[PATCH] ufs: directory and page cache: from blocks to pages

[linux-2.6] / Documentation / keys.txt

                         ============================
                         KERNEL KEY RETENTION SERVICE
                         ============================

This service allows cryptographic keys, authentication tokens, cross-domain
user mappings, and similar to be cached in the kernel for the use of
filesystems other kernel services.

Keyrings are permitted; these are a special type of key that can hold links to
other keys. Processes each have three standard keyring subscriptions that a
kernel service can search for relevant keys.

The key service can be configured on by enabling:

        "Security options"/"Enable access key retention support" (CONFIG_KEYS)

This document has the following sections:

        - Key overview
        - Key service overview
        - Key access permissions
        - SELinux support
        - New procfs files
        - Userspace system call interface
        - Kernel services
        - Notes on accessing payload contents
        - Defining a key type
        - Request-key callback service
        - Key access filesystem


============
KEY OVERVIEW
============

In this context, keys represent units of cryptographic data, authentication
tokens, keyrings, etc.. These are represented in the kernel by struct key.

Each key has a number of attributes:

        - A serial number.
        - A type.
        - A description (for matching a key in a search).
        - Access control information.
        - An expiry time.
        - A payload.
        - State.


 (*) Each key is issued a serial number of type key_serial_t that is unique for
     the lifetime of that key. All serial numbers are positive non-zero 32-bit
     integers.

     Userspace programs can use a key's serial numbers as a way to gain access
     to it, subject to permission checking.

 (*) Each key is of a defined "type". Types must be registered inside the
     kernel by a kernel service (such as a filesystem) before keys of that type
     can be added or used. Userspace programs cannot define new types directly.

     Key types are represented in the kernel by struct key_type. This defines a
     number of operations that can be performed on a key of that type.

     Should a type be removed from the system, all the keys of that type will
     be invalidated.

 (*) Each key has a description. This should be a printable string. The key
     type provides an operation to perform a match between the description on a
     key and a criterion string.

 (*) Each key has an owner user ID, a group ID and a permissions mask. These
     are used to control what a process may do to a key from userspace, and
     whether a kernel service will be able to find the key.

 (*) Each key can be set to expire at a specific time by the key type's
     instantiation function. Keys can also be immortal.

 (*) Each key can have a payload. This is a quantity of data that represent the
     actual "key". In the case of a keyring, this is a list of keys to which
     the keyring links; in the case of a user-defined key, it's an arbitrary
     blob of data.

     Having a payload is not required; and the payload can, in fact, just be a
     value stored in the struct key itself.

     When a key is instantiated, the key type's instantiation function is
     called with a blob of data, and that then creates the key's payload in
     some way.

     Similarly, when userspace wants to read back the contents of the key, if
     permitted, another key type operation will be called to convert the key's
     attached payload back into a blob of data.

 (*) Each key can be in one of a number of basic states:

     (*) Uninstantiated. The key exists, but does not have any data attached.
         Keys being requested from userspace will be in this state.

     (*) Instantiated. This is the normal state. The key is fully formed, and
         has data attached.

     (*) Negative. This is a relatively short-lived state. The key acts as a
         note saying that a previous call out to userspace failed, and acts as
         a throttle on key lookups. A negative key can be updated to a normal
         state.

     (*) Expired. Keys can have lifetimes set. If their lifetime is exceeded,
         they traverse to this state. An expired key can be updated back to a
         normal state.

     (*) Revoked. A key is put in this state by userspace action. It can't be
         found or operated upon (apart from by unlinking it).

     (*) Dead. The key's type was unregistered, and so the key is now useless.


====================
KEY SERVICE OVERVIEW
====================

The key service provides a number of features besides keys:

 (*) The key service defines two special key types:

     (+) "keyring"

         Keyrings are special keys that contain a list of other keys. Keyring
         lists can be modified using various system calls. Keyrings should not
         be given a payload when created.

     (+) "user"

         A key of this type has a description and a payload that are arbitrary
         blobs of data. These can be created, updated and read by userspace,
         and aren't intended for use by kernel services.

 (*) Each process subscribes to three keyrings: a thread-specific keyring, a
     process-specific keyring, and a session-specific keyring.

     The thread-specific keyring is discarded from the child when any sort of
     clone, fork, vfork or execve occurs. A new keyring is created only when
     required.

