2 * linux/arch/i386/kernel/process.c
4 * Copyright (C) 1995 Linus Torvalds
6 * Pentium III FXSR, SSE support
7 * Gareth Hughes <gareth@valinux.com>, May 2000
11 * This file handles the architecture-dependent parts of process handling..
16 #include <linux/errno.h>
17 #include <linux/sched.h>
19 #include <linux/kernel.h>
21 #include <linux/elfcore.h>
22 #include <linux/smp.h>
23 #include <linux/smp_lock.h>
24 #include <linux/stddef.h>
25 #include <linux/slab.h>
26 #include <linux/vmalloc.h>
27 #include <linux/user.h>
28 #include <linux/a.out.h>
29 #include <linux/interrupt.h>
30 #include <linux/config.h>
31 #include <linux/utsname.h>
32 #include <linux/delay.h>
33 #include <linux/reboot.h>
34 #include <linux/init.h>
35 #include <linux/mc146818rtc.h>
36 #include <linux/module.h>
37 #include <linux/kallsyms.h>
38 #include <linux/ptrace.h>
39 #include <linux/random.h>
40 #include <linux/kprobes.h>
42 #include <asm/uaccess.h>
43 #include <asm/pgtable.h>
44 #include <asm/system.h>
47 #include <asm/processor.h>
51 #ifdef CONFIG_MATH_EMULATION
52 #include <asm/math_emu.h>
55 #include <linux/irq.h>
56 #include <linux/err.h>
58 asmlinkage void ret_from_fork(void) __asm__("ret_from_fork");
60 static int hlt_counter;
62 unsigned long boot_option_idle_override = 0;
63 EXPORT_SYMBOL(boot_option_idle_override);
66 * Return saved PC of a blocked thread.
68 unsigned long thread_saved_pc(struct task_struct *tsk)
70 return ((unsigned long *)tsk->thread.esp)[3];
74 * Powermanagement idle function, if any..
76 void (*pm_idle)(void);
77 EXPORT_SYMBOL(pm_idle);
78 static DEFINE_PER_CPU(unsigned int, cpu_idle_state);
80 void disable_hlt(void)
85 EXPORT_SYMBOL(disable_hlt);
92 EXPORT_SYMBOL(enable_hlt);
95 * We use this if we don't have any better
98 void default_idle(void)
100 if (!hlt_counter && boot_cpu_data.hlt_works_ok) {
110 #ifdef CONFIG_APM_MODULE
111 EXPORT_SYMBOL(default_idle);
115 * On SMP it's slightly faster (but much more power-consuming!)
116 * to poll the ->work.need_resched flag instead of waiting for the
117 * cross-CPU IPI to arrive. Use this option with caution.
119 static void poll_idle (void)
126 * Deal with another CPU just having chosen a thread to
129 oldval = test_and_clear_thread_flag(TIF_NEED_RESCHED);
132 set_thread_flag(TIF_POLLING_NRFLAG);
138 : : "i"(_TIF_NEED_RESCHED), "m" (current_thread_info()->flags));
140 clear_thread_flag(TIF_POLLING_NRFLAG);
147 * The idle thread. There's no useful work to be
148 * done, so just try to conserve power and have a
149 * low exit latency (ie sit in a loop waiting for
150 * somebody to say that they'd like to reschedule)
154 /* endless idle loop with no priority at all */
156 while (!need_resched()) {
159 if (__get_cpu_var(cpu_idle_state))
160 __get_cpu_var(cpu_idle_state) = 0;
168 __get_cpu_var(irq_stat).idle_timestamp = jiffies;
175 void cpu_idle_wait(void)
177 unsigned int cpu, this_cpu = get_cpu();
180 set_cpus_allowed(current, cpumask_of_cpu(this_cpu));
184 for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
185 per_cpu(cpu_idle_state, cpu) = 1;
189 __get_cpu_var(cpu_idle_state) = 0;
194 for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
195 if (cpu_isset(cpu, map) && !per_cpu(cpu_idle_state, cpu))
198 cpus_and(map, map, cpu_online_map);
199 } while (!cpus_empty(map));
201 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(cpu_idle_wait);
204 * This uses new MONITOR/MWAIT instructions on P4 processors with PNI,
205 * which can obviate IPI to trigger checking of need_resched.
