4 * Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 Linus Torvalds
6 * GK 2/5/95 - Changed to support mounting root fs via NFS
7 * Added initrd & change_root: Werner Almesberger & Hans Lermen, Feb '96
8 * Moan early if gcc is old, avoiding bogus kernels - Paul Gortmaker, May '96
9 * Simplified starting of init: Michael A. Griffith <grif@acm.org>
12 #include <linux/types.h>
13 #include <linux/module.h>
14 #include <linux/proc_fs.h>
15 #include <linux/kernel.h>
16 #include <linux/syscalls.h>
17 #include <linux/stackprotector.h>
18 #include <linux/string.h>
19 #include <linux/ctype.h>
20 #include <linux/delay.h>
21 #include <linux/utsname.h>
22 #include <linux/ioport.h>
23 #include <linux/init.h>
24 #include <linux/smp_lock.h>
25 #include <linux/initrd.h>
26 #include <linux/bootmem.h>
27 #include <linux/tty.h>
28 #include <linux/gfp.h>
29 #include <linux/percpu.h>
30 #include <linux/kmod.h>
31 #include <linux/vmalloc.h>
32 #include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
33 #include <linux/start_kernel.h>
34 #include <linux/security.h>
35 #include <linux/smp.h>
36 #include <linux/workqueue.h>
37 #include <linux/profile.h>
38 #include <linux/rcupdate.h>
39 #include <linux/moduleparam.h>
40 #include <linux/kallsyms.h>
41 #include <linux/writeback.h>
42 #include <linux/cpu.h>
43 #include <linux/cpuset.h>
44 #include <linux/cgroup.h>
45 #include <linux/efi.h>
46 #include <linux/tick.h>
47 #include <linux/interrupt.h>
48 #include <linux/taskstats_kern.h>
49 #include <linux/delayacct.h>
50 #include <linux/unistd.h>
51 #include <linux/rmap.h>
52 #include <linux/mempolicy.h>
53 #include <linux/key.h>
54 #include <linux/buffer_head.h>
55 #include <linux/page_cgroup.h>
56 #include <linux/debug_locks.h>
57 #include <linux/debugobjects.h>
58 #include <linux/lockdep.h>
59 #include <linux/pid_namespace.h>
60 #include <linux/device.h>
61 #include <linux/kthread.h>
62 #include <linux/sched.h>
63 #include <linux/signal.h>
64 #include <linux/idr.h>
65 #include <linux/ftrace.h>
66 #include <linux/async.h>
67 #include <trace/boot.h>
71 #include <asm/setup.h>
72 #include <asm/sections.h>
73 #include <asm/cacheflush.h>
74 #include <trace/kmemtrace.h>
76 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
80 static int kernel_init(void *);
82 extern void init_IRQ(void);
83 extern void fork_init(unsigned long);
84 extern void mca_init(void);
85 extern void sbus_init(void);
86 extern void prio_tree_init(void);
87 extern void radix_tree_init(void);
88 extern void free_initmem(void);
90 extern void acpi_early_init(void);
92 static inline void acpi_early_init(void) { }
94 #ifndef CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA
95 static inline void mark_rodata_ro(void) { }
99 extern void tc_init(void);
102 enum system_states system_state __read_mostly;
103 EXPORT_SYMBOL(system_state);
106 * Boot command-line arguments
108 #define MAX_INIT_ARGS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
109 #define MAX_INIT_ENVS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
111 extern void time_init(void);
112 /* Default late time init is NULL. archs can override this later. */
113 void (*__initdata late_time_init)(void);
114 extern void softirq_init(void);
116 /* Untouched command line saved by arch-specific code. */
117 char __initdata boot_command_line[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];
118 /* Untouched saved command line (eg. for /proc) */
119 char *saved_command_line;
120 /* Command line for parameter parsing */
121 static char *static_command_line;
123 static char *execute_command;
124 static char *ramdisk_execute_command;
127 /* Setup configured maximum number of CPUs to activate */
128 unsigned int __initdata setup_max_cpus = NR_CPUS;
131 * Setup routine for controlling SMP activation
133 * Command-line option of "nosmp" or "maxcpus=0" will disable SMP
134 * activation entirely (the MPS table probe still happens, though).