     The process-specific keyring is replaced with an empty one in the child on
     clone, fork, vfork unless CLONE_THREAD is supplied, in which case it is
     shared. execve also discards the process's process keyring and creates a
     new one.

     The session-specific keyring is persistent across clone, fork, vfork and
     execve, even when the latter executes a set-UID or set-GID binary. A
     process can, however, replace its current session keyring with a new one
     by using PR_JOIN_SESSION_KEYRING. It is permitted to request an anonymous
     new one, or to attempt to create or join one of a specific name.

     The ownership of the thread keyring changes when the real UID and GID of
     the thread changes.

 (*) Each user ID resident in the system holds two special keyrings: a user
     specific keyring and a default user session keyring. The default session
     keyring is initialised with a link to the user-specific keyring.

     When a process changes its real UID, if it used to have no session key, it
     will be subscribed to the default session key for the new UID.

     If a process attempts to access its session key when it doesn't have one,
     it will be subscribed to the default for its current UID.

 (*) Each user has two quotas against which the keys they own are tracked. One
     limits the total number of keys and keyrings, the other limits the total
     amount of description and payload space that can be consumed.

     The user can view information on this and other statistics through procfs
     files.

     Process-specific and thread-specific keyrings are not counted towards a
     user's quota.

     If a system call that modifies a key or keyring in some way would put the
     user over quota, the operation is refused and error EDQUOT is returned.

 (*) There's a system call interface by which userspace programs can create and
     manipulate keys and keyrings.

 (*) There's a kernel interface by which services can register types and search
     for keys.

 (*) There's a way for the a search done from the kernel to call back to
     userspace to request a key that can't be found in a process's keyrings.

 (*) An optional filesystem is available through which the key database can be
     viewed and manipulated.


======================
KEY ACCESS PERMISSIONS
======================

Keys have an owner user ID, a group access ID, and a permissions mask. The mask
has up to eight bits each for possessor, user, group and other access. Only
six of each set of eight bits are defined. These permissions granted are:

 (*) View

     This permits a key or keyring's attributes to be viewed - including key
     type and description.

 (*) Read

     This permits a key's payload to be viewed or a keyring's list of linked
     keys.

 (*) Write

     This permits a key's payload to be instantiated or updated, or it allows a
     link to be added to or removed from a keyring.

 (*) Search

     This permits keyrings to be searched and keys to be found. Searches can
     only recurse into nested keyrings that have search permission set.

 (*) Link

     This permits a key or keyring to be linked to. To create a link from a
     keyring to a key, a process must have Write permission on the keyring and
     Link permission on the key.

 (*) Set Attribute

     This permits a key's UID, GID and permissions mask to be changed.

For changing the ownership, group ID or permissions mask, being the owner of
the key or having the sysadmin capability is sufficient.


===============
SELINUX SUPPORT
===============

The security class "key" has been added to SELinux so that mandatory access
controls can be applied to keys created within various contexts.  This support
is preliminary, and is likely to change quite significantly in the near future.
Currently, all of the basic permissions explained above are provided in SELinux
as well; SE Linux is simply invoked after all basic permission checks have been
performed.

Each key is labeled with the same context as the task to which it belongs.
Typically, this is the same task that was running when the key was created.
The default keyrings are handled differently, but in a way that is very
intuitive:

 (*) The user and user session keyrings that are created when the user logs in
     are currently labeled with the context of the login manager.

 (*) The keyrings associated with new threads are each labeled with the context
     of their associated thread, and both session and process keyrings are
     handled similarly.

Note, however, that the default keyrings associated with the root user are
labeled with the default kernel context, since they are created early in the
boot process, before root has a chance to log in.


================
NEW PROCFS FILES
================

Two files have been added to procfs by which an administrator can find out
about the status of the key service:

 (*) /proc/keys

     This lists all the keys on the system, giving information about their
     type, description and permissions. The payload of the key is not available
     this way:

