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        "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" [
<!ENTITY procfsexample SYSTEM "procfs_example.xml">
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<book id="LKProcfsGuide">
  <bookinfo>
    <title>Linux Kernel Procfs Guide</title>

    <authorgroup>
      <author>
        <firstname>Erik</firstname>
        <othername>(J.A.K.)</othername>
        <surname>Mouw</surname>
        <affiliation>
          <orgname>Delft University of Technology</orgname>
          <orgdiv>Faculty of Information Technology and Systems</orgdiv>
          <address>
            <email>J.A.K.Mouw@its.tudelft.nl</email>
            <pob>PO BOX 5031</pob>
            <postcode>2600 GA</postcode>
            <city>Delft</city>
            <country>The Netherlands</country>
          </address>
        </affiliation>
      </author>
    </authorgroup>

    <revhistory>
      <revision>
        <revnumber>1.0&nbsp;</revnumber>
        <date>May 30, 2001</date>
        <revremark>Initial revision posted to linux-kernel</revremark>
      </revision>
      <revision>
        <revnumber>1.1&nbsp;</revnumber>
        <date>June 3, 2001</date>
        <revremark>Revised after comments from linux-kernel</revremark>
      </revision>
    </revhistory>

    <copyright>
      <year>2001</year>
      <holder>Erik Mouw</holder>
    </copyright>


    <legalnotice>
      <para>
        This documentation is free software; you can redistribute it
        and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
        License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
        version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
        version.
      </para>
      
      <para>
        This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be
        useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
        warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
        PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for more details.
      </para>
      
      <para>
        You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
        License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
        Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
        MA 02111-1307 USA
      </para>
      
      <para>
        For more details see the file COPYING in the source
        distribution of Linux.
      </para>
    </legalnotice>
  </bookinfo>




  <toc>
  </toc>




  <preface>
    <title>Preface</title>

    <para>
      This guide describes the use of the procfs file system from
      within the Linux kernel. The idea to write this guide came up on
      the #kernelnewbies IRC channel (see <ulink
      url="http://www.kernelnewbies.org/">http://www.kernelnewbies.org/</ulink>),
      when Jeff Garzik explained the use of procfs and forwarded me a
      message Alexander Viro wrote to the linux-kernel mailing list. I
      agreed to write it up nicely, so here it is.
    </para>

    <para>
      I'd like to thank Jeff Garzik
      <email>jgarzik@pobox.com</email> and Alexander Viro
      <email>viro@parcelfarce.linux.theplanet.co.uk</email> for their input,
      Tim Waugh <email>twaugh@redhat.com</email> for his <ulink
      url="http://people.redhat.com/twaugh/docbook/selfdocbook/">Selfdocbook</ulink>,
      and Marc Joosen <email>marcj@historia.et.tudelft.nl</email> for
      proofreading.
    </para>

    <para>
      This documentation was written while working on the LART
      computing board (<ulink
      url="http://www.lart.tudelft.nl/">http://www.lart.tudelft.nl/</ulink>),
      which is sponsored by the Mobile Multi-media Communications
      (<ulink
      url="http://www.mmc.tudelft.nl/">http://www.mmc.tudelft.nl/</ulink>)
      and Ubiquitous Communications (<ulink
      url="http://www.ubicom.tudelft.nl/">http://www.ubicom.tudelft.nl/</ulink>)
      projects.
    </para>

    <para>
      Erik
    </para>
  </preface>




  <chapter id="intro">
    <title>Introduction</title>

    <para>
      The <filename class="directory">/proc</filename> file system
      (procfs) is a special file system in the linux kernel. It's a
      virtual file system: it is not associated with a block device
      but exists only in memory. The files in the procfs are there to
      allow userland programs access to certain information from the
      kernel (like process information in <filename
      class="directory">/proc/[0-9]+/</filename>), but also for debug
      purposes (like <filename>/proc/ksyms</filename>).
    </para>

    <para>
      This guide describes the use of the procfs file system from
      within the Linux kernel. It starts by introducing all relevant
      functions to manage the files within the file system. After that
      it shows how to communicate with userland, and some tips and
      tricks will be pointed out. Finally a complete example will be
      shown.
    </para>

