4 * Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 Linus Torvalds
6 * GK 2/5/95 - Changed to support mounting root fs via NFS
7 * Added initrd & change_root: Werner Almesberger & Hans Lermen, Feb '96
8 * Moan early if gcc is old, avoiding bogus kernels - Paul Gortmaker, May '96
9 * Simplified starting of init: Michael A. Griffith <grif@acm.org>
12 #include <linux/types.h>
13 #include <linux/module.h>
14 #include <linux/proc_fs.h>
15 #include <linux/kernel.h>
16 #include <linux/syscalls.h>
17 #include <linux/string.h>
18 #include <linux/ctype.h>
19 #include <linux/delay.h>
20 #include <linux/utsname.h>
21 #include <linux/ioport.h>
22 #include <linux/init.h>
23 #include <linux/smp_lock.h>
24 #include <linux/initrd.h>
25 #include <linux/hdreg.h>
26 #include <linux/bootmem.h>
27 #include <linux/tty.h>
28 #include <linux/gfp.h>
29 #include <linux/percpu.h>
30 #include <linux/kmod.h>
31 #include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
32 #include <linux/start_kernel.h>
33 #include <linux/security.h>
34 #include <linux/workqueue.h>
35 #include <linux/profile.h>
36 #include <linux/rcupdate.h>
37 #include <linux/moduleparam.h>
38 #include <linux/kallsyms.h>
39 #include <linux/writeback.h>
40 #include <linux/cpu.h>
41 #include <linux/cpuset.h>
42 #include <linux/cgroup.h>
43 #include <linux/efi.h>
44 #include <linux/tick.h>
45 #include <linux/interrupt.h>
46 #include <linux/taskstats_kern.h>
47 #include <linux/delayacct.h>
48 #include <linux/unistd.h>
49 #include <linux/rmap.h>
50 #include <linux/mempolicy.h>
51 #include <linux/key.h>
52 #include <linux/unwind.h>
53 #include <linux/buffer_head.h>
54 #include <linux/debug_locks.h>
55 #include <linux/lockdep.h>
56 #include <linux/pid_namespace.h>
57 #include <linux/device.h>
58 #include <linux/kthread.h>
62 #include <asm/setup.h>
63 #include <asm/sections.h>
64 #include <asm/cacheflush.h>
66 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
71 * This is one of the first .c files built. Error out early if we have compiler
75 #if __GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ == 1 && __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__ == 0
76 #warning gcc-4.1.0 is known to miscompile the kernel. A different compiler version is recommended.
79 static int kernel_init(void *);
81 extern void init_IRQ(void);
82 extern void fork_init(unsigned long);
83 extern void mca_init(void);
84 extern void sbus_init(void);
85 extern void signals_init(void);
86 extern void pidhash_init(void);
87 extern void pidmap_init(void);
88 extern void prio_tree_init(void);
89 extern void radix_tree_init(void);
90 extern void free_initmem(void);
92 extern void acpi_early_init(void);
94 static inline void acpi_early_init(void) { }
96 #ifndef CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA
97 static inline void mark_rodata_ro(void) { }
101 extern void tc_init(void);
104 enum system_states system_state;
105 EXPORT_SYMBOL(system_state);
108 * Boot command-line arguments
110 #define MAX_INIT_ARGS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
111 #define MAX_INIT_ENVS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
113 extern void time_init(void);
114 /* Default late time init is NULL. archs can override this later. */
115 void (*late_time_init)(void);
116 extern void softirq_init(void);
118 /* Untouched command line saved by arch-specific code. */
119 char __initdata boot_command_line[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];
120 /* Untouched saved command line (eg. for /proc) */
121 char *saved_command_line;
122 /* Command line for parameter parsing */
123 static char *static_command_line;
125 static char *execute_command;
126 static char *ramdisk_execute_command;
129 /* Setup configured maximum number of CPUs to activate */
130 static unsigned int __initdata max_cpus = NR_CPUS;
133 * Setup routine for controlling SMP activation
135 * Command-line option of "nosmp" or "maxcpus=0" will disable SMP
136 * activation entirely (the MPS table probe still happens, though).