136 * Command-line option of "maxcpus=<NUM>", where <NUM> is an integer
137 * greater than 0, limits the maximum number of CPUs activated in
141 void __weak arch_disable_smp_support(void) { }
143 static int __init nosmp(char *str)
146 arch_disable_smp_support();
151 early_param("nosmp", nosmp);
153 static int __init maxcpus(char *str)
155 get_option(&str, &setup_max_cpus);
156 if (setup_max_cpus == 0)
157 arch_disable_smp_support();
162 early_param("maxcpus", maxcpus);
164 const unsigned int setup_max_cpus = NR_CPUS;
168 * If set, this is an indication to the drivers that reset the underlying
169 * device before going ahead with the initialization otherwise driver might
170 * rely on the BIOS and skip the reset operation.
172 * This is useful if kernel is booting in an unreliable environment.
173 * For ex. kdump situaiton where previous kernel has crashed, BIOS has been
174 * skipped and devices will be in unknown state.
176 unsigned int reset_devices;
177 EXPORT_SYMBOL(reset_devices);
179 static int __init set_reset_devices(char *str)
185 __setup("reset_devices", set_reset_devices);
187 static char * argv_init[MAX_INIT_ARGS+2] = { "init", NULL, };
188 char * envp_init[MAX_INIT_ENVS+2] = { "HOME=/", "TERM=linux", NULL, };
189 static const char *panic_later, *panic_param;
191 extern struct obs_kernel_param __setup_start[], __setup_end[];
193 static int __init obsolete_checksetup(char *line)
195 struct obs_kernel_param *p;
196 int had_early_param = 0;
200 int n = strlen(p->str);
201 if (!strncmp(line, p->str, n)) {
203 /* Already done in parse_early_param?
204 * (Needs exact match on param part).
205 * Keep iterating, as we can have early
206 * params and __setups of same names 8( */
207 if (line[n] == '\0' || line[n] == '=')
209 } else if (!p->setup_func) {
210 printk(KERN_WARNING "Parameter %s is obsolete,"
211 " ignored\n", p->str);
213 } else if (p->setup_func(line + n))
217 } while (p < __setup_end);
219 return had_early_param;
223 * This should be approx 2 Bo*oMips to start (note initial shift), and will
224 * still work even if initially too large, it will just take slightly longer
226 unsigned long loops_per_jiffy = (1<<12);
228 EXPORT_SYMBOL(loops_per_jiffy);
230 static int __init debug_kernel(char *str)
232 console_loglevel = 10;
236 static int __init quiet_kernel(char *str)
238 console_loglevel = 4;
242 early_param("debug", debug_kernel);
243 early_param("quiet", quiet_kernel);
245 static int __init loglevel(char *str)
247 get_option(&str, &console_loglevel);
251 early_param("loglevel", loglevel);
254 * Unknown boot options get handed to init, unless they look like
257 static int __init unknown_bootoption(char *param, char *val)
259 /* Change NUL term back to "=", to make "param" the whole string. */
261 /* param=val or param="val"? */
262 if (val == param+strlen(param)+1)
264 else if (val == param+strlen(param)+2) {
266 memmove(val-1, val, strlen(val)+1);
272 /* Handle obsolete-style parameters */
273 if (obsolete_checksetup(param))
277 * Preemptive maintenance for "why didn't my misspelled command
280 if (strchr(param, '.') && (!val || strchr(param, '.') < val)) {
281 printk(KERN_ERR "Unknown boot option `%s': ignoring\n", param);
289 /* Environment option */
291 for (i = 0; envp_init[i]; i++) {
292 if (i == MAX_INIT_ENVS) {
293 panic_later = "Too many boot env vars at `%s'";
296 if (!strncmp(param, envp_init[i], val - param))
299 envp_init[i] = param;
301 /* Command line option */
303 for (i = 0; argv_init[i]; i++) {
304 if (i == MAX_INIT_ARGS) {
305 panic_later = "Too many boot init vars at `%s'";
309 argv_init[i] = param;
314 #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC
315 int __read_mostly debug_pagealloc_enabled = 0;
318 static int __init init_setup(char *str)
322 execute_command = str;
324 * In case LILO is going to boot us with default command line,
325 * it prepends "auto" before the whole cmdline which makes
326 * the shell think it should execute a script with such name.
