2 * Copyright (C) 1995 Linus Torvalds
4 * Support of BIGMEM added by Gerhard Wichert, Siemens AG, July 1999
6 * Memory region support
7 * David Parsons <orc@pell.chi.il.us>, July-August 1999
9 * Added E820 sanitization routine (removes overlapping memory regions);
10 * Brian Moyle <bmoyle@mvista.com>, February 2001
12 * Moved CPU detection code to cpu/${cpu}.c
13 * Patrick Mochel <mochel@osdl.org>, March 2002
15 * Provisions for empty E820 memory regions (reported by certain BIOSes).
16 * Alex Achenbach <xela@slit.de>, December 2002.
21 * This file handles the architecture-dependent parts of initialization
24 #include <linux/sched.h>
26 #include <linux/mmzone.h>
27 #include <linux/screen_info.h>
28 #include <linux/ioport.h>
29 #include <linux/acpi.h>
30 #include <linux/apm_bios.h>
31 #include <linux/initrd.h>
32 #include <linux/bootmem.h>
33 #include <linux/seq_file.h>
34 #include <linux/console.h>
35 #include <linux/mca.h>
36 #include <linux/root_dev.h>
37 #include <linux/highmem.h>
38 #include <linux/module.h>
39 #include <linux/efi.h>
40 #include <linux/init.h>
41 #include <linux/edd.h>
42 #include <linux/iscsi_ibft.h>
43 #include <linux/nodemask.h>
44 #include <linux/kexec.h>
45 #include <linux/dmi.h>
46 #include <linux/pfn.h>
47 #include <linux/pci.h>
48 #include <asm/pci-direct.h>
49 #include <linux/init_ohci1394_dma.h>
50 #include <linux/kvm_para.h>
52 #include <linux/errno.h>
53 #include <linux/kernel.h>
54 #include <linux/stddef.h>
55 #include <linux/unistd.h>
56 #include <linux/ptrace.h>
57 #include <linux/slab.h>
58 #include <linux/user.h>
59 #include <linux/delay.h>
60 #include <linux/highmem.h>
62 #include <linux/kallsyms.h>
63 #include <linux/edd.h>
64 #include <linux/iscsi_ibft.h>
65 #include <linux/kexec.h>
66 #include <linux/cpufreq.h>
67 #include <linux/dma-mapping.h>
68 #include <linux/ctype.h>
69 #include <linux/uaccess.h>
71 #include <linux/percpu.h>
72 #include <linux/crash_dump.h>
74 #include <video/edid.h>
79 #include <asm/mpspec.h>
80 #include <asm/setup.h>
81 #include <asm/arch_hooks.h>
83 #include <asm/sections.h>
85 #include <asm/io_apic.h>
88 #include <setup_arch.h>
89 #include <asm/bios_ebda.h>
90 #include <asm/cacheflush.h>
91 #include <asm/processor.h>
94 #include <asm/system.h>
95 #include <asm/vsyscall.h>
100 #include <asm/mmu_context.h>
101 #include <asm/proto.h>
103 #include <mach_apic.h>
104 #include <asm/paravirt.h>
106 #include <asm/percpu.h>
107 #include <asm/sections.h>
108 #include <asm/topology.h>
109 #include <asm/apicdef.h>
111 #include <asm/numa_64.h>
118 #ifndef CONFIG_DEBUG_BOOT_PARAMS
119 struct boot_params __initdata boot_params;
121 struct boot_params boot_params;
127 static struct resource data_resource = {
128 .name = "Kernel data",
131 .flags = IORESOURCE_BUSY | IORESOURCE_MEM
134 static struct resource code_resource = {
135 .name = "Kernel code",
138 .flags = IORESOURCE_BUSY | IORESOURCE_MEM
141 static struct resource bss_resource = {
142 .name = "Kernel bss",
145 .flags = IORESOURCE_BUSY | IORESOURCE_MEM
150 /* This value is set up by the early boot code to point to the value
151 immediately after the boot time page tables. It contains a *physical*
152 address, and must not be in the .bss segment! */
153 unsigned long init_pg_tables_start __initdata = ~0UL;