206 * We execute MONITOR against need_resched and enter optimized wait state
207 * through MWAIT. Whenever someone changes need_resched, we would be woken
208 * up from MWAIT (without an IPI).
210 static void mwait_idle(void)
214 if (!need_resched()) {
215 set_thread_flag(TIF_POLLING_NRFLAG);
217 __monitor((void *)¤t_thread_info()->flags, 0, 0);
221 } while (!need_resched());
222 clear_thread_flag(TIF_POLLING_NRFLAG);
226 void __init select_idle_routine(const struct cpuinfo_x86 *c)
228 if (cpu_has(c, X86_FEATURE_MWAIT)) {
229 printk("monitor/mwait feature present.\n");
231 * Skip, if setup has overridden idle.
232 * One CPU supports mwait => All CPUs supports mwait
235 printk("using mwait in idle threads.\n");
236 pm_idle = mwait_idle;
241 static int __init idle_setup (char *str)
243 if (!strncmp(str, "poll", 4)) {
244 printk("using polling idle threads.\n");
246 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_SMP
247 if (smp_num_siblings > 1)
248 printk("WARNING: polling idle and HT enabled, performance may degrade.\n");
250 } else if (!strncmp(str, "halt", 4)) {
251 printk("using halt in idle threads.\n");
252 pm_idle = default_idle;
255 boot_option_idle_override = 1;
259 __setup("idle=", idle_setup);
261 void show_regs(struct pt_regs * regs)
263 unsigned long cr0 = 0L, cr2 = 0L, cr3 = 0L, cr4 = 0L;
266 printk("Pid: %d, comm: %20s\n", current->pid, current->comm);
267 printk("EIP: %04x:[<%08lx>] CPU: %d\n",0xffff & regs->xcs,regs->eip, smp_processor_id());
268 print_symbol("EIP is at %s\n", regs->eip);
271 printk(" ESP: %04x:%08lx",0xffff & regs->xss,regs->esp);
272 printk(" EFLAGS: %08lx %s (%s)\n",
273 regs->eflags, print_tainted(), system_utsname.release);
274 printk("EAX: %08lx EBX: %08lx ECX: %08lx EDX: %08lx\n",
275 regs->eax,regs->ebx,regs->ecx,regs->edx);
276 printk("ESI: %08lx EDI: %08lx EBP: %08lx",
277 regs->esi, regs->edi, regs->ebp);
278 printk(" DS: %04x ES: %04x\n",
279 0xffff & regs->xds,0xffff & regs->xes);
281 __asm__("movl %%cr0, %0": "=r" (cr0));
282 __asm__("movl %%cr2, %0": "=r" (cr2));
283 __asm__("movl %%cr3, %0": "=r" (cr3));
284 /* This could fault if %cr4 does not exist */
285 __asm__("1: movl %%cr4, %0 \n"
287 ".section __ex_table,\"a\" \n"
290 : "=r" (cr4): "0" (0));
291 printk("CR0: %08lx CR2: %08lx CR3: %08lx CR4: %08lx\n", cr0, cr2, cr3, cr4);
292 show_trace(NULL, ®s->esp);
296 * This gets run with %ebx containing the
297 * function to call, and %edx containing
300 extern void kernel_thread_helper(void);
301 __asm__(".section .text\n"
303 "kernel_thread_helper:\n\t"
312 * Create a kernel thread
314 int kernel_thread(int (*fn)(void *), void * arg, unsigned long flags)
318 memset(®s, 0, sizeof(regs));
320 regs.ebx = (unsigned long) fn;
321 regs.edx = (unsigned long) arg;
323 regs.xds = __USER_DS;
324 regs.xes = __USER_DS;
326 regs.eip = (unsigned long) kernel_thread_helper;
327 regs.xcs = __KERNEL_CS;
328 regs.eflags = X86_EFLAGS_IF | X86_EFLAGS_SF | X86_EFLAGS_PF | 0x2;
330 /* Ok, create the new process.. */
331 return do_fork(flags | CLONE_VM | CLONE_UNTRACED, 0, ®s, 0, NULL, NULL);
333 EXPORT_SYMBOL(kernel_thread);
336 * Free current thread data structures etc..
