2 * Copyright (c) International Business Machines Corp., 2006
3 * Copyright (c) Nokia Corporation, 2006, 2007
5 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
6 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
7 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
8 * (at your option) any later version.
10 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
11 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
12 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See
13 * the GNU General Public License for more details.
15 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
16 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
17 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
19 * Author: Artem Bityutskiy (Битюцкий Артём)
23 * UBI input/output unit.
25 * This unit provides a uniform way to work with all kinds of the underlying
26 * MTD devices. It also implements handy functions for reading and writing UBI
29 * We are trying to have a paranoid mindset and not to trust to what we read
30 * from the flash media in order to be more secure and robust. So this unit
31 * validates every single header it reads from the flash media.
33 * Some words about how the eraseblock headers are stored.
35 * The erase counter header is always stored at offset zero. By default, the
36 * VID header is stored after the EC header at the closest aligned offset
37 * (i.e. aligned to the minimum I/O unit size). Data starts next to the VID
38 * header at the closest aligned offset. But this default layout may be
39 * changed. For example, for different reasons (e.g., optimization) UBI may be
40 * asked to put the VID header at further offset, and even at an unaligned
41 * offset. Of course, if the offset of the VID header is unaligned, UBI adds
42 * proper padding in front of it. Data offset may also be changed but it has to
45 * About minimal I/O units. In general, UBI assumes flash device model where
46 * there is only one minimal I/O unit size. E.g., in case of NOR flash it is 1,
47 * in case of NAND flash it is a NAND page, etc. This is reported by MTD in the
48 * @ubi->mtd->writesize field. But as an exception, UBI admits of using another
49 * (smaller) minimal I/O unit size for EC and VID headers to make it possible
50 * to do different optimizations.
52 * This is extremely useful in case of NAND flashes which admit of several
53 * write operations to one NAND page. In this case UBI can fit EC and VID
54 * headers at one NAND page. Thus, UBI may use "sub-page" size as the minimal
55 * I/O unit for the headers (the @ubi->hdrs_min_io_size field). But it still
56 * reports NAND page size (@ubi->min_io_size) as a minimal I/O unit for the UBI
59 * Example: some Samsung NANDs with 2KiB pages allow 4x 512-byte writes, so
60 * although the minimal I/O unit is 2K, UBI uses 512 bytes for EC and VID
63 * Q: why not just to treat sub-page as a minimal I/O unit of this flash
64 * device, e.g., make @ubi->min_io_size = 512 in the example above?
66 * A: because when writing a sub-page, MTD still writes a full 2K page but the
67 * bytes which are no relevant to the sub-page are 0xFF. So, basically, writing
68 * 4x512 sub-pages is 4 times slower then writing one 2KiB NAND page. Thus, we
69 * prefer to use sub-pages only for EV and VID headers.
71 * As it was noted above, the VID header may start at a non-aligned offset.
72 * For example, in case of a 2KiB page NAND flash with a 512 bytes sub-page,
73 * the VID header may reside at offset 1984 which is the last 64 bytes of the
74 * last sub-page (EC header is always at offset zero). This causes some
75 * difficulties when reading and writing VID headers.
77 * Suppose we have a 64-byte buffer and we read a VID header at it. We change
78 * the data and want to write this VID header out. As we can only write in
79 * 512-byte chunks, we have to allocate one more buffer and copy our VID header
80 * to offset 448 of this buffer.
82 * The I/O unit does the following trick in order to avoid this extra copy.
83 * It always allocates a @ubi->vid_hdr_alsize bytes buffer for the VID header
84 * and returns a pointer to offset @ubi->vid_hdr_shift of this buffer. When the
85 * VID header is being written out, it shifts the VID header pointer back and
86 * writes the whole sub-page.
89 #include <linux/crc32.h>
90 #include <linux/err.h>
93 #ifdef CONFIG_MTD_UBI_DEBUG_PARANOID
94 static int paranoid_check_not_bad(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum);
95 static int paranoid_check_peb_ec_hdr(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum);
96 static int paranoid_check_ec_hdr(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum,
97 const struct ubi_ec_hdr *ec_hdr);
98 static int paranoid_check_peb_vid_hdr(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum);
99 static int paranoid_check_vid_hdr(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum,
100 const struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr);
101 static int paranoid_check_all_ff(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum,
102 int offset, int len);
104 #define paranoid_check_not_bad(ubi, pnum) 0
105 #define paranoid_check_peb_ec_hdr(ubi, pnum) 0
106 #define paranoid_check_ec_hdr(ubi, pnum, ec_hdr) 0
107 #define paranoid_check_peb_vid_hdr(ubi, pnum) 0
108 #define paranoid_check_vid_hdr(ubi, pnum, vid_hdr) 0
109 #define paranoid_check_all_ff(ubi, pnum, offset, len) 0
113 * ubi_io_read - read data from a physical eraseblock.