154 unsigned long init_pg_tables_end __initdata = ~0UL;
156 static struct resource video_ram_resource = {
157 .name = "Video RAM area",
160 .flags = IORESOURCE_BUSY | IORESOURCE_MEM
163 /* cpu data as detected by the assembly code in head.S */
164 struct cpuinfo_x86 new_cpu_data __cpuinitdata = {0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, -1};
165 /* common cpu data for all cpus */
166 struct cpuinfo_x86 boot_cpu_data __read_mostly = {0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, -1};
167 EXPORT_SYMBOL(boot_cpu_data);
168 static void set_mca_bus(int x)
175 unsigned int def_to_bigsmp;
177 /* for MCA, but anyone else can use it if they want */
178 unsigned int machine_id;
179 unsigned int machine_submodel_id;
180 unsigned int BIOS_revision;
182 struct apm_info apm_info;
183 EXPORT_SYMBOL(apm_info);
185 #if defined(CONFIG_X86_SPEEDSTEP_SMI) || \
186 defined(CONFIG_X86_SPEEDSTEP_SMI_MODULE)
187 struct ist_info ist_info;
188 EXPORT_SYMBOL(ist_info);
190 struct ist_info ist_info;
194 struct cpuinfo_x86 boot_cpu_data __read_mostly;
195 EXPORT_SYMBOL(boot_cpu_data);
199 #if !defined(CONFIG_X86_PAE) || defined(CONFIG_X86_64)
200 unsigned long mmu_cr4_features;
202 unsigned long mmu_cr4_features = X86_CR4_PAE;
205 /* Boot loader ID as an integer, for the benefit of proc_dointvec */
212 char dmi_alloc_data[DMI_MAX_DATA];
217 struct screen_info screen_info;
218 EXPORT_SYMBOL(screen_info);
219 struct edid_info edid_info;
220 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(edid_info);
222 extern int root_mountflags;
224 unsigned long saved_video_mode;
226 #define RAMDISK_IMAGE_START_MASK 0x07FF
227 #define RAMDISK_PROMPT_FLAG 0x8000
228 #define RAMDISK_LOAD_FLAG 0x4000
230 static char __initdata command_line[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];
232 #if defined(CONFIG_EDD) || defined(CONFIG_EDD_MODULE)
234 #ifdef CONFIG_EDD_MODULE
238 * copy_edd() - Copy the BIOS EDD information
239 * from boot_params into a safe place.
242 static inline void copy_edd(void)
244 memcpy(edd.mbr_signature, boot_params.edd_mbr_sig_buffer,
245 sizeof(edd.mbr_signature));
246 memcpy(edd.edd_info, boot_params.eddbuf, sizeof(edd.edd_info));
247 edd.mbr_signature_nr = boot_params.edd_mbr_sig_buf_entries;
248 edd.edd_info_nr = boot_params.eddbuf_entries;
251 static inline void copy_edd(void)
256 #ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
260 #define MAX_MAP_CHUNK (NR_FIX_BTMAPS << PAGE_SHIFT)
261 static void __init relocate_initrd(void)
264 u64 ramdisk_image = boot_params.hdr.ramdisk_image;
265 u64 ramdisk_size = boot_params.hdr.ramdisk_size;
266 u64 end_of_lowmem = max_low_pfn << PAGE_SHIFT;
268 unsigned long slop, clen, mapaddr;
271 /* We need to move the initrd down into lowmem */
272 ramdisk_here = find_e820_area(0, end_of_lowmem, ramdisk_size,
275 if (ramdisk_here == -1ULL)
276 panic("Cannot find place for new RAMDISK of size %lld\n",
279 /* Note: this includes all the lowmem currently occupied by
280 the initrd, we rely on that fact to keep the data intact. */
281 reserve_early(ramdisk_here, ramdisk_here + ramdisk_size,
283 initrd_start = ramdisk_here + PAGE_OFFSET;
284 initrd_end = initrd_start + ramdisk_size;
285 printk(KERN_INFO "Allocated new RAMDISK: %08llx - %08llx\n",
286 ramdisk_here, ramdisk_here + ramdisk_size);