138 * Command-line option of "maxcpus=<NUM>", where <NUM> is an integer
139 * greater than 0, limits the maximum number of CPUs activated in
142 #ifndef CONFIG_X86_IO_APIC
143 static inline void disable_ioapic_setup(void) {};
146 static int __init nosmp(char *str)
149 disable_ioapic_setup();
153 early_param("nosmp", nosmp);
155 static int __init maxcpus(char *str)
157 get_option(&str, &max_cpus);
159 disable_ioapic_setup();
164 early_param("maxcpus", maxcpus);
166 #define max_cpus NR_CPUS
170 * If set, this is an indication to the drivers that reset the underlying
171 * device before going ahead with the initialization otherwise driver might
172 * rely on the BIOS and skip the reset operation.
174 * This is useful if kernel is booting in an unreliable environment.
175 * For ex. kdump situaiton where previous kernel has crashed, BIOS has been
176 * skipped and devices will be in unknown state.
178 unsigned int reset_devices;
179 EXPORT_SYMBOL(reset_devices);
181 static int __init set_reset_devices(char *str)
187 __setup("reset_devices", set_reset_devices);
189 static char * argv_init[MAX_INIT_ARGS+2] = { "init", NULL, };
190 char * envp_init[MAX_INIT_ENVS+2] = { "HOME=/", "TERM=linux", NULL, };
191 static const char *panic_later, *panic_param;
193 extern struct obs_kernel_param __setup_start[], __setup_end[];
195 static int __init obsolete_checksetup(char *line)
197 struct obs_kernel_param *p;
198 int had_early_param = 0;
202 int n = strlen(p->str);
203 if (!strncmp(line, p->str, n)) {
205 /* Already done in parse_early_param?
206 * (Needs exact match on param part).
207 * Keep iterating, as we can have early
208 * params and __setups of same names 8( */
209 if (line[n] == '\0' || line[n] == '=')
211 } else if (!p->setup_func) {
212 printk(KERN_WARNING "Parameter %s is obsolete,"
213 " ignored\n", p->str);
215 } else if (p->setup_func(line + n))
219 } while (p < __setup_end);
221 return had_early_param;
225 * This should be approx 2 Bo*oMips to start (note initial shift), and will
226 * still work even if initially too large, it will just take slightly longer
228 unsigned long loops_per_jiffy = (1<<12);
230 EXPORT_SYMBOL(loops_per_jiffy);
232 static int __init debug_kernel(char *str)
236 console_loglevel = 10;
240 static int __init quiet_kernel(char *str)
244 console_loglevel = 4;
248 __setup("debug", debug_kernel);
249 __setup("quiet", quiet_kernel);
251 static int __init loglevel(char *str)
253 get_option(&str, &console_loglevel);
257 __setup("loglevel=", loglevel);
260 * Unknown boot options get handed to init, unless they look like
263 static int __init unknown_bootoption(char *param, char *val)
265 /* Change NUL term back to "=", to make "param" the whole string. */
267 /* param=val or param="val"? */
268 if (val == param+strlen(param)+1)
270 else if (val == param+strlen(param)+2) {
272 memmove(val-1, val, strlen(val)+1);
278 /* Handle obsolete-style parameters */
279 if (obsolete_checksetup(param))
283 * Preemptive maintenance for "why didn't my mispelled command
286 if (strchr(param, '.') && (!val || strchr(param, '.') < val)) {
287 printk(KERN_ERR "Unknown boot option `%s': ignoring\n", param);
295 /* Environment option */
297 for (i = 0; envp_init[i]; i++) {
298 if (i == MAX_INIT_ENVS) {
299 panic_later = "Too many boot env vars at `%s'";
302 if (!strncmp(param, envp_init[i], val - param))
305 envp_init[i] = param;
307 /* Command line option */
309 for (i = 0; argv_init[i]; i++) {
310 if (i == MAX_INIT_ARGS) {
311 panic_later = "Too many boot init vars at `%s'";
315 argv_init[i] = param;
320 static int __init init_setup(char *str)
324 execute_command = str;
326 * In case LILO is going to boot us with default command line,
327 * it prepends "auto" before the whole cmdline which makes
328 * the shell think it should execute a script with such name.