114 * @ubi: UBI device description object
115 * @buf: buffer where to store the read data
116 * @pnum: physical eraseblock number to read from
117 * @offset: offset within the physical eraseblock from where to read
118 * @len: how many bytes to read
120 * This function reads data from offset @offset of physical eraseblock @pnum
121 * and stores the read data in the @buf buffer. The following return codes are
124 * o %0 if all the requested data were successfully read;
125 * o %UBI_IO_BITFLIPS if all the requested data were successfully read, but
126 * correctable bit-flips were detected; this is harmless but may indicate
127 * that this eraseblock may become bad soon (but do not have to);
128 * o %-EBADMSG if the MTD subsystem reported about data data integrity
129 * problems, for example it can me an ECC error in case of NAND; this most
130 * probably means that the data is corrupted;
131 * o %-EIO if some I/O error occurred;
132 * o other negative error codes in case of other errors.
134 int ubi_io_read(const struct ubi_device *ubi, void *buf, int pnum, int offset,
137 int err, retries = 0;
141 dbg_io("read %d bytes from PEB %d:%d", len, pnum, offset);
143 ubi_assert(pnum >= 0 && pnum < ubi->peb_count);
144 ubi_assert(offset >= 0 && offset + len <= ubi->peb_size);
147 err = paranoid_check_not_bad(ubi, pnum);
149 return err > 0 ? -EINVAL : err;
151 addr = (loff_t)pnum * ubi->peb_size + offset;
153 err = ubi->mtd->read(ubi->mtd, addr, len, &read, buf);
155 if (err == -EUCLEAN) {
157 * -EUCLEAN is reported if there was a bit-flip which
158 * was corrected, so this is harmless.
160 ubi_msg("fixable bit-flip detected at PEB %d", pnum);
161 ubi_assert(len == read);
162 return UBI_IO_BITFLIPS;
165 if (read != len && retries++ < UBI_IO_RETRIES) {
166 dbg_io("error %d while reading %d bytes from PEB %d:%d, "
167 "read only %zd bytes, retry",
168 err, len, pnum, offset, read);
173 ubi_err("error %d while reading %d bytes from PEB %d:%d, "
174 "read %zd bytes", err, len, pnum, offset, read);
175 ubi_dbg_dump_stack();
177 ubi_assert(len == read);
179 if (ubi_dbg_is_bitflip()) {
180 dbg_msg("bit-flip (emulated)");
181 err = UBI_IO_BITFLIPS;
189 * ubi_io_write - write data to a physical eraseblock.
190 * @ubi: UBI device description object
191 * @buf: buffer with the data to write
192 * @pnum: physical eraseblock number to write to
193 * @offset: offset within the physical eraseblock where to write
194 * @len: how many bytes to write
196 * This function writes @len bytes of data from buffer @buf to offset @offset
197 * of physical eraseblock @pnum. If all the data were successfully written,
198 * zero is returned. If an error occurred, this function returns a negative
199 * error code. If %-EIO is returned, the physical eraseblock most probably went
202 * Note, in case of an error, it is possible that something was still written
203 * to the flash media, but may be some garbage.
205 int ubi_io_write(const struct ubi_device *ubi, const void *buf, int pnum,
212 dbg_io("write %d bytes to PEB %d:%d", len, pnum, offset);
214 ubi_assert(pnum >= 0 && pnum < ubi->peb_count);
215 ubi_assert(offset >= 0 && offset + len <= ubi->peb_size);
216 ubi_assert(offset % ubi->hdrs_min_io_size == 0);
217 ubi_assert(len > 0 && len % ubi->hdrs_min_io_size == 0);
220 ubi_err("read-only mode");
224 /* The below has to be compiled out if paranoid checks are disabled */
226 err = paranoid_check_not_bad(ubi, pnum);
228 return err > 0 ? -EINVAL : err;
230 /* The area we are writing to has to contain all 0xFF bytes */
231 err = paranoid_check_all_ff(ubi, pnum, offset, len);
233 return err > 0 ? -EINVAL : err;
235 if (offset >= ubi->leb_start) {
237 * We write to the data area of the physical eraseblock. Make
238 * sure it has valid EC and VID headers.
240 err = paranoid_check_peb_ec_hdr(ubi, pnum);
242 return err > 0 ? -EINVAL : err;
243 err = paranoid_check_peb_vid_hdr(ubi, pnum);
245 return err > 0 ? -EINVAL : err;
248 if (ubi_dbg_is_write_failure()) {
249 dbg_err("cannot write %d bytes to PEB %d:%d "
250 "(emulated)", len, pnum, offset);
251 ubi_dbg_dump_stack();
255 addr = (loff_t)pnum * ubi->peb_size + offset;
256 err = ubi->mtd->write(ubi->mtd, addr, len, &written, buf);
258 ubi_err("error %d while writing %d bytes to PEB %d:%d, written"
259 " %zd bytes", err, len, pnum, offset, written);
260 ubi_dbg_dump_stack();
262 ubi_assert(written == len);
268 * erase_callback - MTD erasure call-back.