327 * So we ignore all arguments entered _before_ init=... [MJ]
329 for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
333 __setup("init=", init_setup);
335 static int __init rdinit_setup(char *str)
339 ramdisk_execute_command = str;
340 /* See "auto" comment in init_setup */
341 for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
345 __setup("rdinit=", rdinit_setup);
349 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
350 static void __init smp_init(void)
352 APIC_init_uniprocessor();
355 #define smp_init() do { } while (0)
358 static inline void setup_per_cpu_areas(void) { }
359 static inline void setup_nr_cpu_ids(void) { }
360 static inline void smp_prepare_cpus(unsigned int maxcpus) { }
364 #if NR_CPUS > BITS_PER_LONG
365 cpumask_t cpu_mask_all __read_mostly = CPU_MASK_ALL;
366 EXPORT_SYMBOL(cpu_mask_all);
369 /* Setup number of possible processor ids */
370 int nr_cpu_ids __read_mostly = NR_CPUS;
371 EXPORT_SYMBOL(nr_cpu_ids);
373 /* An arch may set nr_cpu_ids earlier if needed, so this would be redundant */
374 static void __init setup_nr_cpu_ids(void)
376 nr_cpu_ids = find_last_bit(cpumask_bits(cpu_possible_mask),NR_CPUS) + 1;
379 #ifndef CONFIG_HAVE_SETUP_PER_CPU_AREA
380 unsigned long __per_cpu_offset[NR_CPUS] __read_mostly;
382 EXPORT_SYMBOL(__per_cpu_offset);
384 static void __init setup_per_cpu_areas(void)
386 unsigned long size, i;
388 unsigned long nr_possible_cpus = num_possible_cpus();
390 /* Copy section for each CPU (we discard the original) */
391 size = ALIGN(PERCPU_ENOUGH_ROOM, PAGE_SIZE);
392 ptr = alloc_bootmem_pages(size * nr_possible_cpus);
394 for_each_possible_cpu(i) {
395 __per_cpu_offset[i] = ptr - __per_cpu_start;
396 memcpy(ptr, __per_cpu_start, __per_cpu_end - __per_cpu_start);
400 #endif /* CONFIG_HAVE_SETUP_PER_CPU_AREA */
402 /* Called by boot processor to activate the rest. */
403 static void __init smp_init(void)
408 * Set up the current CPU as possible to migrate to.
409 * The other ones will be done by cpu_up/cpu_down()
411 set_cpu_active(smp_processor_id(), true);
413 /* FIXME: This should be done in userspace --RR */
414 for_each_present_cpu(cpu) {
415 if (num_online_cpus() >= setup_max_cpus)
417 if (!cpu_online(cpu))
421 /* Any cleanup work */
422 printk(KERN_INFO "Brought up %ld CPUs\n", (long)num_online_cpus());
423 smp_cpus_done(setup_max_cpus);
429 * We need to store the untouched command line for future reference.
430 * We also need to store the touched command line since the parameter
431 * parsing is performed in place, and we should allow a component to
432 * store reference of name/value for future reference.
434 static void __init setup_command_line(char *command_line)
436 saved_command_line = alloc_bootmem(strlen (boot_command_line)+1);
437 static_command_line = alloc_bootmem(strlen (command_line)+1);
438 strcpy (saved_command_line, boot_command_line);
439 strcpy (static_command_line, command_line);
443 * We need to finalize in a non-__init function or else race conditions
444 * between the root thread and the init thread may cause start_kernel to
445 * be reaped by free_initmem before the root thread has proceeded to
448 * gcc-3.4 accidentally inlines this function, so use noinline.