288 q = (char *)initrd_start;
290 /* Copy any lowmem portion of the initrd */
291 if (ramdisk_image < end_of_lowmem) {
292 clen = end_of_lowmem - ramdisk_image;
293 p = (char *)__va(ramdisk_image);
296 ramdisk_image += clen;
297 ramdisk_size -= clen;
300 /* Copy the highmem portion of the initrd */
301 while (ramdisk_size) {
302 slop = ramdisk_image & ~PAGE_MASK;
304 if (clen > MAX_MAP_CHUNK-slop)
305 clen = MAX_MAP_CHUNK-slop;
306 mapaddr = ramdisk_image & PAGE_MASK;
307 p = early_ioremap(mapaddr, clen+slop);
308 memcpy(q, p+slop, clen);
309 early_iounmap(p, clen+slop);
311 ramdisk_image += clen;
312 ramdisk_size -= clen;
314 /* high pages is not converted by early_res_to_bootmem */
315 ramdisk_image = boot_params.hdr.ramdisk_image;
316 ramdisk_size = boot_params.hdr.ramdisk_size;
317 printk(KERN_INFO "Move RAMDISK from %016llx - %016llx to"
318 " %08llx - %08llx\n",
319 ramdisk_image, ramdisk_image + ramdisk_size - 1,
320 ramdisk_here, ramdisk_here + ramdisk_size - 1);
324 static void __init reserve_initrd(void)
326 u64 ramdisk_image = boot_params.hdr.ramdisk_image;
327 u64 ramdisk_size = boot_params.hdr.ramdisk_size;
328 u64 ramdisk_end = ramdisk_image + ramdisk_size;
329 u64 end_of_lowmem = max_low_pfn << PAGE_SHIFT;
331 if (!boot_params.hdr.type_of_loader ||
332 !ramdisk_image || !ramdisk_size)
333 return; /* No initrd provided by bootloader */
337 if (ramdisk_size >= (end_of_lowmem>>1)) {
338 free_early(ramdisk_image, ramdisk_end);
339 printk(KERN_ERR "initrd too large to handle, "
340 "disabling initrd\n");
344 printk(KERN_INFO "RAMDISK: %08llx - %08llx\n", ramdisk_image,
348 if (ramdisk_end <= end_of_lowmem) {
349 /* All in lowmem, easy case */
351 * don't need to reserve again, already reserved early
352 * in i386_start_kernel
354 initrd_start = ramdisk_image + PAGE_OFFSET;
355 initrd_end = initrd_start + ramdisk_size;
362 printk(KERN_ERR "initrd extends beyond end of memory "
363 "(0x%08llx > 0x%08llx)\ndisabling initrd\n",
364 ramdisk_end, end_of_lowmem);
367 free_early(ramdisk_image, ramdisk_end);
370 static void __init reserve_initrd(void)
373 #endif /* CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD */
375 static void __init parse_setup_data(void)
377 struct setup_data *data;
380 if (boot_params.hdr.version < 0x0209)
382 pa_data = boot_params.hdr.setup_data;
384 data = early_ioremap(pa_data, PAGE_SIZE);
385 switch (data->type) {
387 parse_e820_ext(data, pa_data);
392 pa_data = data->next;
393 early_iounmap(data, PAGE_SIZE);
397 static void __init reserve_setup_data(void)
399 struct setup_data *data;
404 if (boot_params.hdr.version < 0x0209)
406 pa_data = boot_params.hdr.setup_data;
408 data = early_ioremap(pa_data, sizeof(*data));
409 sprintf(buf, "setup data %x", data->type);
410 reserve_early(pa_data, pa_data+sizeof(*data)+data->len, buf);
411 e820_update_range(pa_data, sizeof(*data)+data->len,
412 E820_RAM, E820_RESERVED_KERN);
414 pa_data = data->next;
415 early_iounmap(data, sizeof(*data));
420 sanitize_e820_map(e820.map, ARRAY_SIZE(e820.map), &e820.nr_map);
421 printk(KERN_INFO "extended physical RAM map:\n");
422 e820_print_map("reserve setup_data");
426 * --------- Crashkernel reservation ------------------------------
432 * Reserve @size bytes of crashkernel memory at any suitable offset.