329 * So we ignore all arguments entered _before_ init=... [MJ]
331 for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
335 __setup("init=", init_setup);
337 static int __init rdinit_setup(char *str)
341 ramdisk_execute_command = str;
342 /* See "auto" comment in init_setup */
343 for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
347 __setup("rdinit=", rdinit_setup);
351 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
352 static void __init smp_init(void)
354 APIC_init_uniprocessor();
357 #define smp_init() do { } while (0)
360 static inline void setup_per_cpu_areas(void) { }
361 static inline void smp_prepare_cpus(unsigned int maxcpus) { }
365 #ifdef __GENERIC_PER_CPU
366 unsigned long __per_cpu_offset[NR_CPUS] __read_mostly;
368 EXPORT_SYMBOL(__per_cpu_offset);
370 static void __init setup_per_cpu_areas(void)
372 unsigned long size, i;
374 unsigned long nr_possible_cpus = num_possible_cpus();
376 /* Copy section for each CPU (we discard the original) */
377 size = ALIGN(PERCPU_ENOUGH_ROOM, PAGE_SIZE);
378 ptr = alloc_bootmem_pages(size * nr_possible_cpus);
380 for_each_possible_cpu(i) {
381 __per_cpu_offset[i] = ptr - __per_cpu_start;
382 memcpy(ptr, __per_cpu_start, __per_cpu_end - __per_cpu_start);
386 #endif /* !__GENERIC_PER_CPU */
388 /* Called by boot processor to activate the rest. */
389 static void __init smp_init(void)
393 /* FIXME: This should be done in userspace --RR */
394 for_each_present_cpu(cpu) {
395 if (num_online_cpus() >= max_cpus)
397 if (!cpu_online(cpu))
401 /* Any cleanup work */
402 printk(KERN_INFO "Brought up %ld CPUs\n", (long)num_online_cpus());
403 smp_cpus_done(max_cpus);
409 * We need to store the untouched command line for future reference.
410 * We also need to store the touched command line since the parameter
411 * parsing is performed in place, and we should allow a component to
412 * store reference of name/value for future reference.
414 static void __init setup_command_line(char *command_line)
416 saved_command_line = alloc_bootmem(strlen (boot_command_line)+1);
417 static_command_line = alloc_bootmem(strlen (command_line)+1);
418 strcpy (saved_command_line, boot_command_line);
419 strcpy (static_command_line, command_line);
423 * We need to finalize in a non-__init function or else race conditions
424 * between the root thread and the init thread may cause start_kernel to
425 * be reaped by free_initmem before the root thread has proceeded to
428 * gcc-3.4 accidentally inlines this function, so use noinline.
431 static void noinline __init_refok rest_init(void)
432 __releases(kernel_lock)
436 kernel_thread(kernel_init, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_SIGHAND);
437 numa_default_policy();
438 pid = kernel_thread(kthreadd, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES);
439 kthreadd_task = find_task_by_pid(pid);
443 * The boot idle thread must execute schedule()
444 * at least once to get things moving:
446 init_idle_bootup_task(current);
447 preempt_enable_no_resched();
451 /* Call into cpu_idle with preempt disabled */
455 /* Check for early params. */
456 static int __init do_early_param(char *param, char *val)
458 struct obs_kernel_param *p;
460 for (p = __setup_start; p < __setup_end; p++) {
461 if ((p->early && strcmp(param, p->str) == 0) ||
462 (strcmp(param, "console") == 0 &&
463 strcmp(p->str, "earlycon") == 0)
465 if (p->setup_func(val) != 0)
467 "Malformed early option '%s'\n", param);
470 /* We accept everything at this stage. */
474 /* Arch code calls this early on, or if not, just before other parsing. */
475 void __init parse_early_param(void)
477 static __initdata int done = 0;
478 static __initdata char tmp_cmdline[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];
483 /* All fall through to do_early_param. */
484 strlcpy(tmp_cmdline, boot_command_line, COMMAND_LINE_SIZE);
485 parse_args("early options", tmp_cmdline, NULL, 0, do_early_param);
490 * Activate the first processor.
