4 * Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 Linus Torvalds
6 * GK 2/5/95 - Changed to support mounting root fs via NFS
7 * Added initrd & change_root: Werner Almesberger & Hans Lermen, Feb '96
8 * Moan early if gcc is old, avoiding bogus kernels - Paul Gortmaker, May '96
9 * Simplified starting of init: Michael A. Griffith <grif@acm.org>
12 #include <linux/types.h>
13 #include <linux/module.h>
14 #include <linux/proc_fs.h>
15 #include <linux/kernel.h>
16 #include <linux/syscalls.h>
17 #include <linux/string.h>
18 #include <linux/ctype.h>
19 #include <linux/delay.h>
20 #include <linux/utsname.h>
21 #include <linux/ioport.h>
22 #include <linux/init.h>
23 #include <linux/smp_lock.h>
24 #include <linux/initrd.h>
25 #include <linux/hdreg.h>
26 #include <linux/bootmem.h>
27 #include <linux/tty.h>
28 #include <linux/gfp.h>
29 #include <linux/percpu.h>
30 #include <linux/kmod.h>
31 #include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
32 #include <linux/start_kernel.h>
33 #include <linux/security.h>
34 #include <linux/workqueue.h>
35 #include <linux/profile.h>
36 #include <linux/rcupdate.h>
37 #include <linux/moduleparam.h>
38 #include <linux/kallsyms.h>
39 #include <linux/writeback.h>
40 #include <linux/cpu.h>
41 #include <linux/cpuset.h>
42 #include <linux/efi.h>
43 #include <linux/taskstats_kern.h>
44 #include <linux/delayacct.h>
45 #include <linux/unistd.h>
46 #include <linux/rmap.h>
47 #include <linux/mempolicy.h>
48 #include <linux/key.h>
49 #include <linux/unwind.h>
50 #include <linux/buffer_head.h>
51 #include <linux/debug_locks.h>
52 #include <linux/lockdep.h>
53 #include <linux/pid_namespace.h>
54 #include <linux/device.h>
58 #include <asm/setup.h>
59 #include <asm/sections.h>
60 #include <asm/cacheflush.h>
62 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
67 * This is one of the first .c files built. Error out early if we have compiler
70 * Versions of gcc older than that listed below may actually compile and link
71 * okay, but the end product can have subtle run time bugs. To avoid associated
72 * bogus bug reports, we flatly refuse to compile with a gcc that is known to be
73 * too old from the very beginning.
75 #if (__GNUC__ < 3) || (__GNUC__ == 3 && __GNUC_MINOR__ < 2)
76 #error Sorry, your GCC is too old. It builds incorrect kernels.
79 #if __GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ == 1 && __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__ == 0
80 #warning gcc-4.1.0 is known to miscompile the kernel. A different compiler version is recommended.
83 static int init(void *);
85 extern void init_IRQ(void);
86 extern void fork_init(unsigned long);
87 extern void mca_init(void);
88 extern void sbus_init(void);
89 extern void sysctl_init(void);
90 extern void signals_init(void);
91 extern void pidhash_init(void);
92 extern void pidmap_init(void);
93 extern void prio_tree_init(void);
94 extern void radix_tree_init(void);
95 extern void free_initmem(void);
96 extern void prepare_namespace(void);
98 extern void acpi_early_init(void);
100 static inline void acpi_early_init(void) { }
102 #ifndef CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA
103 static inline void mark_rodata_ro(void) { }
107 extern void tc_init(void);
110 enum system_states system_state;
111 EXPORT_SYMBOL(system_state);
114 * Boot command-line arguments
116 #define MAX_INIT_ARGS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
117 #define MAX_INIT_ENVS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
119 extern void time_init(void);
120 /* Default late time init is NULL. archs can override this later. */
121 void (*late_time_init)(void);
122 extern void softirq_init(void);
124 /* Untouched command line (eg. for /proc) saved by arch-specific code. */
125 char saved_command_line[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];
127 static char *execute_command;
128 static char *ramdisk_execute_command;
130 /* Setup configured maximum number of CPUs to activate */
131 static unsigned int max_cpus = NR_CPUS;
134 * If set, this is an indication to the drivers that reset the underlying
135 * device before going ahead with the initialization otherwise driver might
136 * rely on the BIOS and skip the reset operation.
138 * This is useful if kernel is booting in an unreliable environment.
139 * For ex. kdump situaiton where previous kernel has crashed, BIOS has been
140 * skipped and devices will be in unknown state.