434 * @size: Size of the crashkernel memory to reserve.
435 * Returns the base address on success, and -1ULL on failure.
437 unsigned long long find_and_reserve_crashkernel(unsigned long long size)
439 const unsigned long long alignment = 16<<20; /* 16M */
440 unsigned long long start = 0LL;
445 start = find_e820_area(start, ULONG_MAX, size, alignment);
449 /* try to reserve it */
450 ret = reserve_bootmem_generic(start, size, BOOTMEM_EXCLUSIVE);
458 static inline unsigned long long get_total_mem(void)
460 unsigned long long total;
462 total = max_low_pfn - min_low_pfn;
463 #ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
464 total += highend_pfn - highstart_pfn;
467 return total << PAGE_SHIFT;
470 static void __init reserve_crashkernel(void)
472 unsigned long long total_mem;
473 unsigned long long crash_size, crash_base;
476 total_mem = get_total_mem();
478 ret = parse_crashkernel(boot_command_line, total_mem,
479 &crash_size, &crash_base);
480 if (ret != 0 || crash_size <= 0)
483 /* 0 means: find the address automatically */
484 if (crash_base <= 0) {
485 crash_base = find_and_reserve_crashkernel(crash_size);
486 if (crash_base == -1ULL) {
487 pr_info("crashkernel reservation failed. "
488 "No suitable area found.\n");
492 ret = reserve_bootmem_generic(crash_base, crash_size,
495 pr_info("crashkernel reservation failed - "
496 "memory is in use\n");
501 printk(KERN_INFO "Reserving %ldMB of memory at %ldMB "
502 "for crashkernel (System RAM: %ldMB)\n",
503 (unsigned long)(crash_size >> 20),
504 (unsigned long)(crash_base >> 20),
505 (unsigned long)(total_mem >> 20));
507 crashk_res.start = crash_base;
508 crashk_res.end = crash_base + crash_size - 1;
509 insert_resource(&iomem_resource, &crashk_res);
512 static void __init reserve_crashkernel(void)
517 static struct resource standard_io_resources[] = {
518 { .name = "dma1", .start = 0x00, .end = 0x1f,
519 .flags = IORESOURCE_BUSY | IORESOURCE_IO },
520 { .name = "pic1", .start = 0x20, .end = 0x21,
521 .flags = IORESOURCE_BUSY | IORESOURCE_IO },
522 { .name = "timer0", .start = 0x40, .end = 0x43,
523 .flags = IORESOURCE_BUSY | IORESOURCE_IO },
524 { .name = "timer1", .start = 0x50, .end = 0x53,
525 .flags = IORESOURCE_BUSY | IORESOURCE_IO },
526 { .name = "keyboard", .start = 0x60, .end = 0x60,
527 .flags = IORESOURCE_BUSY | IORESOURCE_IO },
528 { .name = "keyboard", .start = 0x64, .end = 0x64,
529 .flags = IORESOURCE_BUSY | IORESOURCE_IO },
530 { .name = "dma page reg", .start = 0x80, .end = 0x8f,
531 .flags = IORESOURCE_BUSY | IORESOURCE_IO },
532 { .name = "pic2", .start = 0xa0, .end = 0xa1,
533 .flags = IORESOURCE_BUSY | IORESOURCE_IO },
534 { .name = "dma2", .start = 0xc0, .end = 0xdf,
535 .flags = IORESOURCE_BUSY | IORESOURCE_IO },
536 { .name = "fpu", .start = 0xf0, .end = 0xff,
537 .flags = IORESOURCE_BUSY | IORESOURCE_IO }
540 static void __init reserve_standard_io_resources(void)
544 /* request I/O space for devices used on all i[345]86 PCs */
545 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(standard_io_resources); i++)
546 request_resource(&ioport_resource, &standard_io_resources[i]);
550 #ifdef CONFIG_PROC_VMCORE
551 /* elfcorehdr= specifies the location of elf core header
552 * stored by the crashed kernel. This option will be passed
553 * by kexec loader to the capture kernel.