        SERIAL   FLAGS  USAGE EXPY PERM     UID   GID   TYPE      DESCRIPTION: SUMMARY
        00000001 I-----    39 perm 1f3f0000     0     0 keyring   _uid_ses.0: 1/4
        00000002 I-----     2 perm 1f3f0000     0     0 keyring   _uid.0: empty
        00000007 I-----     1 perm 1f3f0000     0     0 keyring   _pid.1: empty
        0000018d I-----     1 perm 1f3f0000     0     0 keyring   _pid.412: empty
        000004d2 I--Q--     1 perm 1f3f0000    32    -1 keyring   _uid.32: 1/4
        000004d3 I--Q--     3 perm 1f3f0000    32    -1 keyring   _uid_ses.32: empty
        00000892 I--QU-     1 perm 1f000000     0     0 user      metal:copper: 0
        00000893 I--Q-N     1  35s 1f3f0000     0     0 user      metal:silver: 0
        00000894 I--Q--     1  10h 003f0000     0     0 user      metal:gold: 0

     The flags are:

        I       Instantiated
        R       Revoked
        D       Dead
        Q       Contributes to user's quota
        U       Under contruction by callback to userspace
        N       Negative key

     This file must be enabled at kernel configuration time as it allows anyone
     to list the keys database.

 (*) /proc/key-users

     This file lists the tracking data for each user that has at least one key
     on the system. Such data includes quota information and statistics:

        [root@andromeda root]# cat /proc/key-users
        0:     46 45/45 1/100 13/10000
        29:     2 2/2 2/100 40/10000
        32:     2 2/2 2/100 40/10000
        38:     2 2/2 2/100 40/10000

     The format of each line is
        <UID>:                  User ID to which this applies
        <usage>                 Structure refcount
        <inst>/<keys>           Total number of keys and number instantiated
        <keys>/<max>            Key count quota
        <bytes>/<max>           Key size quota


===============================
USERSPACE SYSTEM CALL INTERFACE
===============================

Userspace can manipulate keys directly through three new syscalls: add_key,
request_key and keyctl. The latter provides a number of functions for
manipulating keys.

When referring to a key directly, userspace programs should use the key's
serial number (a positive 32-bit integer). However, there are some special
values available for referring to special keys and keyrings that relate to the
process making the call:

        CONSTANT                        VALUE   KEY REFERENCED
        ==============================  ======  ===========================
        KEY_SPEC_THREAD_KEYRING         -1      thread-specific keyring
        KEY_SPEC_PROCESS_KEYRING        -2      process-specific keyring
        KEY_SPEC_SESSION_KEYRING        -3      session-specific keyring
        KEY_SPEC_USER_KEYRING           -4      UID-specific keyring
        KEY_SPEC_USER_SESSION_KEYRING   -5      UID-session keyring
        KEY_SPEC_GROUP_KEYRING          -6      GID-specific keyring
        KEY_SPEC_REQKEY_AUTH_KEY        -7      assumed request_key()
                                                  authorisation key


The main syscalls are:

 (*) Create a new key of given type, description and payload and add it to the
     nominated keyring:

        key_serial_t add_key(const char *type, const char *desc,
                             const void *payload, size_t plen,
                             key_serial_t keyring);

     If a key of the same type and description as that proposed already exists
     in the keyring, this will try to update it with the given payload, or it
     will return error EEXIST if that function is not supported by the key
     type. The process must also have permission to write to the key to be able
     to update it. The new key will have all user permissions granted and no
     group or third party permissions.

     Otherwise, this will attempt to create a new key of the specified type and
     description, and to instantiate it with the supplied payload and attach it
     to the keyring. In this case, an error will be generated if the process
     does not have permission to write to the keyring.

     The payload is optional, and the pointer can be NULL if not required by
     the type. The payload is plen in size, and plen can be zero for an empty
     payload.

     A new keyring can be generated by setting type "keyring", the keyring name
     as the description (or NULL) and setting the payload to NULL.

     User defined keys can be created by specifying type "user". It is
     recommended that a user defined key's description by prefixed with a type
     ID and a colon, such as "krb5tgt:" for a Kerberos 5 ticket granting
     ticket.

     Any other type must have been registered with the kernel in advance by a
     kernel service such as a filesystem.

     The ID of the new or updated key is returned if successful.


 (*) Search the process's keyrings for a key, potentially calling out to
     userspace to create it.

        key_serial_t request_key(const char *type, const char *description,
                                 const char *callout_info,
                                 key_serial_t dest_keyring);

     This function searches all the process's keyrings in the order thread,
     process, session for a matching key. This works very much like
     KEYCTL_SEARCH, including the optional attachment of the discovered key to
     a keyring.