338 void exit_thread(void)
340 struct task_struct *tsk = current;
341 struct thread_struct *t = &tsk->thread;
344 * Remove function-return probe instances associated with this task
345 * and put them back on the free list. Do not insert an exit probe for
346 * this function, it will be disabled by kprobe_flush_task if you do.
348 kprobe_flush_task(tsk);
350 /* The process may have allocated an io port bitmap... nuke it. */
351 if (unlikely(NULL != t->io_bitmap_ptr)) {
353 struct tss_struct *tss = &per_cpu(init_tss, cpu);
355 kfree(t->io_bitmap_ptr);
356 t->io_bitmap_ptr = NULL;
358 * Careful, clear this in the TSS too:
360 memset(tss->io_bitmap, 0xff, tss->io_bitmap_max);
361 t->io_bitmap_max = 0;
362 tss->io_bitmap_owner = NULL;
363 tss->io_bitmap_max = 0;
364 tss->io_bitmap_base = INVALID_IO_BITMAP_OFFSET;
369 void flush_thread(void)
371 struct task_struct *tsk = current;
374 * Remove function-return probe instances associated with this task
375 * and put them back on the free list. Do not insert an exit probe for
376 * this function, it will be disabled by kprobe_flush_task if you do.
378 kprobe_flush_task(tsk);
380 memset(tsk->thread.debugreg, 0, sizeof(unsigned long)*8);
381 memset(tsk->thread.tls_array, 0, sizeof(tsk->thread.tls_array));
383 * Forget coprocessor state..
389 void release_thread(struct task_struct *dead_task)
392 // temporary debugging check
393 if (dead_task->mm->context.size) {
394 printk("WARNING: dead process %8s still has LDT? <%p/%d>\n",
396 dead_task->mm->context.ldt,
397 dead_task->mm->context.size);
402 release_vm86_irqs(dead_task);
406 * This gets called before we allocate a new thread and copy
407 * the current task into it.
409 void prepare_to_copy(struct task_struct *tsk)
414 int copy_thread(int nr, unsigned long clone_flags, unsigned long esp,
415 unsigned long unused,
416 struct task_struct * p, struct pt_regs * regs)
418 struct pt_regs * childregs;
419 struct task_struct *tsk;
422 childregs = ((struct pt_regs *) (THREAD_SIZE + (unsigned long) p->thread_info)) - 1;
424 * The below -8 is to reserve 8 bytes on top of the ring0 stack.
425 * This is necessary to guarantee that the entire "struct pt_regs"
426 * is accessable even if the CPU haven't stored the SS/ESP registers
427 * on the stack (interrupt gate does not save these registers
428 * when switching to the same priv ring).
429 * Therefore beware: accessing the xss/esp fields of the
430 * "struct pt_regs" is possible, but they may contain the
431 * completely wrong values.
433 childregs = (struct pt_regs *) ((unsigned long) childregs - 8);
436 childregs->esp = esp;
438 p->thread.esp = (unsigned long) childregs;
439 p->thread.esp0 = (unsigned long) (childregs+1);
441 p->thread.eip = (unsigned long) ret_from_fork;
443 savesegment(fs,p->thread.fs);
444 savesegment(gs,p->thread.gs);
447 if (unlikely(NULL != tsk->thread.io_bitmap_ptr)) {
448 p->thread.io_bitmap_ptr = kmalloc(IO_BITMAP_BYTES, GFP_KERNEL);
449 if (!p->thread.io_bitmap_ptr) {
450 p->thread.io_bitmap_max = 0;
453 memcpy(p->thread.io_bitmap_ptr, tsk->thread.io_bitmap_ptr,
458 * Set a new TLS for the child thread?
460 if (clone_flags & CLONE_SETTLS) {
461 struct desc_struct *desc;
462 struct user_desc info;
466 if (copy_from_user(&info, (void __user *)childregs->esi, sizeof(info)))
469 if (LDT_empty(&info))
472 idx = info.entry_number;
473 if (idx < GDT_ENTRY_TLS_MIN || idx > GDT_ENTRY_TLS_MAX)
476 desc = p->thread.tls_array + idx - GDT_ENTRY_TLS_MIN;
477 desc->a = LDT_entry_a(&info);
478 desc->b = LDT_entry_b(&info);
483 if (err && p->thread.io_bitmap_ptr) {
484 kfree(p->thread.io_bitmap_ptr);
485 p->thread.io_bitmap_max = 0;
491 * fill in the user structure for a core dump..