555 static int __init setup_elfcorehdr(char *arg)
560 elfcorehdr_addr = memparse(arg, &end);
561 return end > arg ? 0 : -EINVAL;
563 early_param("elfcorehdr", setup_elfcorehdr);
567 * Determine if we were loaded by an EFI loader. If so, then we have also been
568 * passed the efi memmap, systab, etc., so we should use these data structures
569 * for initialization. Note, the efi init code path is determined by the
570 * global efi_enabled. This allows the same kernel image to be used on existing
571 * systems (with a traditional BIOS) as well as on EFI systems.
574 * setup_arch - architecture-specific boot-time initializations
576 * Note: On x86_64, fixmaps are ready for use even before this is called.
579 void __init setup_arch(char **cmdline_p)
582 memcpy(&boot_cpu_data, &new_cpu_data, sizeof(new_cpu_data));
583 pre_setup_arch_hook();
586 printk(KERN_INFO "Command line: %s\n", boot_command_line);
589 early_ioremap_init();
591 ROOT_DEV = old_decode_dev(boot_params.hdr.root_dev);
592 screen_info = boot_params.screen_info;
593 edid_info = boot_params.edid_info;
595 apm_info.bios = boot_params.apm_bios_info;
596 ist_info = boot_params.ist_info;
597 if (boot_params.sys_desc_table.length != 0) {
598 set_mca_bus(boot_params.sys_desc_table.table[3] & 0x2);
599 machine_id = boot_params.sys_desc_table.table[0];
600 machine_submodel_id = boot_params.sys_desc_table.table[1];
601 BIOS_revision = boot_params.sys_desc_table.table[2];
604 saved_video_mode = boot_params.hdr.vid_mode;
605 bootloader_type = boot_params.hdr.type_of_loader;
607 #ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM
608 rd_image_start = boot_params.hdr.ram_size & RAMDISK_IMAGE_START_MASK;
609 rd_prompt = ((boot_params.hdr.ram_size & RAMDISK_PROMPT_FLAG) != 0);
610 rd_doload = ((boot_params.hdr.ram_size & RAMDISK_LOAD_FLAG) != 0);
613 if (!strncmp((char *)&boot_params.efi_info.efi_loader_signature,
632 if (!boot_params.hdr.root_flags)
633 root_mountflags &= ~MS_RDONLY;
634 init_mm.start_code = (unsigned long) _text;
635 init_mm.end_code = (unsigned long) _etext;
636 init_mm.end_data = (unsigned long) _edata;
638 init_mm.brk = init_pg_tables_end + PAGE_OFFSET;
640 init_mm.brk = (unsigned long) &_end;
643 code_resource.start = virt_to_phys(_text);
644 code_resource.end = virt_to_phys(_etext)-1;
645 data_resource.start = virt_to_phys(_etext);
646 data_resource.end = virt_to_phys(_edata)-1;
647 bss_resource.start = virt_to_phys(&__bss_start);
648 bss_resource.end = virt_to_phys(&__bss_stop)-1;
653 strlcpy(command_line, boot_command_line, COMMAND_LINE_SIZE);
654 *cmdline_p = command_line;
658 /* after early param, so could get panic from serial */
659 reserve_setup_data();
661 if (acpi_mps_check()) {
662 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
665 clear_cpu_cap(&boot_cpu_data, X86_FEATURE_APIC);
668 finish_e820_parsing();
674 /* after parse_early_param, so could debug it */
675 insert_resource(&iomem_resource, &code_resource);
676 insert_resource(&iomem_resource, &data_resource);
677 insert_resource(&iomem_resource, &bss_resource);