269 * @ei: MTD erase information object.
271 * Note, even though MTD erase interface is asynchronous, all the current
272 * implementations are synchronous anyway.
274 static void erase_callback(struct erase_info *ei)
276 wake_up_interruptible((wait_queue_head_t *)ei->priv);
280 * do_sync_erase - synchronously erase a physical eraseblock.
281 * @ubi: UBI device description object
282 * @pnum: the physical eraseblock number to erase
284 * This function synchronously erases physical eraseblock @pnum and returns
285 * zero in case of success and a negative error code in case of failure. If
286 * %-EIO is returned, the physical eraseblock most probably went bad.
288 static int do_sync_erase(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum)
290 int err, retries = 0;
291 struct erase_info ei;
292 wait_queue_head_t wq;
294 dbg_io("erase PEB %d", pnum);
297 init_waitqueue_head(&wq);
298 memset(&ei, 0, sizeof(struct erase_info));
301 ei.addr = pnum * ubi->peb_size;
302 ei.len = ubi->peb_size;
303 ei.callback = erase_callback;
304 ei.priv = (unsigned long)&wq;
306 err = ubi->mtd->erase(ubi->mtd, &ei);
308 if (retries++ < UBI_IO_RETRIES) {
309 dbg_io("error %d while erasing PEB %d, retry",
314 ubi_err("cannot erase PEB %d, error %d", pnum, err);
315 ubi_dbg_dump_stack();
319 err = wait_event_interruptible(wq, ei.state == MTD_ERASE_DONE ||
320 ei.state == MTD_ERASE_FAILED);
322 ubi_err("interrupted PEB %d erasure", pnum);
326 if (ei.state == MTD_ERASE_FAILED) {
327 if (retries++ < UBI_IO_RETRIES) {
328 dbg_io("error while erasing PEB %d, retry", pnum);
332 ubi_err("cannot erase PEB %d", pnum);
333 ubi_dbg_dump_stack();
337 err = paranoid_check_all_ff(ubi, pnum, 0, ubi->peb_size);
339 return err > 0 ? -EINVAL : err;
341 if (ubi_dbg_is_erase_failure() && !err) {
342 dbg_err("cannot erase PEB %d (emulated)", pnum);
350 * check_pattern - check if buffer contains only a certain byte pattern.
351 * @buf: buffer to check
352 * @patt: the pattern to check
353 * @size: buffer size in bytes
355 * This function returns %1 in there are only @patt bytes in @buf, and %0 if
356 * something else was also found.
358 static int check_pattern(const void *buf, uint8_t patt, int size)
362 for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
363 if (((const uint8_t *)buf)[i] != patt)
368 /* Patterns to write to a physical eraseblock when torturing it */
369 static uint8_t patterns[] = {0xa5, 0x5a, 0x0};
372 * torture_peb - test a supposedly bad physical eraseblock.
373 * @ubi: UBI device description object
374 * @pnum: the physical eraseblock number to test
376 * This function returns %-EIO if the physical eraseblock did not pass the
377 * test, a positive number of erase operations done if the test was
378 * successfully passed, and other negative error codes in case of other errors.
380 static int torture_peb(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum)
383 int err, i, patt_count;
385 buf = kmalloc(ubi->peb_size, GFP_KERNEL);
389 patt_count = ARRAY_SIZE(patterns);
390 ubi_assert(patt_count > 0);
392 for (i = 0; i < patt_count; i++) {
393 err = do_sync_erase(ubi, pnum);
397 /* Make sure the PEB contains only 0xFF bytes */
398 err = ubi_io_read(ubi, buf, pnum, 0, ubi->peb_size);
402 err = check_pattern(buf, 0xFF, ubi->peb_size);
404 ubi_err("erased PEB %d, but a non-0xFF byte found",
410 /* Write a pattern and check it */
411 memset(buf, patterns[i], ubi->peb_size);
412 err = ubi_io_write(ubi, buf, pnum, 0, ubi->peb_size);
416 memset(buf, ~patterns[i], ubi->peb_size);
417 err = ubi_io_read(ubi, buf, pnum, 0, ubi->peb_size);
421 err = check_pattern(buf, patterns[i], ubi->peb_size);
423 ubi_err("pattern %x checking failed for PEB %d",
433 if (err == UBI_IO_BITFLIPS || err == -EBADMSG)
435 * If a bit-flip or data integrity error was detected, the test
436 * has not passed because it happened on a freshly erased
437 * physical eraseblock which means something is wrong with it.
445 * ubi_io_sync_erase - synchronously erase a physical eraseblock.
446 * @ubi: UBI device description object
447 * @pnum: physical eraseblock number to erase
448 * @torture: if this physical eraseblock has to be tortured
450 * This function synchronously erases physical eraseblock @pnum. If @torture
451 * flag is not zero, the physical eraseblock is checked by means of writing
452 * different patterns to it and reading them back. If the torturing is enabled,
453 * the physical eraseblock is erased more then once.