142 unsigned int reset_devices;
143 EXPORT_SYMBOL(reset_devices);
146 * Setup routine for controlling SMP activation
148 * Command-line option of "nosmp" or "maxcpus=0" will disable SMP
149 * activation entirely (the MPS table probe still happens, though).
151 * Command-line option of "maxcpus=<NUM>", where <NUM> is an integer
152 * greater than 0, limits the maximum number of CPUs activated in
155 static int __init nosmp(char *str)
161 __setup("nosmp", nosmp);
163 static int __init maxcpus(char *str)
165 get_option(&str, &max_cpus);
169 __setup("maxcpus=", maxcpus);
171 static int __init set_reset_devices(char *str)
177 __setup("reset_devices", set_reset_devices);
179 static char * argv_init[MAX_INIT_ARGS+2] = { "init", NULL, };
180 char * envp_init[MAX_INIT_ENVS+2] = { "HOME=/", "TERM=linux", NULL, };
181 static const char *panic_later, *panic_param;
183 extern struct obs_kernel_param __setup_start[], __setup_end[];
185 static int __init obsolete_checksetup(char *line)
187 struct obs_kernel_param *p;
188 int had_early_param = 0;
192 int n = strlen(p->str);
193 if (!strncmp(line, p->str, n)) {
195 /* Already done in parse_early_param?
196 * (Needs exact match on param part).
197 * Keep iterating, as we can have early
198 * params and __setups of same names 8( */
199 if (line[n] == '\0' || line[n] == '=')
201 } else if (!p->setup_func) {
202 printk(KERN_WARNING "Parameter %s is obsolete,"
203 " ignored\n", p->str);
205 } else if (p->setup_func(line + n))
209 } while (p < __setup_end);
211 return had_early_param;
215 * This should be approx 2 Bo*oMips to start (note initial shift), and will
216 * still work even if initially too large, it will just take slightly longer
218 unsigned long loops_per_jiffy = (1<<12);
220 EXPORT_SYMBOL(loops_per_jiffy);
222 static int __init debug_kernel(char *str)
226 console_loglevel = 10;
230 static int __init quiet_kernel(char *str)
234 console_loglevel = 4;
238 __setup("debug", debug_kernel);
239 __setup("quiet", quiet_kernel);
241 static int __init loglevel(char *str)
243 get_option(&str, &console_loglevel);
247 __setup("loglevel=", loglevel);
250 * Unknown boot options get handed to init, unless they look like
253 static int __init unknown_bootoption(char *param, char *val)
255 /* Change NUL term back to "=", to make "param" the whole string. */
257 /* param=val or param="val"? */
258 if (val == param+strlen(param)+1)
260 else if (val == param+strlen(param)+2) {
262 memmove(val-1, val, strlen(val)+1);
268 /* Handle obsolete-style parameters */
269 if (obsolete_checksetup(param))
273 * Preemptive maintenance for "why didn't my mispelled command
276 if (strchr(param, '.') && (!val || strchr(param, '.') < val)) {
277 printk(KERN_ERR "Unknown boot option `%s': ignoring\n", param);
285 /* Environment option */
287 for (i = 0; envp_init[i]; i++) {
288 if (i == MAX_INIT_ENVS) {
289 panic_later = "Too many boot env vars at `%s'";
292 if (!strncmp(param, envp_init[i], val - param))
295 envp_init[i] = param;
297 /* Command line option */
299 for (i = 0; argv_init[i]; i++) {
300 if (i == MAX_INIT_ARGS) {
301 panic_later = "Too many boot init vars at `%s'";
305 argv_init[i] = param;
310 static int __init init_setup(char *str)
314 execute_command = str;
316 * In case LILO is going to boot us with default command line,
317 * it prepends "auto" before the whole cmdline which makes
318 * the shell think it should execute a script with such name.