    <para>
      Note that the files in <filename
      class="directory">/proc/sys</filename> are sysctl files: they
      don't belong to procfs and are governed by a completely
      different API described in the Kernel API book.
    </para>
  </chapter>




  <chapter id="managing">
    <title>Managing procfs entries</title>
    
    <para>
      This chapter describes the functions that various kernel
      components use to populate the procfs with files, symlinks,
      device nodes, and directories.
    </para>

    <para>
      A minor note before we start: if you want to use any of the
      procfs functions, be sure to include the correct header file! 
      This should be one of the first lines in your code:
    </para>

    <programlisting>
#include &lt;linux/proc_fs.h&gt;
    </programlisting>




    <sect1 id="regularfile">
      <title>Creating a regular file</title>
      
      <funcsynopsis>
        <funcprototype>
          <funcdef>struct proc_dir_entry* <function>create_proc_entry</function></funcdef>
          <paramdef>const char* <parameter>name</parameter></paramdef>
          <paramdef>mode_t <parameter>mode</parameter></paramdef>
          <paramdef>struct proc_dir_entry* <parameter>parent</parameter></paramdef>
        </funcprototype>
      </funcsynopsis>

      <para>
        This function creates a regular file with the name
        <parameter>name</parameter>, file mode
        <parameter>mode</parameter> in the directory
        <parameter>parent</parameter>. To create a file in the root of
        the procfs, use <constant>NULL</constant> as
        <parameter>parent</parameter> parameter. When successful, the
        function will return a pointer to the freshly created
        <structname>struct proc_dir_entry</structname>; otherwise it
        will return <constant>NULL</constant>. <xref
        linkend="userland"/> describes how to do something useful with
        regular files.
      </para>

      <para>
        Note that it is specifically supported that you can pass a
        path that spans multiple directories. For example
        <function>create_proc_entry</function>(<parameter>"drivers/via0/info"</parameter>)
        will create the <filename class="directory">via0</filename>
        directory if necessary, with standard
        <constant>0755</constant> permissions.
      </para>

    <para>
      If you only want to be able to read the file, the function
      <function>create_proc_read_entry</function> described in <xref
      linkend="convenience"/> may be used to create and initialise
      the procfs entry in one single call.
    </para>
    </sect1>




    <sect1>
      <title>Creating a symlink</title>

      <funcsynopsis>
        <funcprototype>
          <funcdef>struct proc_dir_entry*
          <function>proc_symlink</function></funcdef> <paramdef>const
          char* <parameter>name</parameter></paramdef>
          <paramdef>struct proc_dir_entry*
          <parameter>parent</parameter></paramdef> <paramdef>const
          char* <parameter>dest</parameter></paramdef>
        </funcprototype>
      </funcsynopsis>
      
      <para>
        This creates a symlink in the procfs directory
        <parameter>parent</parameter> that points from
        <parameter>name</parameter> to
        <parameter>dest</parameter>. This translates in userland to
        <literal>ln -s</literal> <parameter>dest</parameter>
        <parameter>name</parameter>.
      </para>
    </sect1>

    <sect1>
      <title>Creating a directory</title>
      
      <funcsynopsis>
        <funcprototype>
          <funcdef>struct proc_dir_entry* <function>proc_mkdir</function></funcdef>
          <paramdef>const char* <parameter>name</parameter></paramdef>
          <paramdef>struct proc_dir_entry* <parameter>parent</parameter></paramdef>
        </funcprototype>
      </funcsynopsis>

      <para>
        Create a directory <parameter>name</parameter> in the procfs
        directory <parameter>parent</parameter>.
      </para>
    </sect1>




    <sect1>
      <title>Removing an entry</title>
      
      <funcsynopsis>
        <funcprototype>
          <funcdef>void <function>remove_proc_entry</function></funcdef>
          <paramdef>const char* <parameter>name</parameter></paramdef>
          <paramdef>struct proc_dir_entry* <parameter>parent</parameter></paramdef>
        </funcprototype>
      </funcsynopsis>