     If a key cannot be found, and if callout_info is not NULL, then
     /sbin/request-key will be invoked in an attempt to obtain a key. The
     callout_info string will be passed as an argument to the program.

     See also Documentation/keys-request-key.txt.


The keyctl syscall functions are:

 (*) Map a special key ID to a real key ID for this process:

        key_serial_t keyctl(KEYCTL_GET_KEYRING_ID, key_serial_t id,
                            int create);

     The special key specified by "id" is looked up (with the key being created
     if necessary) and the ID of the key or keyring thus found is returned if
     it exists.

     If the key does not yet exist, the key will be created if "create" is
     non-zero; and the error ENOKEY will be returned if "create" is zero.


 (*) Replace the session keyring this process subscribes to with a new one:

        key_serial_t keyctl(KEYCTL_JOIN_SESSION_KEYRING, const char *name);

     If name is NULL, an anonymous keyring is created attached to the process
     as its session keyring, displacing the old session keyring.

     If name is not NULL, if a keyring of that name exists, the process
     attempts to attach it as the session keyring, returning an error if that
     is not permitted; otherwise a new keyring of that name is created and
     attached as the session keyring.

     To attach to a named keyring, the keyring must have search permission for
     the process's ownership.

     The ID of the new session keyring is returned if successful.


 (*) Update the specified key:

        long keyctl(KEYCTL_UPDATE, key_serial_t key, const void *payload,
                    size_t plen);

     This will try to update the specified key with the given payload, or it
     will return error EOPNOTSUPP if that function is not supported by the key
     type. The process must also have permission to write to the key to be able
     to update it.

     The payload is of length plen, and may be absent or empty as for
     add_key().


 (*) Revoke a key:

        long keyctl(KEYCTL_REVOKE, key_serial_t key);

     This makes a key unavailable for further operations. Further attempts to
     use the key will be met with error EKEYREVOKED, and the key will no longer
     be findable.


 (*) Change the ownership of a key:

        long keyctl(KEYCTL_CHOWN, key_serial_t key, uid_t uid, gid_t gid);

     This function permits a key's owner and group ID to be changed. Either one
     of uid or gid can be set to -1 to suppress that change.

     Only the superuser can change a key's owner to something other than the
     key's current owner. Similarly, only the superuser can change a key's
     group ID to something other than the calling process's group ID or one of
     its group list members.


 (*) Change the permissions mask on a key:

        long keyctl(KEYCTL_SETPERM, key_serial_t key, key_perm_t perm);

     This function permits the owner of a key or the superuser to change the
     permissions mask on a key.

     Only bits the available bits are permitted; if any other bits are set,
     error EINVAL will be returned.


 (*) Describe a key:

        long keyctl(KEYCTL_DESCRIBE, key_serial_t key, char *buffer,
                    size_t buflen);

     This function returns a summary of the key's attributes (but not its
     payload data) as a string in the buffer provided.

     Unless there's an error, it always returns the amount of data it could
     produce, even if that's too big for the buffer, but it won't copy more
     than requested to userspace. If the buffer pointer is NULL then no copy
     will take place.

     A process must have view permission on the key for this function to be
     successful.

     If successful, a string is placed in the buffer in the following format:

        <type>;<uid>;<gid>;<perm>;<description>

     Where type and description are strings, uid and gid are decimal, and perm
     is hexadecimal. A NUL character is included at the end of the string if
     the buffer is sufficiently big.

     This can be parsed with

        sscanf(buffer, "%[^;];%d;%d;%o;%s", type, &uid, &gid, &mode, desc);


 (*) Clear out a keyring:

        long keyctl(KEYCTL_CLEAR, key_serial_t keyring);

     This function clears the list of keys attached to a keyring. The calling
     process must have write permission on the keyring, and it must be a
     keyring (or else error ENOTDIR will result).


 (*) Link a key into a keyring:

        long keyctl(KEYCTL_LINK, key_serial_t keyring, key_serial_t key);

     This function creates a link from the keyring to the key. The process must
     have write permission on the keyring and must have link permission on the
     key.

     Should the keyring not be a keyring, error ENOTDIR will result; and if the
     keyring is full, error ENFILE will result.

     The link procedure checks the nesting of the keyrings, returning ELOOP if
     it appears too deep or EDEADLK if the link would introduce a cycle.