451 static noinline void __init_refok rest_init(void)
452 __releases(kernel_lock)
456 kernel_thread(kernel_init, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_SIGHAND);
457 numa_default_policy();
458 pid = kernel_thread(kthreadd, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES);
459 kthreadd_task = find_task_by_pid_ns(pid, &init_pid_ns);
463 * The boot idle thread must execute schedule()
464 * at least once to get things moving:
466 init_idle_bootup_task(current);
467 rcu_scheduler_starting();
468 preempt_enable_no_resched();
472 /* Call into cpu_idle with preempt disabled */
476 /* Check for early params. */
477 static int __init do_early_param(char *param, char *val)
479 struct obs_kernel_param *p;
481 for (p = __setup_start; p < __setup_end; p++) {
482 if ((p->early && strcmp(param, p->str) == 0) ||
483 (strcmp(param, "console") == 0 &&
484 strcmp(p->str, "earlycon") == 0)
486 if (p->setup_func(val) != 0)
488 "Malformed early option '%s'\n", param);
491 /* We accept everything at this stage. */
495 /* Arch code calls this early on, or if not, just before other parsing. */
496 void __init parse_early_param(void)
498 static __initdata int done = 0;
499 static __initdata char tmp_cmdline[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];
504 /* All fall through to do_early_param. */
505 strlcpy(tmp_cmdline, boot_command_line, COMMAND_LINE_SIZE);
506 parse_args("early options", tmp_cmdline, NULL, 0, do_early_param);
511 * Activate the first processor.
514 static void __init boot_cpu_init(void)
516 int cpu = smp_processor_id();
517 /* Mark the boot cpu "present", "online" etc for SMP and UP case */
518 set_cpu_online(cpu, true);
519 set_cpu_present(cpu, true);
520 set_cpu_possible(cpu, true);
523 void __init __weak smp_setup_processor_id(void)
527 void __init __weak thread_info_cache_init(void)
531 asmlinkage void __init start_kernel(void)
534 extern struct kernel_param __start___param[], __stop___param[];
536 smp_setup_processor_id();
539 * Need to run as early as possible, to initialize the
543 debug_objects_early_init();
546 * Set up the the initial canary ASAP:
548 boot_init_stack_canary();
553 early_boot_irqs_off();
554 early_init_irq_lock_class();
557 * Interrupts are still disabled. Do necessary setups, then
565 printk(linux_banner);
566 setup_arch(&command_line);
567 mm_init_owner(&init_mm, &init_task);
568 setup_command_line(command_line);
569 setup_per_cpu_areas();
571 smp_prepare_boot_cpu(); /* arch-specific boot-cpu hooks */
574 * Set up the scheduler prior starting any interrupts (such as the
575 * timer interrupt). Full topology setup happens at smp_init()
576 * time - but meanwhile we still have a functioning scheduler.
580 * Disable preemption - early bootup scheduling is extremely
581 * fragile until we cpu_idle() for the first time.
584 build_all_zonelists();
586 printk(KERN_NOTICE "Kernel command line: %s\n", boot_command_line);
588 parse_args("Booting kernel", static_command_line, __start___param,
589 __stop___param - __start___param,
590 &unknown_bootoption);
591 if (!irqs_disabled()) {
592 printk(KERN_WARNING "start_kernel(): bug: interrupts were "
593 "enabled *very* early, fixing it\n");
599 /* init some links before init_ISA_irqs() */
610 if (!irqs_disabled())
611 printk(KERN_CRIT "start_kernel(): bug: interrupts were "
613 early_boot_irqs_on();
617 * HACK ALERT! This is early. We're enabling the console before
618 * we've done PCI setups etc, and console_init() must be aware of
619 * this. But we do want output early, in case something goes wrong.
623 panic(panic_later, panic_param);
628 * Need to run this when irqs are enabled, because it wants
629 * to self-test [hard/soft]-irqs on/off lock inversion bugs
634 #ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
635 if (initrd_start && !initrd_below_start_ok &&
636 page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)) < min_low_pfn) {
637 printk(KERN_CRIT "initrd overwritten (0x%08lx < 0x%08lx) - "
639 page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)),
645 vfs_caches_init_early();
649 enable_debug_pagealloc();
653 debug_objects_mem_init();
655 setup_per_cpu_pageset();
661 pgtable_cache_init();
666 efi_enter_virtual_mode();
668 thread_info_cache_init();
670 fork_init(num_physpages);
675 vfs_caches_init(num_physpages);
678 /* rootfs populating might need page-writeback */
679 page_writeback_init();