683 if (ppro_with_ram_bug()) {
684 e820_update_range(0x70000000ULL, 0x40000ULL, E820_RAM,
686 sanitize_e820_map(e820.map, ARRAY_SIZE(e820.map), &e820.nr_map);
687 printk(KERN_INFO "fixed physical RAM map:\n");
688 e820_print_map("bad_ppro");
691 early_gart_iommu_check();
694 e820_register_active_regions(0, 0, -1UL);
696 * partially used pages are not usable - thus
697 * we are rounding upwards:
699 max_pfn = e820_end_of_ram();
701 /* preallocate 4k for mptable mpc */
702 early_reserve_e820_mpc_new();
703 /* update e820 for memory not covered by WB MTRRs */
705 if (mtrr_trim_uncached_memory(max_pfn)) {
706 remove_all_active_ranges();
707 e820_register_active_regions(0, 0, -1UL);
708 max_pfn = e820_end_of_ram();
712 /* max_low_pfn get updated here */
713 find_low_pfn_range();
715 num_physpages = max_pfn;
719 /* How many end-of-memory variables you have, grandma! */
720 /* need this before calling reserve_initrd */
721 max_low_pfn = max_pfn;
722 high_memory = (void *)__va(max_pfn * PAGE_SIZE - 1) + 1;
725 /* max_pfn_mapped is updated here */
726 max_pfn_mapped = init_memory_mapping(0, (max_low_pfn << PAGE_SHIFT));
729 * NOTE: On x86-32, only from this point on, fixmaps are ready for use.
732 #ifdef CONFIG_PROVIDE_OHCI1394_DMA_INIT
733 if (init_ohci1394_dma_early)
734 init_ohci1394_dma_on_all_controllers();
748 * Parse the ACPI tables for possible boot-time SMP configuration.
750 acpi_boot_table_init();
752 /* Remove active ranges so rediscovery with NUMA-awareness happens */
753 remove_all_active_ranges();
755 #ifdef CONFIG_ACPI_NUMA
757 * Parse SRAT to discover nodes.
762 initmem_init(0, max_pfn);
765 dma32_reserve_bootmem();
768 #ifdef CONFIG_ACPI_SLEEP
770 * Reserve low memory region for sleep support.
772 acpi_reserve_bootmem();
774 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_FIND_SMP_CONFIG
776 * Find and reserve possible boot-time SMP configuration:
780 reserve_crashkernel();
782 reserve_ibft_region();
784 #ifdef CONFIG_KVM_CLOCK
788 #if defined(CONFIG_VMI) && defined(CONFIG_X86_32)
790 * Must be after max_low_pfn is determined, and before kernel
791 * pagetables are setup.
802 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_GENERICARCH
803 generic_apic_probe();
809 * Read APIC and some other early information from ACPI tables.
817 #if defined(CONFIG_X86_MPPARSE) || defined(CONFIG_X86_VISWS)
819 * get boot-time SMP configuration:
821 if (smp_found_config)
825 init_apic_mappings();
826 ioapic_init_mappings();
828 #if defined(CONFIG_SMP) && defined(CONFIG_X86_PC) && defined(CONFIG_X86_32)
830 printk(KERN_WARNING "More than 8 CPUs detected and "
831 "CONFIG_X86_PC cannot handle it.\nUse "
832 "CONFIG_X86_GENERICARCH or CONFIG_X86_BIGSMP.\n");
836 e820_reserve_resources();
837 e820_mark_nosave_regions(max_low_pfn);
840 request_resource(&iomem_resource, &video_ram_resource);
842 reserve_standard_io_resources();
847 #if defined(CONFIG_VGA_CONSOLE)
848 if (!efi_enabled || (efi_mem_type(0xa0000) != EFI_CONVENTIONAL_MEMORY))
849 conswitchp = &vga_con;
850 #elif defined(CONFIG_DUMMY_CONSOLE)
851 conswitchp = &dummy_con;