     Any links within the keyring to keys that match the new key in terms of
     type and description will be discarded from the keyring as the new one is
     added.


 (*) Unlink a key or keyring from another keyring:

        long keyctl(KEYCTL_UNLINK, key_serial_t keyring, key_serial_t key);

     This function looks through the keyring for the first link to the
     specified key, and removes it if found. Subsequent links to that key are
     ignored. The process must have write permission on the keyring.

     If the keyring is not a keyring, error ENOTDIR will result; and if the key
     is not present, error ENOENT will be the result.


 (*) Search a keyring tree for a key:

        key_serial_t keyctl(KEYCTL_SEARCH, key_serial_t keyring,
                            const char *type, const char *description,
                            key_serial_t dest_keyring);

     This searches the keyring tree headed by the specified keyring until a key
     is found that matches the type and description criteria. Each keyring is
     checked for keys before recursion into its children occurs.

     The process must have search permission on the top level keyring, or else
     error EACCES will result. Only keyrings that the process has search
     permission on will be recursed into, and only keys and keyrings for which
     a process has search permission can be matched. If the specified keyring
     is not a keyring, ENOTDIR will result.

     If the search succeeds, the function will attempt to link the found key
     into the destination keyring if one is supplied (non-zero ID). All the
     constraints applicable to KEYCTL_LINK apply in this case too.

     Error ENOKEY, EKEYREVOKED or EKEYEXPIRED will be returned if the search
     fails. On success, the resulting key ID will be returned.


 (*) Read the payload data from a key:

        long keyctl(KEYCTL_READ, key_serial_t keyring, char *buffer,
                    size_t buflen);

     This function attempts to read the payload data from the specified key
     into the buffer. The process must have read permission on the key to
     succeed.

     The returned data will be processed for presentation by the key type. For
     instance, a keyring will return an array of key_serial_t entries
     representing the IDs of all the keys to which it is subscribed. The user
     defined key type will return its data as is. If a key type does not
     implement this function, error EOPNOTSUPP will result.

     As much of the data as can be fitted into the buffer will be copied to
     userspace if the buffer pointer is not NULL.

     On a successful return, the function will always return the amount of data
     available rather than the amount copied.


 (*) Instantiate a partially constructed key.

        long keyctl(KEYCTL_INSTANTIATE, key_serial_t key,
                    const void *payload, size_t plen,
                    key_serial_t keyring);

     If the kernel calls back to userspace to complete the instantiation of a
     key, userspace should use this call to supply data for the key before the
     invoked process returns, or else the key will be marked negative
     automatically.

     The process must have write access on the key to be able to instantiate
     it, and the key must be uninstantiated.

     If a keyring is specified (non-zero), the key will also be linked into
     that keyring, however all the constraints applying in KEYCTL_LINK apply in
     this case too.

     The payload and plen arguments describe the payload data as for add_key().


 (*) Negatively instantiate a partially constructed key.

        long keyctl(KEYCTL_NEGATE, key_serial_t key,
                    unsigned timeout, key_serial_t keyring);

     If the kernel calls back to userspace to complete the instantiation of a
     key, userspace should use this call mark the key as negative before the
     invoked process returns if it is unable to fulfil the request.

     The process must have write access on the key to be able to instantiate
     it, and the key must be uninstantiated.

     If a keyring is specified (non-zero), the key will also be linked into
     that keyring, however all the constraints applying in KEYCTL_LINK apply in
     this case too.


 (*) Set the default request-key destination keyring.

        long keyctl(KEYCTL_SET_REQKEY_KEYRING, int reqkey_defl);

     This sets the default keyring to which implicitly requested keys will be
     attached for this thread. reqkey_defl should be one of these constants:

        CONSTANT                                VALUE   NEW DEFAULT KEYRING
        ======================================  ======  =======================
        KEY_REQKEY_DEFL_NO_CHANGE               -1      No change
        KEY_REQKEY_DEFL_DEFAULT                 0       Default[1]
        KEY_REQKEY_DEFL_THREAD_KEYRING          1       Thread keyring
        KEY_REQKEY_DEFL_PROCESS_KEYRING         2       Process keyring
        KEY_REQKEY_DEFL_SESSION_KEYRING         3       Session keyring
        KEY_REQKEY_DEFL_USER_KEYRING            4       User keyring
        KEY_REQKEY_DEFL_USER_SESSION_KEYRING    5       User session keyring
        KEY_REQKEY_DEFL_GROUP_KEYRING           6       Group keyring

     The old default will be returned if successful and error EINVAL will be
     returned if reqkey_defl is not one of the above values.