680 #ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS
685 taskstats_init_early();
690 acpi_early_init(); /* before LAPIC and SMP init */
694 /* Do the rest non-__init'ed, we're now alive */
699 core_param(initcall_debug, initcall_debug, bool, 0644);
701 int do_one_initcall(initcall_t fn)
703 int count = preempt_count();
704 ktime_t calltime, delta, rettime;
706 struct boot_trace_call call;
707 struct boot_trace_ret ret;
709 if (initcall_debug) {
710 call.caller = task_pid_nr(current);
711 printk("calling %pF @ %i\n", fn, call.caller);
712 calltime = ktime_get();
713 trace_boot_call(&call, fn);
719 if (initcall_debug) {
720 disable_boot_trace();
721 rettime = ktime_get();
722 delta = ktime_sub(rettime, calltime);
723 ret.duration = (unsigned long long) ktime_to_ns(delta) >> 10;
724 trace_boot_ret(&ret, fn);
725 printk("initcall %pF returned %d after %Ld usecs\n", fn,
726 ret.result, ret.duration);
731 if (ret.result && ret.result != -ENODEV && initcall_debug)
732 sprintf(msgbuf, "error code %d ", ret.result);
734 if (preempt_count() != count) {
735 strlcat(msgbuf, "preemption imbalance ", sizeof(msgbuf));
736 preempt_count() = count;
738 if (irqs_disabled()) {
739 strlcat(msgbuf, "disabled interrupts ", sizeof(msgbuf));
743 printk("initcall %pF returned with %s\n", fn, msgbuf);
750 extern initcall_t __initcall_start[], __initcall_end[], __early_initcall_end[];
752 static void __init do_initcalls(void)
756 for (call = __early_initcall_end; call < __initcall_end; call++)
757 do_one_initcall(*call);
759 /* Make sure there is no pending stuff from the initcall sequence */
760 flush_scheduled_work();
764 * Ok, the machine is now initialized. None of the devices
765 * have been touched yet, but the CPU subsystem is up and
766 * running, and memory and process management works.
768 * Now we can finally start doing some real work..
770 static void __init do_basic_setup(void)
772 rcu_init_sched(); /* needed by module_init stage. */
775 usermodehelper_init();
781 static void __init do_pre_smp_initcalls(void)
785 for (call = __initcall_start; call < __early_initcall_end; call++)
786 do_one_initcall(*call);
789 static void run_init_process(char *init_filename)
791 argv_init[0] = init_filename;
792 kernel_execve(init_filename, argv_init, envp_init);
795 /* This is a non __init function. Force it to be noinline otherwise gcc
796 * makes it inline to init() and it becomes part of init.text section
798 static noinline int init_post(void)
799 __releases(kernel_lock)
801 /* need to finish all async __init code before freeing the memory */
802 async_synchronize_full();
806 system_state = SYSTEM_RUNNING;
807 numa_default_policy();
809 if (sys_open((const char __user *) "/dev/console", O_RDWR, 0) < 0)
810 printk(KERN_WARNING "Warning: unable to open an initial console.\n");
815 current->signal->flags |= SIGNAL_UNKILLABLE;
817 if (ramdisk_execute_command) {
818 run_init_process(ramdisk_execute_command);
819 printk(KERN_WARNING "Failed to execute %s\n",
820 ramdisk_execute_command);
824 * We try each of these until one succeeds.
826 * The Bourne shell can be used instead of init if we are
827 * trying to recover a really broken machine.
829 if (execute_command) {
830 run_init_process(execute_command);
831 printk(KERN_WARNING "Failed to execute %s. Attempting "
832 "defaults...\n", execute_command);
834 run_init_process("/sbin/init");
835 run_init_process("/etc/init");
836 run_init_process("/bin/init");
837 run_init_process("/bin/sh");
839 panic("No init found. Try passing init= option to kernel.");
842 static int __init kernel_init(void * unused)
846 * init can run on any cpu.
848 set_cpus_allowed_ptr(current, cpu_all_mask);
850 * Tell the world that we're going to be the grim
851 * reaper of innocent orphaned children.
853 * We don't want people to have to make incorrect
854 * assumptions about where in the task array this
857 init_pid_ns.child_reaper = current;
859 cad_pid = task_pid(current);
861 smp_prepare_cpus(setup_max_cpus);
863 do_pre_smp_initcalls();
872 * check if there is an early userspace init. If yes, let it do all
876 if (!ramdisk_execute_command)
877 ramdisk_execute_command = "/init";
879 if (sys_access((const char __user *) ramdisk_execute_command, 0) != 0) {
880 ramdisk_execute_command = NULL;
885 * Ok, we have completed the initial bootup, and
886 * we're essentially up and running. Get rid of the
887 * initmem segments and start the user-mode stuff..