      <para>
        Removes the entry <parameter>name</parameter> in the directory
        <parameter>parent</parameter> from the procfs. Entries are
        removed by their <emphasis>name</emphasis>, not by the
        <structname>struct proc_dir_entry</structname> returned by the
        various create functions. Note that this function doesn't
        recursively remove entries.
      </para>

      <para>
        Be sure to free the <structfield>data</structfield> entry from
        the <structname>struct proc_dir_entry</structname> before
        <function>remove_proc_entry</function> is called (that is: if
        there was some <structfield>data</structfield> allocated, of
        course). See <xref linkend="usingdata"/> for more information
        on using the <structfield>data</structfield> entry.
      </para>
    </sect1>
  </chapter>




  <chapter id="userland">
    <title>Communicating with userland</title>
    
    <para>
       Instead of reading (or writing) information directly from
       kernel memory, procfs works with <emphasis>call back
       functions</emphasis> for files: functions that are called when
       a specific file is being read or written. Such functions have
       to be initialised after the procfs file is created by setting
       the <structfield>read_proc</structfield> and/or
       <structfield>write_proc</structfield> fields in the
       <structname>struct proc_dir_entry*</structname> that the
       function <function>create_proc_entry</function> returned:
    </para>

    <programlisting>
struct proc_dir_entry* entry;

entry->read_proc = read_proc_foo;
entry->write_proc = write_proc_foo;
    </programlisting>

    <para>
      If you only want to use a the
      <structfield>read_proc</structfield>, the function
      <function>create_proc_read_entry</function> described in <xref
      linkend="convenience"/> may be used to create and initialise the
      procfs entry in one single call.
    </para>



    <sect1>
      <title>Reading data</title>

      <para>
        The read function is a call back function that allows userland
        processes to read data from the kernel. The read function
        should have the following format:
      </para>

      <funcsynopsis>
        <funcprototype>
          <funcdef>int <function>read_func</function></funcdef>
          <paramdef>char* <parameter>page</parameter></paramdef>
          <paramdef>char** <parameter>start</parameter></paramdef>
          <paramdef>off_t <parameter>off</parameter></paramdef>
          <paramdef>int <parameter>count</parameter></paramdef>
          <paramdef>int* <parameter>eof</parameter></paramdef>
          <paramdef>void* <parameter>data</parameter></paramdef>
        </funcprototype>
      </funcsynopsis>

      <para>
        The read function should write its information into the
        <parameter>page</parameter>. For proper use, the function
        should start writing at an offset of
        <parameter>off</parameter> in <parameter>page</parameter> and
        write at most <parameter>count</parameter> bytes, but because
        most read functions are quite simple and only return a small
        amount of information, these two parameters are usually
        ignored (it breaks pagers like <literal>more</literal> and
        <literal>less</literal>, but <literal>cat</literal> still
        works).
      </para>

      <para>
        If the <parameter>off</parameter> and
        <parameter>count</parameter> parameters are properly used,
        <parameter>eof</parameter> should be used to signal that the
        end of the file has been reached by writing
        <literal>1</literal> to the memory location
        <parameter>eof</parameter> points to.
      </para>

      <para>
        The parameter <parameter>start</parameter> doesn't seem to be
        used anywhere in the kernel. The <parameter>data</parameter>
        parameter can be used to create a single call back function for
        several files, see <xref linkend="usingdata"/>.
      </para>

      <para>
        The <function>read_func</function> function must return the
        number of bytes written into the <parameter>page</parameter>.
      </para>

      <para>
        <xref linkend="example"/> shows how to use a read call back
        function.
      </para>
    </sect1>




    <sect1>
      <title>Writing data</title>

      <para>
        The write call back function allows a userland process to write
        data to the kernel, so it has some kind of control over the
        kernel. The write function should have the following format:
      </para>

      <funcsynopsis>
        <funcprototype>
          <funcdef>int <function>write_func</function></funcdef>
          <paramdef>struct file* <parameter>file</parameter></paramdef>
          <paramdef>const char* <parameter>buffer</parameter></paramdef>
          <paramdef>unsigned long <parameter>count</parameter></paramdef>
          <paramdef>void* <parameter>data</parameter></paramdef>
        </funcprototype>
      </funcsynopsis>