     The default keyring can be overridden by the keyring indicated to the
     request_key() system call.

     Note that this setting is inherited across fork/exec.

     [1] The default default is: the thread keyring if there is one, otherwise
     the process keyring if there is one, otherwise the session keyring if
     there is one, otherwise the user default session keyring.


 (*) Set the timeout on a key.

        long keyctl(KEYCTL_SET_TIMEOUT, key_serial_t key, unsigned timeout);

     This sets or clears the timeout on a key. The timeout can be 0 to clear
     the timeout or a number of seconds to set the expiry time that far into
     the future.

     The process must have attribute modification access on a key to set its
     timeout. Timeouts may not be set with this function on negative, revoked
     or expired keys.


 (*) Assume the authority granted to instantiate a key

        long keyctl(KEYCTL_ASSUME_AUTHORITY, key_serial_t key);

     This assumes or divests the authority required to instantiate the
     specified key. Authority can only be assumed if the thread has the
     authorisation key associated with the specified key in its keyrings
     somewhere.

     Once authority is assumed, searches for keys will also search the
     requester's keyrings using the requester's security label, UID, GID and
     groups.

     If the requested authority is unavailable, error EPERM will be returned,
     likewise if the authority has been revoked because the target key is
     already instantiated.

     If the specified key is 0, then any assumed authority will be divested.

     The assumed authorititive key is inherited across fork and exec.


===============
KERNEL SERVICES
===============

The kernel services for key managment are fairly simple to deal with. They can
be broken down into two areas: keys and key types.

Dealing with keys is fairly straightforward. Firstly, the kernel service
registers its type, then it searches for a key of that type. It should retain
the key as long as it has need of it, and then it should release it. For a
filesystem or device file, a search would probably be performed during the open
call, and the key released upon close. How to deal with conflicting keys due to
two different users opening the same file is left to the filesystem author to
solve.

Note that there are two different types of pointers to keys that may be
encountered:

 (*) struct key *

     This simply points to the key structure itself. Key structures will be at
     least four-byte aligned.

 (*) key_ref_t

     This is equivalent to a struct key *, but the least significant bit is set
     if the caller "possesses" the key. By "possession" it is meant that the
     calling processes has a searchable link to the key from one of its
     keyrings. There are three functions for dealing with these:

        key_ref_t make_key_ref(const struct key *key,
                               unsigned long possession);

        struct key *key_ref_to_ptr(const key_ref_t key_ref);

        unsigned long is_key_possessed(const key_ref_t key_ref);

     The first function constructs a key reference from a key pointer and
     possession information (which must be 0 or 1 and not any other value).

     The second function retrieves the key pointer from a reference and the
     third retrieves the possession flag.

When accessing a key's payload contents, certain precautions must be taken to
prevent access vs modification races. See the section "Notes on accessing
payload contents" for more information.

(*) To search for a key, call:

        struct key *request_key(const struct key_type *type,
                                const char *description,
                                const char *callout_string);

    This is used to request a key or keyring with a description that matches
    the description specified according to the key type's match function. This
    permits approximate matching to occur. If callout_string is not NULL, then
    /sbin/request-key will be invoked in an attempt to obtain the key from
    userspace. In that case, callout_string will be passed as an argument to
    the program.

    Should the function fail error ENOKEY, EKEYEXPIRED or EKEYREVOKED will be
    returned.

    If successful, the key will have been attached to the default keyring for
    implicitly obtained request-key keys, as set by KEYCTL_SET_REQKEY_KEYRING.

    See also Documentation/keys-request-key.txt.


(*) When it is no longer required, the key should be released using:

        void key_put(struct key *key);

    Or:

        void key_ref_put(key_ref_t key_ref);

    These can be called from interrupt context. If CONFIG_KEYS is not set then
    the argument will not be parsed.


(*) Extra references can be made to a key by calling the following function:

        struct key *key_get(struct key *key);

    These need to be disposed of by calling key_put() when they've been
    finished with. The key pointer passed in will be returned. If the pointer
    is NULL or CONFIG_KEYS is not set then the key will not be dereferenced and
    no increment will take place.