319 * So we ignore all arguments entered _before_ init=... [MJ]
321 for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
325 __setup("init=", init_setup);
327 static int __init rdinit_setup(char *str)
331 ramdisk_execute_command = str;
332 /* See "auto" comment in init_setup */
333 for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
337 __setup("rdinit=", rdinit_setup);
341 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
342 static void __init smp_init(void)
344 APIC_init_uniprocessor();
347 #define smp_init() do { } while (0)
350 static inline void setup_per_cpu_areas(void) { }
351 static inline void smp_prepare_cpus(unsigned int maxcpus) { }
355 #ifdef __GENERIC_PER_CPU
356 unsigned long __per_cpu_offset[NR_CPUS] __read_mostly;
358 EXPORT_SYMBOL(__per_cpu_offset);
360 static void __init setup_per_cpu_areas(void)
362 unsigned long size, i;
364 unsigned long nr_possible_cpus = num_possible_cpus();
366 /* Copy section for each CPU (we discard the original) */
367 size = ALIGN(__per_cpu_end - __per_cpu_start, SMP_CACHE_BYTES);
368 #ifdef CONFIG_MODULES
369 if (size < PERCPU_ENOUGH_ROOM)
370 size = PERCPU_ENOUGH_ROOM;
372 ptr = alloc_bootmem(size * nr_possible_cpus);
374 for_each_possible_cpu(i) {
375 __per_cpu_offset[i] = ptr - __per_cpu_start;
376 memcpy(ptr, __per_cpu_start, __per_cpu_end - __per_cpu_start);
380 #endif /* !__GENERIC_PER_CPU */
382 /* Called by boot processor to activate the rest. */
383 static void __init smp_init(void)
387 /* FIXME: This should be done in userspace --RR */
388 for_each_present_cpu(i) {
389 if (num_online_cpus() >= max_cpus)
395 /* Any cleanup work */
396 printk(KERN_INFO "Brought up %ld CPUs\n", (long)num_online_cpus());
397 smp_cpus_done(max_cpus);
403 * We need to finalize in a non-__init function or else race conditions
404 * between the root thread and the init thread may cause start_kernel to
405 * be reaped by free_initmem before the root thread has proceeded to
408 * gcc-3.4 accidentally inlines this function, so use noinline.
411 static void noinline rest_init(void)
412 __releases(kernel_lock)
414 kernel_thread(init, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_SIGHAND);
415 numa_default_policy();
419 * The boot idle thread must execute schedule()
420 * at least one to get things moving:
422 preempt_enable_no_resched();
426 /* Call into cpu_idle with preempt disabled */
430 /* Check for early params. */
431 static int __init do_early_param(char *param, char *val)
433 struct obs_kernel_param *p;
435 for (p = __setup_start; p < __setup_end; p++) {
436 if (p->early && strcmp(param, p->str) == 0) {
437 if (p->setup_func(val) != 0)
439 "Malformed early option '%s'\n", param);
442 /* We accept everything at this stage. */
446 /* Arch code calls this early on, or if not, just before other parsing. */
447 void __init parse_early_param(void)
449 static __initdata int done = 0;
450 static __initdata char tmp_cmdline[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];
455 /* All fall through to do_early_param. */
456 strlcpy(tmp_cmdline, saved_command_line, COMMAND_LINE_SIZE);
457 parse_args("early options", tmp_cmdline, NULL, 0, do_early_param);
462 * Activate the first processor.
465 static void __init boot_cpu_init(void)
467 int cpu = smp_processor_id();
468 /* Mark the boot cpu "present", "online" etc for SMP and UP case */
469 cpu_set(cpu, cpu_online_map);
470 cpu_set(cpu, cpu_present_map);
471 cpu_set(cpu, cpu_possible_map);
474 void __init __attribute__((weak)) smp_setup_processor_id(void)
478 asmlinkage void __init start_kernel(void)
481 extern struct kernel_param __start___param[], __stop___param[];
483 smp_setup_processor_id();
486 * Need to run as early as possible, to initialize the
493 early_boot_irqs_off();
494 early_init_irq_lock_class();
497 * Interrupts are still disabled. Do necessary setups, then
504 printk(linux_banner);
505 setup_arch(&command_line);
507 setup_per_cpu_areas();
508 smp_prepare_boot_cpu(); /* arch-specific boot-cpu hooks */
511 * Set up the scheduler prior starting any interrupts (such as the
512 * timer interrupt). Full topology setup happens at smp_init()
513 * time - but meanwhile we still have a functioning scheduler.
517 * Disable preemption - early bootup scheduling is extremely
518 * fragile until we cpu_idle() for the first time.
521 build_all_zonelists();
523 printk(KERN_NOTICE "Kernel command line: %s\n", saved_command_line);
525 parse_args("Booting kernel", command_line, __start___param,
526 __stop___param - __start___param,
527 &unknown_bootoption);
528 if (!irqs_disabled()) {
529 printk(KERN_WARNING "start_kernel(): bug: interrupts were "
530 "enabled *very* early, fixing it\n");
544 if (!irqs_disabled())
545 printk("start_kernel(): bug: interrupts were enabled early\n");
546 early_boot_irqs_on();
550 * HACK ALERT! This is early. We're enabling the console before
551 * we've done PCI setups etc, and console_init() must be aware of
552 * this. But we do want output early, in case something goes wrong.
