality for page migration.
23 cat /proc/<pid>/numa_maps allows an easy review of where the pages of
24 a process are located. See also the numa_maps manpage in the numactl package.
26 Manual migration is useful if for example the scheduler has relocated
27 a process to a processor on a distant node. A batch scheduler or an
28 administrator may detect the situation and move the pages of the process
29 nearer to the new processor. At some point in the future we may have
30 some mechanism in the scheduler that will automatically move the pages.
32 Larger installations usually partition the system using cpusets into
33 sections of nodes. Paul Jackson has equipped cpusets with the ability to
34 move pages when a task is moved to another cpuset (See ../cpusets.txt).
35 Cpusets allows the automation of process locality. If a task is moved to
36 a new cpuset then also all its pages are moved with it so that the
37 performance of the process does not sink dramatically. Also the pages
38 of processes in a cpuset are moved if the allowed memory nodes of a
41 Page migration allows the preservation of the relative location of pages
42 within a group of nodes for all migration techniques which will preserve a
43 particular memory allocation pattern generated even after migrating a
44 process. This is necessary in order to preserve the memory latencies.
45 Processes will run with similar performance after migration.
47 Page migration occurs in several steps. First a high level
48 description for those trying to use migrate_pages() from the kernel
49 (for userspace usage see the Andi Kleen's numactl package mentioned above)
50 and then a low level description of how the low level details work.
52 A. In kernel use of migrate_pages()
53 -----------------------------------
55 1. Remove pages from the LRU.
57 Lists of pages to be migrated are generated by scanning over
58 pages and moving them into lists. This is done by
59 calling isolate_lru_page().
60 Calling isolate_lru_page increases the references to the page
61 so that it cannot vanish while the page migration occurs.
62 It also prevents the swapper or other scans to encounter
65 2. Generate a list of newly allocates page. These pages will contain the
66 contents of the pages from the first list after page migration is
69 3. The migrate_pages() function is called which attempts
70 to do the migration. It returns the moved pages in the
71 list specified as the third parameter and the failed
72 migrations in the fourth parameter. The first parameter
73 will contain the pages that could still be retried.
75 4. The leftover pages of various types are returned
76 to the LRU using putback_to_lru_pages() or otherwise
77 disposed of. The pages will still have the refcount as
78 increased by isolate_lru_pages() if putback_to_lru_pages() is not
79 used! The kernel may want to handle the various cases of failures in
82 B. How migrate_pages() works
83 ----------------------------
85 migrate_pages() does several passes over its list of pages. A page is moved
86 if all references to a page are removable at the time. The page has
87 already been removed from the LRU via isolate_lru_page() and the refcount
88 is increased so that the page cannot be freed while page migration occurs.
92 1. Lock the page to be migrated
94 2. Insure that writeback is complete.
96 3. Make sure that the page has assigned swap cache entry if
97 it is an anonyous page. The swap cache reference is necessary
98 to preserve the information contain in the page table maps while
99 page migration occurs.
101 4. Prep the new page that we want to move to. It is locked
102 and set to not being uptodate so that all accesses to the new
103 page immediately lock while the move is in progress.
105 5. All the page table references to the page are either dropped (file
106 backed pages) or converted to swap references (anonymous pages).
107 This should decrease the reference count.
109 6. The radix tree lock is taken. This will cause all processes trying
110 to reestablish a pte to block on the radix tree spinlock.
112 7. The refcount of the page is examined and we back out if references remain
113 otherwise we know that we are the only one referencing this page.
115 8. The radix tree is checked and if it does not contain the pointer to this
116 page then we back out because someone else modified the mapping first.
118 9. The mapping is checked. If the mapping is gone then a truncate action may
119 be in progress and we back out.
121 10. The new page is prepped with some settings from the old page so that
122 accesses to the new page will be discovered to have the correct settings.
124 11. The radix tree is changed to point to the new page.
126 12. The reference count of the old page is dropped because the radix tree
129 13. The radix tree lock is dropped. With that lookups become possible again
130 and other processes will move from spinning on the tree lock to sleeping on
133 14. The page contents are copied to the new page.
135 15. The remaining page flags are copied to the new page.
137 16. The old page flags are cleared to indicate that the page does
138 not use any information anymore.
140 17. Queued up writeback on the new page is triggered.
142 18. If swap pte's were generated for the page then replace them with real
143 ptes. This will reenable access for processes not blocked by the page lock.
145 19. The page locks are dropped from the old and new page.
146 Processes waiting on the page lock can continue.
148 20. The new page is moved to the LRU and can be scanned by the swapper
154 - Page migration requires the use of swap handles to preserve the
155 information of the anonymous page table entries. This means that swap
156 space is reserved but never used. The maximum number of swap handles used
157 is determined by CHUNK_SIZE (see mm/mempolicy.c) per ongoing migration.
158 Reservation of pages could be avoided by having a special type of swap
159 handle that does not require swap space and that would only track the page
160 references. Something like that was proposed by Marcelo Tosatti in the
161 past (search for migration cache on lkml or linux-mm@kvack.org).
163 - Page migration unmaps ptes for file backed pages and requires page
164 faults to reestablish these ptes. This could be optimized by somehow
165 recording the references before migration and then reestablish them later.
166 However, there are several locking challenges that have to be overcome
167 before this is possible.
169 - Page migration generates read ptes for anonymous pages. Dirty page
170 faults are required to make the pages writable again. It may be possible
171 to generate a pte marked dirty if it is known that the page is dirty and
172 that this process has the only reference to that page.
174 Christoph Lameter, March 8, 2006.