(*) A key's serial number can be obtained by calling:

        key_serial_t key_serial(struct key *key);

    If key is NULL or if CONFIG_KEYS is not set then 0 will be returned (in the
    latter case without parsing the argument).


(*) If a keyring was found in the search, this can be further searched by:

        key_ref_t keyring_search(key_ref_t keyring_ref,
                                 const struct key_type *type,
                                 const char *description)

    This searches the keyring tree specified for a matching key. Error ENOKEY
    is returned upon failure (use IS_ERR/PTR_ERR to determine). If successful,
    the returned key will need to be released.

    The possession attribute from the keyring reference is used to control
    access through the permissions mask and is propagated to the returned key
    reference pointer if successful.


(*) To check the validity of a key, this function can be called:

        int validate_key(struct key *key);

    This checks that the key in question hasn't expired or and hasn't been
    revoked. Should the key be invalid, error EKEYEXPIRED or EKEYREVOKED will
    be returned. If the key is NULL or if CONFIG_KEYS is not set then 0 will be
    returned (in the latter case without parsing the argument).


(*) To register a key type, the following function should be called:

        int register_key_type(struct key_type *type);

    This will return error EEXIST if a type of the same name is already
    present.


(*) To unregister a key type, call:

        void unregister_key_type(struct key_type *type);


===================================
NOTES ON ACCESSING PAYLOAD CONTENTS
===================================

The simplest payload is just a number in key->payload.value. In this case,
there's no need to indulge in RCU or locking when accessing the payload.

More complex payload contents must be allocated and a pointer to them set in
key->payload.data. One of the following ways must be selected to access the
data:

 (1) Unmodifiable key type.

     If the key type does not have a modify method, then the key's payload can
     be accessed without any form of locking, provided that it's known to be
     instantiated (uninstantiated keys cannot be "found").

 (2) The key's semaphore.

     The semaphore could be used to govern access to the payload and to control
     the payload pointer. It must be write-locked for modifications and would
     have to be read-locked for general access. The disadvantage of doing this
     is that the accessor may be required to sleep.

 (3) RCU.

     RCU must be used when the semaphore isn't already held; if the semaphore
     is held then the contents can't change under you unexpectedly as the
     semaphore must still be used to serialise modifications to the key. The
     key management code takes care of this for the key type.

     However, this means using:

        rcu_read_lock() ... rcu_dereference() ... rcu_read_unlock()

     to read the pointer, and:

        rcu_dereference() ... rcu_assign_pointer() ... call_rcu()

     to set the pointer and dispose of the old contents after a grace period.
     Note that only the key type should ever modify a key's payload.

     Furthermore, an RCU controlled payload must hold a struct rcu_head for the
     use of call_rcu() and, if the payload is of variable size, the length of
     the payload. key->datalen cannot be relied upon to be consistent with the
     payload just dereferenced if the key's semaphore is not held.


===================
DEFINING A KEY TYPE
===================

A kernel service may want to define its own key type. For instance, an AFS
filesystem might want to define a Kerberos 5 ticket key type. To do this, it
author fills in a struct key_type and registers it with the system.

The structure has a number of fields, some of which are mandatory:

 (*) const char *name

     The name of the key type. This is used to translate a key type name
     supplied by userspace into a pointer to the structure.


 (*) size_t def_datalen

     This is optional - it supplies the default payload data length as
     contributed to the quota. If the key type's payload is always or almost
     always the same size, then this is a more efficient way to do things.

     The data length (and quota) on a particular key can always be changed
     during instantiation or update by calling:

        int key_payload_reserve(struct key *key, size_t datalen);

     With the revised data length. Error EDQUOT will be returned if this is not
     viable.


 (*) int (*instantiate)(struct key *key, const void *data, size_t datalen);

     This method is called to attach a payload to a key during construction.
     The payload attached need not bear any relation to the data passed to this
     function.

     If the amount of data attached to the key differs from the size in
     keytype->def_datalen, then key_payload_reserve() should be called.

     This method does not have to lock the key in order to attach a payload.
     The fact that KEY_FLAG_INSTANTIATED is not set in key->flags prevents
     anything else from gaining access to the key.

     It is safe to sleep in this method.