      <para>
        The write function should read <parameter>count</parameter>
        bytes at maximum from the <parameter>buffer</parameter>. Note
        that the <parameter>buffer</parameter> doesn't live in the
        kernel's memory space, so it should first be copied to kernel
        space with <function>copy_from_user</function>. The
        <parameter>file</parameter> parameter is usually
        ignored. <xref linkend="usingdata"/> shows how to use the
        <parameter>data</parameter> parameter.
      </para>

      <para>
        Again, <xref linkend="example"/> shows how to use this call back
        function.
      </para>
    </sect1>




    <sect1 id="usingdata">
      <title>A single call back for many files</title>

      <para>
         When a large number of almost identical files is used, it's
         quite inconvenient to use a separate call back function for
         each file. A better approach is to have a single call back
         function that distinguishes between the files by using the
         <structfield>data</structfield> field in <structname>struct
         proc_dir_entry</structname>. First of all, the
         <structfield>data</structfield> field has to be initialised:
      </para>

      <programlisting>
struct proc_dir_entry* entry;
struct my_file_data *file_data;

file_data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct my_file_data), GFP_KERNEL);
entry->data = file_data;
      </programlisting>
     
      <para>
          The <structfield>data</structfield> field is a <type>void
          *</type>, so it can be initialised with anything.
      </para>

      <para>
        Now that the <structfield>data</structfield> field is set, the
        <function>read_proc</function> and
        <function>write_proc</function> can use it to distinguish
        between files because they get it passed into their
        <parameter>data</parameter> parameter:
      </para>

      <programlisting>
int foo_read_func(char *page, char **start, off_t off,
                  int count, int *eof, void *data)
{
        int len;

        if(data == file_data) {
                /* special case for this file */
        } else {
                /* normal processing */
        }

        return len;
}
      </programlisting>

      <para>
        Be sure to free the <structfield>data</structfield> data field
        when removing the procfs entry.
      </para>
    </sect1>
  </chapter>




  <chapter id="tips">
    <title>Tips and tricks</title>




    <sect1 id="convenience">
      <title>Convenience functions</title>

      <funcsynopsis>
        <funcprototype>
          <funcdef>struct proc_dir_entry* <function>create_proc_read_entry</function></funcdef>
          <paramdef>const char* <parameter>name</parameter></paramdef>
          <paramdef>mode_t <parameter>mode</parameter></paramdef>
          <paramdef>struct proc_dir_entry* <parameter>parent</parameter></paramdef>
          <paramdef>read_proc_t* <parameter>read_proc</parameter></paramdef>
          <paramdef>void* <parameter>data</parameter></paramdef>
        </funcprototype>
      </funcsynopsis>
      
      <para>
        This function creates a regular file in exactly the same way
        as <function>create_proc_entry</function> from <xref
        linkend="regularfile"/> does, but also allows to set the read
        function <parameter>read_proc</parameter> in one call. This
        function can set the <parameter>data</parameter> as well, like
        explained in <xref linkend="usingdata"/>.
      </para>
    </sect1>



    <sect1>
      <title>Modules</title>

      <para>
        If procfs is being used from within a module, be sure to set
        the <structfield>owner</structfield> field in the
        <structname>struct proc_dir_entry</structname> to
        <constant>THIS_MODULE</constant>.
      </para>

      <programlisting>
struct proc_dir_entry* entry;

entry->owner = THIS_MODULE;
      </programlisting>
    </sect1>




    <sect1>
      <title>Mode and ownership</title>

      <para>
        Sometimes it is useful to change the mode and/or ownership of
        a procfs entry. Here is an example that shows how to achieve
        that:
      </para>

      <programlisting>
struct proc_dir_entry* entry;

entry->mode =  S_IWUSR |S_IRUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH;
entry->uid = 0;
entry->gid = 100;
      </programlisting>

    </sect1>
  </chapter>




  <chapter id="example">
    <title>Example</title>

    <!-- be careful with the example code: it shouldn't be wider than
    approx. 60 columns, or otherwise it won't fit properly on a page
    -->

&procfsexample;

  </chapter>
</book>