455 * This function returns the number of erasures made in case of success, %-EIO
456 * if the erasure failed or the torturing test failed, and other negative error
457 * codes in case of other errors. Note, %-EIO means that the physical
460 int ubi_io_sync_erase(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum, int torture)
464 ubi_assert(pnum >= 0 && pnum < ubi->peb_count);
466 err = paranoid_check_not_bad(ubi, pnum);
468 return err > 0 ? -EINVAL : err;
471 ubi_err("read-only mode");
476 ret = torture_peb(ubi, pnum);
481 err = do_sync_erase(ubi, pnum);
489 * ubi_io_is_bad - check if a physical eraseblock is bad.
490 * @ubi: UBI device description object
491 * @pnum: the physical eraseblock number to check
493 * This function returns a positive number if the physical eraseblock is bad,
494 * zero if not, and a negative error code if an error occurred.
496 int ubi_io_is_bad(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum)
498 struct mtd_info *mtd = ubi->mtd;
500 ubi_assert(pnum >= 0 && pnum < ubi->peb_count);
502 if (ubi->bad_allowed) {
505 ret = mtd->block_isbad(mtd, (loff_t)pnum * ubi->peb_size);
507 ubi_err("error %d while checking if PEB %d is bad",
510 dbg_io("PEB %d is bad", pnum);
518 * ubi_io_mark_bad - mark a physical eraseblock as bad.
519 * @ubi: UBI device description object
520 * @pnum: the physical eraseblock number to mark
522 * This function returns zero in case of success and a negative error code in
525 int ubi_io_mark_bad(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum)
528 struct mtd_info *mtd = ubi->mtd;
530 ubi_assert(pnum >= 0 && pnum < ubi->peb_count);
533 ubi_err("read-only mode");
537 if (!ubi->bad_allowed)
540 err = mtd->block_markbad(mtd, (loff_t)pnum * ubi->peb_size);
542 ubi_err("cannot mark PEB %d bad, error %d", pnum, err);
547 * validate_ec_hdr - validate an erase counter header.
548 * @ubi: UBI device description object
549 * @ec_hdr: the erase counter header to check
551 * This function returns zero if the erase counter header is OK, and %1 if
554 static int validate_ec_hdr(const struct ubi_device *ubi,
555 const struct ubi_ec_hdr *ec_hdr)
558 int vid_hdr_offset, leb_start;
560 ec = ubi64_to_cpu(ec_hdr->ec);
561 vid_hdr_offset = ubi32_to_cpu(ec_hdr->vid_hdr_offset);
562 leb_start = ubi32_to_cpu(ec_hdr->data_offset);
564 if (ec_hdr->version != UBI_VERSION) {
565 ubi_err("node with incompatible UBI version found: "
566 "this UBI version is %d, image version is %d",
567 UBI_VERSION, (int)ec_hdr->version);
571 if (vid_hdr_offset != ubi->vid_hdr_offset) {
572 ubi_err("bad VID header offset %d, expected %d",
573 vid_hdr_offset, ubi->vid_hdr_offset);
577 if (leb_start != ubi->leb_start) {
578 ubi_err("bad data offset %d, expected %d",
579 leb_start, ubi->leb_start);
583 if (ec < 0 || ec > UBI_MAX_ERASECOUNTER) {
584 ubi_err("bad erase counter %lld", ec);
591 ubi_err("bad EC header");
592 ubi_dbg_dump_ec_hdr(ec_hdr);
593 ubi_dbg_dump_stack();
598 * ubi_io_read_ec_hdr - read and check an erase counter header.
599 * @ubi: UBI device description object
600 * @pnum: physical eraseblock to read from
601 * @ec_hdr: a &struct ubi_ec_hdr object where to store the read erase counter
603 * @verbose: be verbose if the header is corrupted or was not found
605 * This function reads erase counter header from physical eraseblock @pnum and
606 * stores it in @ec_hdr. This function also checks CRC checksum of the read
607 * erase counter header. The following codes may be returned:
609 * o %0 if the CRC checksum is correct and the header was successfully read;
610 * o %UBI_IO_BITFLIPS if the CRC is correct, but bit-flips were detected
611 * and corrected by the flash driver; this is harmless but may indicate that
612 * this eraseblock may become bad soon (but may be not);
613 * o %UBI_IO_BAD_EC_HDR if the erase counter header is corrupted (a CRC error);
614 * o %UBI_IO_PEB_EMPTY if the physical eraseblock is empty;
615 * o a negative error code in case of failure.