 (*) int (*update)(struct key *key, const void *data, size_t datalen);

     If this type of key can be updated, then this method should be provided.
     It is called to update a key's payload from the blob of data provided.

     key_payload_reserve() should be called if the data length might change
     before any changes are actually made. Note that if this succeeds, the type
     is committed to changing the key because it's already been altered, so all
     memory allocation must be done first.

     The key will have its semaphore write-locked before this method is called,
     but this only deters other writers; any changes to the key's payload must
     be made under RCU conditions, and call_rcu() must be used to dispose of
     the old payload.

     key_payload_reserve() should be called before the changes are made, but
     after all allocations and other potentially failing function calls are
     made.

     It is safe to sleep in this method.


 (*) int (*match)(const struct key *key, const void *desc);

     This method is called to match a key against a description. It should
     return non-zero if the two match, zero if they don't.

     This method should not need to lock the key in any way. The type and
     description can be considered invariant, and the payload should not be
     accessed (the key may not yet be instantiated).

     It is not safe to sleep in this method; the caller may hold spinlocks.


 (*) void (*revoke)(struct key *key);

     This method is optional.  It is called to discard part of the payload
     data upon a key being revoked.  The caller will have the key semaphore
     write-locked.

     It is safe to sleep in this method, though care should be taken to avoid
     a deadlock against the key semaphore.


 (*) void (*destroy)(struct key *key);

     This method is optional. It is called to discard the payload data on a key
     when it is being destroyed.

     This method does not need to lock the key to access the payload; it can
     consider the key as being inaccessible at this time. Note that the key's
     type may have been changed before this function is called.

     It is not safe to sleep in this method; the caller may hold spinlocks.


 (*) void (*describe)(const struct key *key, struct seq_file *p);

     This method is optional. It is called during /proc/keys reading to
     summarise a key's description and payload in text form.

     This method will be called with the RCU read lock held. rcu_dereference()
     should be used to read the payload pointer if the payload is to be
     accessed. key->datalen cannot be trusted to stay consistent with the
     contents of the payload.

     The description will not change, though the key's state may.

     It is not safe to sleep in this method; the RCU read lock is held by the
     caller.


 (*) long (*read)(const struct key *key, char __user *buffer, size_t buflen);

     This method is optional. It is called by KEYCTL_READ to translate the
     key's payload into something a blob of data for userspace to deal with.
     Ideally, the blob should be in the same format as that passed in to the
     instantiate and update methods.

     If successful, the blob size that could be produced should be returned
     rather than the size copied.

     This method will be called with the key's semaphore read-locked. This will
     prevent the key's payload changing. It is not necessary to use RCU locking
     when accessing the key's payload. It is safe to sleep in this method, such
     as might happen when the userspace buffer is accessed.


============================
REQUEST-KEY CALLBACK SERVICE
============================

To create a new key, the kernel will attempt to execute the following command
line:

        /sbin/request-key create <key> <uid> <gid> \
                <threadring> <processring> <sessionring> <callout_info>

<key> is the key being constructed, and the three keyrings are the process
keyrings from the process that caused the search to be issued. These are
included for two reasons:

  (1) There may be an authentication token in one of the keyrings that is
      required to obtain the key, eg: a Kerberos Ticket-Granting Ticket.

  (2) The new key should probably be cached in one of these rings.

This program should set it UID and GID to those specified before attempting to
access any more keys. It may then look around for a user specific process to
hand the request off to (perhaps a path held in placed in another key by, for
example, the KDE desktop manager).

The program (or whatever it calls) should finish construction of the key by
calling KEYCTL_INSTANTIATE, which also permits it to cache the key in one of
the keyrings (probably the session ring) before returning. Alternatively, the
key can be marked as negative with KEYCTL_NEGATE; this also permits the key to
be cached in one of the keyrings.

If it returns with the key remaining in the unconstructed state, the key will
be marked as being negative, it will be added to the session keyring, and an
error will be returned to the key requestor.

Supplementary information may be provided from whoever or whatever invoked this
service. This will be passed as the <callout_info> parameter. If no such
information was made available, then "-" will be passed as this parameter
instead.


Similarly, the kernel may attempt to update an expired or a soon to expire key
by executing:

        /sbin/request-key update <key> <uid> <gid> \
                <threadring> <processring> <sessionring>

In this case, the program isn't required to actually attach the key to a ring;
the rings are provided for reference.