493 void dump_thread(struct pt_regs * regs, struct user * dump)
497 /* changed the size calculations - should hopefully work better. lbt */
498 dump->magic = CMAGIC;
499 dump->start_code = 0;
500 dump->start_stack = regs->esp & ~(PAGE_SIZE - 1);
501 dump->u_tsize = ((unsigned long) current->mm->end_code) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
502 dump->u_dsize = ((unsigned long) (current->mm->brk + (PAGE_SIZE-1))) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
503 dump->u_dsize -= dump->u_tsize;
505 for (i = 0; i < 8; i++)
506 dump->u_debugreg[i] = current->thread.debugreg[i];
508 if (dump->start_stack < TASK_SIZE)
509 dump->u_ssize = ((unsigned long) (TASK_SIZE - dump->start_stack)) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
511 dump->regs.ebx = regs->ebx;
512 dump->regs.ecx = regs->ecx;
513 dump->regs.edx = regs->edx;
514 dump->regs.esi = regs->esi;
515 dump->regs.edi = regs->edi;
516 dump->regs.ebp = regs->ebp;
517 dump->regs.eax = regs->eax;
518 dump->regs.ds = regs->xds;
519 dump->regs.es = regs->xes;
520 savesegment(fs,dump->regs.fs);
521 savesegment(gs,dump->regs.gs);
522 dump->regs.orig_eax = regs->orig_eax;
523 dump->regs.eip = regs->eip;
524 dump->regs.cs = regs->xcs;
525 dump->regs.eflags = regs->eflags;
526 dump->regs.esp = regs->esp;
527 dump->regs.ss = regs->xss;
529 dump->u_fpvalid = dump_fpu (regs, &dump->i387);
531 EXPORT_SYMBOL(dump_thread);
534 * Capture the user space registers if the task is not running (in user space)
536 int dump_task_regs(struct task_struct *tsk, elf_gregset_t *regs)
538 struct pt_regs ptregs;
540 ptregs = *(struct pt_regs *)
541 ((unsigned long)tsk->thread_info+THREAD_SIZE - sizeof(ptregs));
542 ptregs.xcs &= 0xffff;
543 ptregs.xds &= 0xffff;
544 ptregs.xes &= 0xffff;
545 ptregs.xss &= 0xffff;
547 elf_core_copy_regs(regs, &ptregs);
553 handle_io_bitmap(struct thread_struct *next, struct tss_struct *tss)
555 if (!next->io_bitmap_ptr) {
557 * Disable the bitmap via an invalid offset. We still cache
558 * the previous bitmap owner and the IO bitmap contents:
560 tss->io_bitmap_base = INVALID_IO_BITMAP_OFFSET;
563 if (likely(next == tss->io_bitmap_owner)) {
565 * Previous owner of the bitmap (hence the bitmap content)
566 * matches the next task, we dont have to do anything but
567 * to set a valid offset in the TSS:
569 tss->io_bitmap_base = IO_BITMAP_OFFSET;
573 * Lazy TSS's I/O bitmap copy. We set an invalid offset here
574 * and we let the task to get a GPF in case an I/O instruction
575 * is performed. The handler of the GPF will verify that the
576 * faulting task has a valid I/O bitmap and, it true, does the
577 * real copy and restart the instruction. This will save us
578 * redundant copies when the currently switched task does not
579 * perform any I/O during its timeslice.
581 tss->io_bitmap_base = INVALID_IO_BITMAP_OFFSET_LAZY;
585 * switch_to(x,yn) should switch tasks from x to y.
587 * We fsave/fwait so that an exception goes off at the right time
588 * (as a call from the fsave or fwait in effect) rather than to
589 * the wrong process. Lazy FP saving no longer makes any sense
590 * with modern CPU's, and this simplifies a lot of things (SMP
591 * and UP become the same).