617 int ubi_io_read_ec_hdr(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum,
618 struct ubi_ec_hdr *ec_hdr, int verbose)
620 int err, read_err = 0;
621 uint32_t crc, magic, hdr_crc;
623 dbg_io("read EC header from PEB %d", pnum);
624 ubi_assert(pnum >= 0 && pnum < ubi->peb_count);
626 err = ubi_io_read(ubi, ec_hdr, pnum, 0, UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE);
628 if (err != UBI_IO_BITFLIPS && err != -EBADMSG)
632 * We read all the data, but either a correctable bit-flip
633 * occurred, or MTD reported about some data integrity error,
634 * like an ECC error in case of NAND. The former is harmless,
635 * the later may mean that the read data is corrupted. But we
636 * have a CRC check-sum and we will detect this. If the EC
637 * header is still OK, we just report this as there was a
643 magic = ubi32_to_cpu(ec_hdr->magic);
644 if (magic != UBI_EC_HDR_MAGIC) {
646 * The magic field is wrong. Let's check if we have read all
647 * 0xFF. If yes, this physical eraseblock is assumed to be
650 * But if there was a read error, we do not test it for all
651 * 0xFFs. Even if it does contain all 0xFFs, this error
652 * indicates that something is still wrong with this physical
653 * eraseblock and we anyway cannot treat it as empty.
655 if (read_err != -EBADMSG &&
656 check_pattern(ec_hdr, 0xFF, UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE)) {
657 /* The physical eraseblock is supposedly empty */
660 * The below is just a paranoid check, it has to be
661 * compiled out if paranoid checks are disabled.
663 err = paranoid_check_all_ff(ubi, pnum, 0,
666 return err > 0 ? UBI_IO_BAD_EC_HDR : err;
669 ubi_warn("no EC header found at PEB %d, "
670 "only 0xFF bytes", pnum);
671 return UBI_IO_PEB_EMPTY;
675 * This is not a valid erase counter header, and these are not
676 * 0xFF bytes. Report that the header is corrupted.
679 ubi_warn("bad magic number at PEB %d: %08x instead of "
680 "%08x", pnum, magic, UBI_EC_HDR_MAGIC);
681 ubi_dbg_dump_ec_hdr(ec_hdr);
683 return UBI_IO_BAD_EC_HDR;
686 crc = crc32(UBI_CRC32_INIT, ec_hdr, UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE_CRC);
687 hdr_crc = ubi32_to_cpu(ec_hdr->hdr_crc);
689 if (hdr_crc != crc) {
691 ubi_warn("bad EC header CRC at PEB %d, calculated %#08x,"
692 " read %#08x", pnum, crc, hdr_crc);
693 ubi_dbg_dump_ec_hdr(ec_hdr);
695 return UBI_IO_BAD_EC_HDR;
698 /* And of course validate what has just been read from the media */
699 err = validate_ec_hdr(ubi, ec_hdr);
701 ubi_err("validation failed for PEB %d", pnum);
705 return read_err ? UBI_IO_BITFLIPS : 0;
709 * ubi_io_write_ec_hdr - write an erase counter header.
710 * @ubi: UBI device description object
711 * @pnum: physical eraseblock to write to
712 * @ec_hdr: the erase counter header to write
714 * This function writes erase counter header described by @ec_hdr to physical
715 * eraseblock @pnum. It also fills most fields of @ec_hdr before writing, so
716 * the caller do not have to fill them. Callers must only fill the @ec_hdr->ec
719 * This function returns zero in case of success and a negative error code in
720 * case of failure. If %-EIO is returned, the physical eraseblock most probably
723 int ubi_io_write_ec_hdr(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum,
724 struct ubi_ec_hdr *ec_hdr)
729 dbg_io("write EC header to PEB %d", pnum);
730 ubi_assert(pnum >= 0 && pnum < ubi->peb_count);
732 ec_hdr->magic = cpu_to_ubi32(UBI_EC_HDR_MAGIC);
733 ec_hdr->version = UBI_VERSION;
734 ec_hdr->vid_hdr_offset = cpu_to_ubi32(ubi->vid_hdr_offset);
735 ec_hdr->data_offset = cpu_to_ubi32(ubi->leb_start);
736 crc = crc32(UBI_CRC32_INIT, ec_hdr, UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE_CRC);
737 ec_hdr->hdr_crc = cpu_to_ubi32(crc);
739 err = paranoid_check_ec_hdr(ubi, pnum, ec_hdr);
743 err = ubi_io_write(ubi, ec_hdr, pnum, 0, ubi->ec_hdr_alsize);
748 * validate_vid_hdr - validate a volume identifier header.
749 * @ubi: UBI device description object
750 * @vid_hdr: the volume identifier header to check
752 * This function checks that data stored in the volume identifier header
753 * @vid_hdr. Returns zero if the VID header is OK and %1 if not.