493 static void __init boot_cpu_init(void)
495 int cpu = smp_processor_id();
496 /* Mark the boot cpu "present", "online" etc for SMP and UP case */
497 cpu_set(cpu, cpu_online_map);
498 cpu_set(cpu, cpu_present_map);
499 cpu_set(cpu, cpu_possible_map);
502 void __init __attribute__((weak)) smp_setup_processor_id(void)
506 asmlinkage void __init start_kernel(void)
509 extern struct kernel_param __start___param[], __stop___param[];
511 smp_setup_processor_id();
514 * Need to run as early as possible, to initialize the
522 early_boot_irqs_off();
523 early_init_irq_lock_class();
526 * Interrupts are still disabled. Do necessary setups, then
534 printk(linux_banner);
535 setup_arch(&command_line);
536 setup_command_line(command_line);
538 setup_per_cpu_areas();
539 smp_prepare_boot_cpu(); /* arch-specific boot-cpu hooks */
542 * Set up the scheduler prior starting any interrupts (such as the
543 * timer interrupt). Full topology setup happens at smp_init()
544 * time - but meanwhile we still have a functioning scheduler.
548 * Disable preemption - early bootup scheduling is extremely
549 * fragile until we cpu_idle() for the first time.
552 build_all_zonelists();
554 printk(KERN_NOTICE "Kernel command line: %s\n", boot_command_line);
556 parse_args("Booting kernel", static_command_line, __start___param,
557 __stop___param - __start___param,
558 &unknown_bootoption);
559 if (!irqs_disabled()) {
560 printk(KERN_WARNING "start_kernel(): bug: interrupts were "
561 "enabled *very* early, fixing it\n");
575 if (!irqs_disabled())
576 printk("start_kernel(): bug: interrupts were enabled early\n");
577 early_boot_irqs_on();
581 * HACK ALERT! This is early. We're enabling the console before
582 * we've done PCI setups etc, and console_init() must be aware of
583 * this. But we do want output early, in case something goes wrong.
587 panic(panic_later, panic_param);
592 * Need to run this when irqs are enabled, because it wants
593 * to self-test [hard/soft]-irqs on/off lock inversion bugs
598 #ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
599 if (initrd_start && !initrd_below_start_ok &&
600 initrd_start < min_low_pfn << PAGE_SHIFT) {
601 printk(KERN_CRIT "initrd overwritten (0x%08lx < 0x%08lx) - "
602 "disabling it.\n",initrd_start,min_low_pfn << PAGE_SHIFT);
606 vfs_caches_init_early();
610 setup_per_cpu_pageset();
616 pgtable_cache_init();
621 efi_enter_virtual_mode();
623 fork_init(num_physpages);
629 vfs_caches_init(num_physpages);
632 /* rootfs populating might need page-writeback */
633 page_writeback_init();
634 #ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS
639 taskstats_init_early();
644 acpi_early_init(); /* before LAPIC and SMP init */
646 /* Do the rest non-__init'ed, we're now alive */
650 static int __initdata initcall_debug;
652 static int __init initcall_debug_setup(char *str)
657 __setup("initcall_debug", initcall_debug_setup);
659 extern initcall_t __initcall_start[], __initcall_end[];
661 static void __init do_initcalls(void)
664 int count = preempt_count();
666 for (call = __initcall_start; call < __initcall_end; call++) {
667 ktime_t t0, t1, delta;
672 if (initcall_debug) {
673 printk("Calling initcall 0x%p", *call);
674 print_fn_descriptor_symbol(": %s()",
675 (unsigned long) *call);
682 if (initcall_debug) {
684 delta = ktime_sub(t1, t0);
686 printk("initcall 0x%p", *call);
687 print_fn_descriptor_symbol(": %s()",
688 (unsigned long) *call);
689 printk(" returned %d.\n", result);