593 * NOTE! We used to use the x86 hardware context switching. The
594 * reason for not using it any more becomes apparent when you
595 * try to recover gracefully from saved state that is no longer
596 * valid (stale segment register values in particular). With the
597 * hardware task-switch, there is no way to fix up bad state in
598 * a reasonable manner.
600 * The fact that Intel documents the hardware task-switching to
601 * be slow is a fairly red herring - this code is not noticeably
602 * faster. However, there _is_ some room for improvement here,
603 * so the performance issues may eventually be a valid point.
604 * More important, however, is the fact that this allows us much
607 * The return value (in %eax) will be the "prev" task after
608 * the task-switch, and shows up in ret_from_fork in entry.S,
611 struct task_struct fastcall * __switch_to(struct task_struct *prev_p, struct task_struct *next_p)
613 struct thread_struct *prev = &prev_p->thread,
614 *next = &next_p->thread;
615 int cpu = smp_processor_id();
616 struct tss_struct *tss = &per_cpu(init_tss, cpu);
618 /* never put a printk in __switch_to... printk() calls wake_up*() indirectly */
620 __unlazy_fpu(prev_p);
623 * Reload esp0, LDT and the page table pointer:
625 load_esp0(tss, next);
628 * Load the per-thread Thread-Local Storage descriptor.
633 * Save away %fs and %gs. No need to save %es and %ds, as
634 * those are always kernel segments while inside the kernel.
636 asm volatile("mov %%fs,%0":"=m" (prev->fs));
637 asm volatile("mov %%gs,%0":"=m" (prev->gs));
640 * Restore %fs and %gs if needed.
642 if (unlikely(prev->fs | prev->gs | next->fs | next->gs)) {
643 loadsegment(fs, next->fs);
644 loadsegment(gs, next->gs);
648 * Now maybe reload the debug registers
650 if (unlikely(next->debugreg[7])) {
651 set_debugreg(current->thread.debugreg[0], 0);
652 set_debugreg(current->thread.debugreg[1], 1);
653 set_debugreg(current->thread.debugreg[2], 2);
654 set_debugreg(current->thread.debugreg[3], 3);
656 set_debugreg(current->thread.debugreg[6], 6);
657 set_debugreg(current->thread.debugreg[7], 7);
660 if (unlikely(prev->io_bitmap_ptr || next->io_bitmap_ptr))
661 handle_io_bitmap(next, tss);
666 asmlinkage int sys_fork(struct pt_regs regs)
668 return do_fork(SIGCHLD, regs.esp, ®s, 0, NULL, NULL);
671 asmlinkage int sys_clone(struct pt_regs regs)
673 unsigned long clone_flags;
675 int __user *parent_tidptr, *child_tidptr;
677 clone_flags = regs.ebx;
679 parent_tidptr = (int __user *)regs.edx;
680 child_tidptr = (int __user *)regs.edi;
683 return do_fork(clone_flags, newsp, ®s, 0, parent_tidptr, child_tidptr);
687 * This is trivial, and on the face of it looks like it
688 * could equally well be done in user mode.
690 * Not so, for quite unobvious reasons - register pressure.
691 * In user mode vfork() cannot have a stack frame, and if
692 * done by calling the "clone()" system call directly, you
693 * do not have enough call-clobbered registers to hold all
694 * the information you need.
696 asmlinkage int sys_vfork(struct pt_regs regs)
698 return do_fork(CLONE_VFORK | CLONE_VM | SIGCHLD, regs.esp, ®s, 0, NULL, NULL);
702 * sys_execve() executes a new program.