755 static int validate_vid_hdr(const struct ubi_device *ubi,
756 const struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr)
758 int vol_type = vid_hdr->vol_type;
759 int copy_flag = vid_hdr->copy_flag;
760 int vol_id = ubi32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->vol_id);
761 int lnum = ubi32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->lnum);
762 int compat = vid_hdr->compat;
763 int data_size = ubi32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->data_size);
764 int used_ebs = ubi32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->used_ebs);
765 int data_pad = ubi32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->data_pad);
766 int data_crc = ubi32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->data_crc);
767 int usable_leb_size = ubi->leb_size - data_pad;
769 if (copy_flag != 0 && copy_flag != 1) {
770 dbg_err("bad copy_flag");
774 if (vol_id < 0 || lnum < 0 || data_size < 0 || used_ebs < 0 ||
776 dbg_err("negative values");
780 if (vol_id >= UBI_MAX_VOLUMES && vol_id < UBI_INTERNAL_VOL_START) {
781 dbg_err("bad vol_id");
785 if (vol_id < UBI_INTERNAL_VOL_START && compat != 0) {
786 dbg_err("bad compat");
790 if (vol_id >= UBI_INTERNAL_VOL_START && compat != UBI_COMPAT_DELETE &&
791 compat != UBI_COMPAT_RO && compat != UBI_COMPAT_PRESERVE &&
792 compat != UBI_COMPAT_REJECT) {
793 dbg_err("bad compat");
797 if (vol_type != UBI_VID_DYNAMIC && vol_type != UBI_VID_STATIC) {
798 dbg_err("bad vol_type");
802 if (data_pad >= ubi->leb_size / 2) {
803 dbg_err("bad data_pad");
807 if (vol_type == UBI_VID_STATIC) {
809 * Although from high-level point of view static volumes may
810 * contain zero bytes of data, but no VID headers can contain
811 * zero at these fields, because they empty volumes do not have
812 * mapped logical eraseblocks.
815 dbg_err("zero used_ebs");
818 if (data_size == 0) {
819 dbg_err("zero data_size");
822 if (lnum < used_ebs - 1) {
823 if (data_size != usable_leb_size) {
824 dbg_err("bad data_size");
827 } else if (lnum == used_ebs - 1) {
828 if (data_size == 0) {
829 dbg_err("bad data_size at last LEB");
833 dbg_err("too high lnum");
837 if (copy_flag == 0) {
839 dbg_err("non-zero data CRC");
842 if (data_size != 0) {
843 dbg_err("non-zero data_size");
847 if (data_size == 0) {
848 dbg_err("zero data_size of copy");
853 dbg_err("bad used_ebs");
861 ubi_err("bad VID header");
862 ubi_dbg_dump_vid_hdr(vid_hdr);
863 ubi_dbg_dump_stack();
868 * ubi_io_read_vid_hdr - read and check a volume identifier header.
869 * @ubi: UBI device description object
870 * @pnum: physical eraseblock number to read from
871 * @vid_hdr: &struct ubi_vid_hdr object where to store the read volume
873 * @verbose: be verbose if the header is corrupted or wasn't found
875 * This function reads the volume identifier header from physical eraseblock
876 * @pnum and stores it in @vid_hdr. It also checks CRC checksum of the read
877 * volume identifier header. The following codes may be returned:
879 * o %0 if the CRC checksum is correct and the header was successfully read;
880 * o %UBI_IO_BITFLIPS if the CRC is correct, but bit-flips were detected
881 * and corrected by the flash driver; this is harmless but may indicate that
882 * this eraseblock may become bad soon;
883 * o %UBI_IO_BAD_VID_HRD if the volume identifier header is corrupted (a CRC
885 * o %UBI_IO_PEB_FREE if the physical eraseblock is free (i.e., there is no VID
887 * o a negative error code in case of failure.
889 int ubi_io_read_vid_hdr(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum,
890 struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr, int verbose)
892 int err, read_err = 0;
893 uint32_t crc, magic, hdr_crc;
896 dbg_io("read VID header from PEB %d", pnum);
897 ubi_assert(pnum >= 0 && pnum < ubi->peb_count);
899 p = (char *)vid_hdr - ubi->vid_hdr_shift;
900 err = ubi_io_read(ubi, p, pnum, ubi->vid_hdr_aloffset,
901 ubi->vid_hdr_alsize);
903 if (err != UBI_IO_BITFLIPS && err != -EBADMSG)
907 * We read all the data, but either a correctable bit-flip
908 * occurred, or MTD reported about some data integrity error,
909 * like an ECC error in case of NAND. The former is harmless,
910 * the later may mean the read data is corrupted. But we have a
911 * CRC check-sum and we will identify this. If the VID header is
912 * still OK, we just report this as there was a bit-flip.
917 magic = ubi32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->magic);
918 if (magic != UBI_VID_HDR_MAGIC) {
920 * If we have read all 0xFF bytes, the VID header probably does
921 * not exist and the physical eraseblock is assumed to be free.
923 * But if there was a read error, we do not test the data for
924 * 0xFFs. Even if it does contain all 0xFFs, this error
925 * indicates that something is still wrong with this physical
926 * eraseblock and it cannot be regarded as free.
928 if (read_err != -EBADMSG &&
929 check_pattern(vid_hdr, 0xFF, UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE)) {
930 /* The physical eraseblock is supposedly free */
933 * The below is just a paranoid check, it has to be
934 * compiled out if paranoid checks are disabled.