691 printk("initcall 0x%p ran for %Ld msecs: ",
692 *call, (unsigned long long)delta.tv64 >> 20);
693 print_fn_descriptor_symbol("%s()\n",
694 (unsigned long) *call);
697 if (result && result != -ENODEV && initcall_debug) {
698 sprintf(msgbuf, "error code %d", result);
701 if (preempt_count() != count) {
702 msg = "preemption imbalance";
703 preempt_count() = count;
705 if (irqs_disabled()) {
706 msg = "disabled interrupts";
710 printk(KERN_WARNING "initcall at 0x%p", *call);
711 print_fn_descriptor_symbol(": %s()",
712 (unsigned long) *call);
713 printk(": returned with %s\n", msg);
717 /* Make sure there is no pending stuff from the initcall sequence */
718 flush_scheduled_work();
722 * Ok, the machine is now initialized. None of the devices
723 * have been touched yet, but the CPU subsystem is up and
724 * running, and memory and process management works.
726 * Now we can finally start doing some real work..
728 static void __init do_basic_setup(void)
730 /* drivers will send hotplug events */
732 usermodehelper_init();
738 static int __initdata nosoftlockup;
740 static int __init nosoftlockup_setup(char *str)
745 __setup("nosoftlockup", nosoftlockup_setup);
747 static void __init do_pre_smp_initcalls(void)
749 extern int spawn_ksoftirqd(void);
751 extern int migration_init(void);
757 spawn_softlockup_task();
760 static void run_init_process(char *init_filename)
762 argv_init[0] = init_filename;
763 kernel_execve(init_filename, argv_init, envp_init);
766 /* This is a non __init function. Force it to be noinline otherwise gcc
767 * makes it inline to init() and it becomes part of init.text section
769 static int noinline init_post(void)
774 system_state = SYSTEM_RUNNING;
775 numa_default_policy();
777 if (sys_open((const char __user *) "/dev/console", O_RDWR, 0) < 0)
778 printk(KERN_WARNING "Warning: unable to open an initial console.\n");
783 if (ramdisk_execute_command) {
784 run_init_process(ramdisk_execute_command);
785 printk(KERN_WARNING "Failed to execute %s\n",
786 ramdisk_execute_command);
790 * We try each of these until one succeeds.
792 * The Bourne shell can be used instead of init if we are
793 * trying to recover a really broken machine.
795 if (execute_command) {
796 run_init_process(execute_command);
797 printk(KERN_WARNING "Failed to execute %s. Attempting "
798 "defaults...\n", execute_command);
800 run_init_process("/sbin/init");
801 run_init_process("/etc/init");
802 run_init_process("/bin/init");
803 run_init_process("/bin/sh");
805 panic("No init found. Try passing init= option to kernel.");
808 static int __init kernel_init(void * unused)
812 * init can run on any cpu.
814 set_cpus_allowed(current, CPU_MASK_ALL);
816 * Tell the world that we're going to be the grim
817 * reaper of innocent orphaned children.
819 * We don't want people to have to make incorrect
820 * assumptions about where in the task array this
823 init_pid_ns.child_reaper = current;
825 __set_special_pids(1, 1);
826 cad_pid = task_pid(current);
828 smp_prepare_cpus(max_cpus);
830 do_pre_smp_initcalls();
840 * check if there is an early userspace init. If yes, let it do all
844 if (!ramdisk_execute_command)
845 ramdisk_execute_command = "/init";
847 if (sys_access((const char __user *) ramdisk_execute_command, 0) != 0) {
848 ramdisk_execute_command = NULL;
853 * Ok, we have completed the initial bootup, and
854 * we're essentially up and running. Get rid of the
855 * initmem segments and start the user-mode stuff..