704 asmlinkage int sys_execve(struct pt_regs regs)
709 filename = getname((char __user *) regs.ebx);
710 error = PTR_ERR(filename);
711 if (IS_ERR(filename))
713 error = do_execve(filename,
714 (char __user * __user *) regs.ecx,
715 (char __user * __user *) regs.edx,
719 current->ptrace &= ~PT_DTRACE;
720 task_unlock(current);
721 /* Make sure we don't return using sysenter.. */
722 set_thread_flag(TIF_IRET);
729 #define top_esp (THREAD_SIZE - sizeof(unsigned long))
730 #define top_ebp (THREAD_SIZE - 2*sizeof(unsigned long))
732 unsigned long get_wchan(struct task_struct *p)
734 unsigned long ebp, esp, eip;
735 unsigned long stack_page;
737 if (!p || p == current || p->state == TASK_RUNNING)
739 stack_page = (unsigned long)p->thread_info;
741 if (!stack_page || esp < stack_page || esp > top_esp+stack_page)
743 /* include/asm-i386/system.h:switch_to() pushes ebp last. */
744 ebp = *(unsigned long *) esp;
746 if (ebp < stack_page || ebp > top_ebp+stack_page)
748 eip = *(unsigned long *) (ebp+4);
749 if (!in_sched_functions(eip))
751 ebp = *(unsigned long *) ebp;
752 } while (count++ < 16);
755 EXPORT_SYMBOL(get_wchan);
758 * sys_alloc_thread_area: get a yet unused TLS descriptor index.
760 static int get_free_idx(void)
762 struct thread_struct *t = ¤t->thread;
765 for (idx = 0; idx < GDT_ENTRY_TLS_ENTRIES; idx++)
766 if (desc_empty(t->tls_array + idx))
767 return idx + GDT_ENTRY_TLS_MIN;
772 * Set a given TLS descriptor:
774 asmlinkage int sys_set_thread_area(struct user_desc __user *u_info)
776 struct thread_struct *t = ¤t->thread;
777 struct user_desc info;
778 struct desc_struct *desc;
781 if (copy_from_user(&info, u_info, sizeof(info)))
783 idx = info.entry_number;
786 * index -1 means the kernel should try to find and
787 * allocate an empty descriptor:
790 idx = get_free_idx();
793 if (put_user(idx, &u_info->entry_number))
797 if (idx < GDT_ENTRY_TLS_MIN || idx > GDT_ENTRY_TLS_MAX)
800 desc = t->tls_array + idx - GDT_ENTRY_TLS_MIN;
803 * We must not get preempted while modifying the TLS.
807 if (LDT_empty(&info)) {
811 desc->a = LDT_entry_a(&info);
812 desc->b = LDT_entry_b(&info);
822 * Get the current Thread-Local Storage area:
825 #define GET_BASE(desc) ( \
826 (((desc)->a >> 16) & 0x0000ffff) | \
827 (((desc)->b << 16) & 0x00ff0000) | \
828 ( (desc)->b & 0xff000000) )
830 #define GET_LIMIT(desc) ( \
831 ((desc)->a & 0x0ffff) | \
832 ((desc)->b & 0xf0000) )
834 #define GET_32BIT(desc) (((desc)->b >> 22) & 1)
835 #define GET_CONTENTS(desc) (((desc)->b >> 10) & 3)
836 #define GET_WRITABLE(desc) (((desc)->b >> 9) & 1)
837 #define GET_LIMIT_PAGES(desc) (((desc)->b >> 23) & 1)
838 #define GET_PRESENT(desc) (((desc)->b >> 15) & 1)
839 #define GET_USEABLE(desc) (((desc)->b >> 20) & 1)
841 asmlinkage int sys_get_thread_area(struct user_desc __user *u_info)
843 struct user_desc info;
844 struct desc_struct *desc;
847 if (get_user(idx, &u_info->entry_number))
849 if (idx < GDT_ENTRY_TLS_MIN || idx > GDT_ENTRY_TLS_MAX)
852 desc = current->thread.tls_array + idx - GDT_ENTRY_TLS_MIN;
854 info.entry_number = idx;
855 info.base_addr = GET_BASE(desc);
856 info.limit = GET_LIMIT(desc);
857 info.seg_32bit = GET_32BIT(desc);
858 info.contents = GET_CONTENTS(desc);
859 info.read_exec_only = !GET_WRITABLE(desc);
860 info.limit_in_pages = GET_LIMIT_PAGES(desc);
861 info.seg_not_present = !GET_PRESENT(desc);
862 info.useable = GET_USEABLE(desc);
864 if (copy_to_user(u_info, &info, sizeof(info)))
869 unsigned long arch_align_stack(unsigned long sp)
871 if (randomize_va_space)
872 sp -= get_random_int() % 8192;