556 panic(panic_later, panic_param);
561 * Need to run this when irqs are enabled, because it wants
562 * to self-test [hard/soft]-irqs on/off lock inversion bugs
567 #ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
568 if (initrd_start && !initrd_below_start_ok &&
569 initrd_start < min_low_pfn << PAGE_SHIFT) {
570 printk(KERN_CRIT "initrd overwritten (0x%08lx < 0x%08lx) - "
571 "disabling it.\n",initrd_start,min_low_pfn << PAGE_SHIFT);
575 vfs_caches_init_early();
579 setup_per_cpu_pageset();
585 pgtable_cache_init();
590 efi_enter_virtual_mode();
592 fork_init(num_physpages);
598 vfs_caches_init(num_physpages);
601 /* rootfs populating might need page-writeback */
602 page_writeback_init();
603 #ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS
607 taskstats_init_early();
612 acpi_early_init(); /* before LAPIC and SMP init */
614 /* Do the rest non-__init'ed, we're now alive */
618 static int __initdata initcall_debug;
620 static int __init initcall_debug_setup(char *str)
625 __setup("initcall_debug", initcall_debug_setup);
627 extern initcall_t __initcall_start[], __initcall_end[];
629 static void __init do_initcalls(void)
632 int count = preempt_count();
634 for (call = __initcall_start; call < __initcall_end; call++) {
639 if (initcall_debug) {
640 printk("Calling initcall 0x%p", *call);
641 print_fn_descriptor_symbol(": %s()",
642 (unsigned long) *call);
648 if (result && result != -ENODEV && initcall_debug) {
649 sprintf(msgbuf, "error code %d", result);
652 if (preempt_count() != count) {
653 msg = "preemption imbalance";
654 preempt_count() = count;
656 if (irqs_disabled()) {
657 msg = "disabled interrupts";
661 printk(KERN_WARNING "initcall at 0x%p", *call);
662 print_fn_descriptor_symbol(": %s()",
663 (unsigned long) *call);
664 printk(": returned with %s\n", msg);
668 /* Make sure there is no pending stuff from the initcall sequence */
669 flush_scheduled_work();
673 * Ok, the machine is now initialized. None of the devices
674 * have been touched yet, but the CPU subsystem is up and
675 * running, and memory and process management works.
677 * Now we can finally start doing some real work..
679 static void __init do_basic_setup(void)
681 /* drivers will send hotplug events */
683 usermodehelper_init();
693 static void __init do_pre_smp_initcalls(void)
695 extern int spawn_ksoftirqd(void);
697 extern int migration_init(void);
702 spawn_softlockup_task();
705 static void run_init_process(char *init_filename)
707 argv_init[0] = init_filename;
708 kernel_execve(init_filename, argv_init, envp_init);
711 static int init(void * unused)
715 * init can run on any cpu.
717 set_cpus_allowed(current, CPU_MASK_ALL);
719 * Tell the world that we're going to be the grim
720 * reaper of innocent orphaned children.
722 * We don't want people to have to make incorrect
723 * assumptions about where in the task array this
726 init_pid_ns.child_reaper = current;
728 cad_pid = task_pid(current);
730 smp_prepare_cpus(max_cpus);
732 do_pre_smp_initcalls();
742 * check if there is an early userspace init. If yes, let it do all
746 if (!ramdisk_execute_command)
747 ramdisk_execute_command = "/init";
749 if (sys_access((const char __user *) ramdisk_execute_command, 0) != 0) {
750 ramdisk_execute_command = NULL;
755 * Ok, we have completed the initial bootup, and
756 * we're essentially up and running. Get rid of the
757 * initmem segments and start the user-mode stuff..
762 system_state = SYSTEM_RUNNING;
763 numa_default_policy();
765 if (sys_open((const char __user *) "/dev/console", O_RDWR, 0) < 0)
766 printk(KERN_WARNING "Warning: unable to open an initial console.\n");
771 if (ramdisk_execute_command) {
772 run_init_process(ramdisk_execute_command);
773 printk(KERN_WARNING "Failed to execute %s\n",
774 ramdisk_execute_command);
778 * We try each of these until one succeeds.
780 * The Bourne shell can be used instead of init if we are
781 * trying to recover a really broken machine.
783 if (execute_command) {
784 run_init_process(execute_command);
785 printk(KERN_WARNING "Failed to execute %s. Attempting "
786 "defaults...\n", execute_command);
788 run_init_process("/sbin/init");
789 run_init_process("/etc/init");
790 run_init_process("/bin/init");
791 run_init_process("/bin/sh");
793 panic("No init found. Try passing init= option to kernel.");