936 err = paranoid_check_all_ff(ubi, pnum, ubi->leb_start,
939 return err > 0 ? UBI_IO_BAD_VID_HDR : err;
942 ubi_warn("no VID header found at PEB %d, "
943 "only 0xFF bytes", pnum);
944 return UBI_IO_PEB_FREE;
948 * This is not a valid VID header, and these are not 0xFF
949 * bytes. Report that the header is corrupted.
952 ubi_warn("bad magic number at PEB %d: %08x instead of "
953 "%08x", pnum, magic, UBI_VID_HDR_MAGIC);
954 ubi_dbg_dump_vid_hdr(vid_hdr);
956 return UBI_IO_BAD_VID_HDR;
959 crc = crc32(UBI_CRC32_INIT, vid_hdr, UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE_CRC);
960 hdr_crc = ubi32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->hdr_crc);
962 if (hdr_crc != crc) {
964 ubi_warn("bad CRC at PEB %d, calculated %#08x, "
965 "read %#08x", pnum, crc, hdr_crc);
966 ubi_dbg_dump_vid_hdr(vid_hdr);
968 return UBI_IO_BAD_VID_HDR;
971 /* Validate the VID header that we have just read */
972 err = validate_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
974 ubi_err("validation failed for PEB %d", pnum);
978 return read_err ? UBI_IO_BITFLIPS : 0;
982 * ubi_io_write_vid_hdr - write a volume identifier header.
983 * @ubi: UBI device description object
984 * @pnum: the physical eraseblock number to write to
985 * @vid_hdr: the volume identifier header to write
987 * This function writes the volume identifier header described by @vid_hdr to
988 * physical eraseblock @pnum. This function automatically fills the
989 * @vid_hdr->magic and the @vid_hdr->version fields, as well as calculates
990 * header CRC checksum and stores it at vid_hdr->hdr_crc.
992 * This function returns zero in case of success and a negative error code in
993 * case of failure. If %-EIO is returned, the physical eraseblock probably went
996 int ubi_io_write_vid_hdr(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum,
997 struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr)
1003 dbg_io("write VID header to PEB %d", pnum);
1004 ubi_assert(pnum >= 0 && pnum < ubi->peb_count);
1006 err = paranoid_check_peb_ec_hdr(ubi, pnum);
1008 return err > 0 ? -EINVAL: err;
1010 vid_hdr->magic = cpu_to_ubi32(UBI_VID_HDR_MAGIC);
1011 vid_hdr->version = UBI_VERSION;
1012 crc = crc32(UBI_CRC32_INIT, vid_hdr, UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE_CRC);
1013 vid_hdr->hdr_crc = cpu_to_ubi32(crc);
1015 err = paranoid_check_vid_hdr(ubi, pnum, vid_hdr);
1019 p = (char *)vid_hdr - ubi->vid_hdr_shift;
1020 err = ubi_io_write(ubi, p, pnum, ubi->vid_hdr_aloffset,
1021 ubi->vid_hdr_alsize);
1025 #ifdef CONFIG_MTD_UBI_DEBUG_PARANOID
1028 * paranoid_check_not_bad - ensure that a physical eraseblock is not bad.
1029 * @ubi: UBI device description object
1030 * @pnum: physical eraseblock number to check
1032 * This function returns zero if the physical eraseblock is good, a positive
1033 * number if it is bad and a negative error code if an error occurred.
1035 static int paranoid_check_not_bad(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum)
1039 err = ubi_io_is_bad(ubi, pnum);
1043 ubi_err("paranoid check failed for PEB %d", pnum);
1044 ubi_dbg_dump_stack();
1049 * paranoid_check_ec_hdr - check if an erase counter header is all right.
1050 * @ubi: UBI device description object
1051 * @pnum: physical eraseblock number the erase counter header belongs to
1052 * @ec_hdr: the erase counter header to check
1054 * This function returns zero if the erase counter header contains valid
1055 * values, and %1 if not.
1057 static int paranoid_check_ec_hdr(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum,
1058 const struct ubi_ec_hdr *ec_hdr)
1063 magic = ubi32_to_cpu(ec_hdr->magic);
1064 if (magic != UBI_EC_HDR_MAGIC) {
1065 ubi_err("bad magic %#08x, must be %#08x",
1066 magic, UBI_EC_HDR_MAGIC);
1070 err = validate_ec_hdr(ubi, ec_hdr);
1072 ubi_err("paranoid check failed for PEB %d", pnum);
1079 ubi_dbg_dump_ec_hdr(ec_hdr);
1080 ubi_dbg_dump_stack();
1085 * paranoid_check_peb_ec_hdr - check that the erase counter header of a
1086 * physical eraseblock is in-place and is all right.
1087 * @ubi: UBI device description object
1088 * @pnum: the physical eraseblock number to check
1090 * This function returns zero if the erase counter header is all right, %1 if
1091 * not, and a negative error code if an error occurred.
1093 static int paranoid_check_peb_ec_hdr(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum)
1096 uint32_t crc, hdr_crc;
1097 struct ubi_ec_hdr *ec_hdr;
1099 ec_hdr = kzalloc(ubi->ec_hdr_alsize, GFP_KERNEL);
1103 err = ubi_io_read(ubi, ec_hdr, pnum, 0, UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE);
1104 if (err && err != UBI_IO_BITFLIPS && err != -EBADMSG)
1107 crc = crc32(UBI_CRC32_INIT, ec_hdr, UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE_CRC);
1108 hdr_crc = ubi32_to_cpu(ec_hdr->hdr_crc);
1109 if (hdr_crc != crc) {
1110 ubi_err("bad CRC, calculated %#08x, read %#08x", crc, hdr_crc);
1111 ubi_err("paranoid check failed for PEB %d", pnum);
1112 ubi_dbg_dump_ec_hdr(ec_hdr);
1113 ubi_dbg_dump_stack();
1118 err = paranoid_check_ec_hdr(ubi, pnum, ec_hdr);
1126 * paranoid_check_vid_hdr - check that a volume identifier header is all right.
1127 * @ubi: UBI device description object
1128 * @pnum: physical eraseblock number the volume identifier header belongs to
1129 * @vid_hdr: the volume identifier header to check
1131 * This function returns zero if the volume identifier header is all right, and
1134 static int paranoid_check_vid_hdr(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum,
1135 const struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr)
1140 magic = ubi32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->magic);
1141 if (magic != UBI_VID_HDR_MAGIC) {
1142 ubi_err("bad VID header magic %#08x at PEB %d, must be %#08x",
1143 magic, pnum, UBI_VID_HDR_MAGIC);
1147 err = validate_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
1149 ubi_err("paranoid check failed for PEB %d", pnum);
1156 ubi_err("paranoid check failed for PEB %d", pnum);
1157 ubi_dbg_dump_vid_hdr(vid_hdr);
1158 ubi_dbg_dump_stack();
1164 * paranoid_check_peb_vid_hdr - check that the volume identifier header of a
1165 * physical eraseblock is in-place and is all right.
1166 * @ubi: UBI device description object
1167 * @pnum: the physical eraseblock number to check
1169 * This function returns zero if the volume identifier header is all right,
1170 * %1 if not, and a negative error code if an error occurred.
1172 static int paranoid_check_peb_vid_hdr(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum)
1175 uint32_t crc, hdr_crc;
1176 struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr;
1179 vid_hdr = ubi_zalloc_vid_hdr(ubi);
1183 p = (char *)vid_hdr - ubi->vid_hdr_shift;
1184 err = ubi_io_read(ubi, p, pnum, ubi->vid_hdr_aloffset,
1185 ubi->vid_hdr_alsize);
1186 if (err && err != UBI_IO_BITFLIPS && err != -EBADMSG)
1189 crc = crc32(UBI_CRC32_INIT, vid_hdr, UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE_CRC);
1190 hdr_crc = ubi32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->hdr_crc);
1191 if (hdr_crc != crc) {
1192 ubi_err("bad VID header CRC at PEB %d, calculated %#08x, "
1193 "read %#08x", pnum, crc, hdr_crc);
1194 ubi_err("paranoid check failed for PEB %d", pnum);
1195 ubi_dbg_dump_vid_hdr(vid_hdr);
1196 ubi_dbg_dump_stack();
1201 err = paranoid_check_vid_hdr(ubi, pnum, vid_hdr);
1204 ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
1209 * paranoid_check_all_ff - check that a region of flash is empty.
1210 * @ubi: UBI device description object
1211 * @pnum: the physical eraseblock number to check
1212 * @offset: the starting offset within the physical eraseblock to check
1213 * @len: the length of the region to check
1215 * This function returns zero if only 0xFF bytes are present at offset
1216 * @offset of the physical eraseblock @pnum, %1 if not, and a negative error
1217 * code if an error occurred.
1219 static int paranoid_check_all_ff(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum,
1220 int offset, int len)
1225 loff_t addr = (loff_t)pnum * ubi->peb_size + offset;
1227 buf = kzalloc(len, GFP_KERNEL);
1231 err = ubi->mtd->read(ubi->mtd, addr, len, &read, buf);
1232 if (err && err != -EUCLEAN) {
1233 ubi_err("error %d while reading %d bytes from PEB %d:%d, "
1234 "read %zd bytes", err, len, pnum, offset, read);
1238 err = check_pattern(buf, 0xFF, len);
1240 ubi_err("flash region at PEB %d:%d, length %d does not "
1241 "contain all 0xFF bytes", pnum, offset, len);
1249 ubi_err("paranoid check failed for PEB %d", pnum);
1250 dbg_msg("hex dump of the %d-%d region", offset, offset + len);
1251 ubi_dbg_hexdump(buf, len);
1254 ubi_dbg_dump_stack();
1259 #endif /* CONFIG_MTD_UBI_DEBUG_PARANOID */