1 This document should help new developers get started. Like all of Wine, it
8 The Wine source tree is loosely based on the original Windows modules.
9 Most of the source is concerned with implementing the Wine API, although
10 there are also various tools, documentation, sample Winelib code, and
11 code specific to the binary loader. Note that several of the libraries
12 listed here are "stubbed out", meaning they still need to be implemented.
16 dlls/ - All the DLLs implemented by Wine
18 advapi32/ - Crypto, systeminfo, security, eventlogging
19 avicap32/ - AVI capture window class
20 avifil32/ - COM object to play AVI files
21 cabinet/ - Cabinet file interface
22 comcat/ - Component category manager
23 comctl32/ - Common controls
24 commdlg/ - Common dialog boxes (both 16 & 32 bit)
25 crtdll/ - Old C runtime library
26 crypt32/ - Cryptography
27 ctl3d/ - 3D Effects for Common GUI Components
28 d3d8/ - Direct3D (3D graphics)
29 d3dx8/ - Direct3D (3D graphics)
30 dciman32/ - DCI Manager (graphics)
31 ddraw/ - DirectDraw (graphics)
32 devenum/ - Device enumeration
33 dinput/ - DirectInput (device input)
34 dinput8/ - DirectInput (device input)
35 dplay/ - DirectPlay (networking)
36 dplayx/ - DirectPlay (networking)
37 dsound/ - DirectSound (audio)
39 enhmetafiledrv/ - Enhanced metafile driver
40 metafiledrv/ - Metafile driver
41 win16drv/ - Support for Win16 printer drivers
42 glu32/ - OpenGL Utility library (graphics)
43 icmp/ - ICMP protocol (networking)
44 imagehlp/ - PE (Portable Executable) Image Helper lib
45 imm32/ - Input Method Manager
46 iphlpapi/ - IP Helper API
47 kernel/ - The Windows kernel
48 lzexpand/ - Lempel-Ziv compression/decompression
49 mapi32/ - Mail interface
50 mpr/ - Multi-Protocol Router (networking)
51 msacm/ - Audio Compression Manager (multimedia)
52 msdmo/ - DirectX Media Objects
53 msimg32/ - Gradient and transparency (graphics)
54 msisys/ - System information
55 msnet32/ - Network interface
56 msrle32/ - Run length encoder
57 msvcrt/ - 16 bit C runtime library
58 msvcrt20/ - 32 bit C runtime library
59 msvideo/ - 16 bit video manager
60 netapi32/ - Network interface
61 ntdll/ - NT implementation of kernel calls
62 odbc32/ - Open DataBase Connectivity driver manager
63 ole32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 libraries
64 oleaut32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 automation
65 olecli/ - 16 bit OLE client
66 oledlg/ - OLE 2.0 user interface support
67 olepro32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 automation
68 olesvr/ - 16 bit OLE server
69 opengl32/ - OpenGL implementation (graphics)
70 psapi/ - Process Status interface
71 qcap/ - DirectShow runtime
72 quartz/ - DirectShow runtime
73 rasapi32/ - Remote Access Server interface
74 richedit/ - Rich text formatting
75 rpcrt4/ - Remote Procedure Call runtime
76 serialui/ - Serial port property pages
77 setupapi/ - Setup interface
78 shdocvw/ - Shell document object and control
79 shfolder/ - Shell folder service
80 shell32/ - COM object implementing shell views
81 shlwapi/ - Shell Light-Weight interface
82 snmpapi/ - SNMP protocol interface (networking)
83 sti/ - Still Image service
84 tapi32/ - Telephone interface
85 ttydrv/ - TTY display driver (Wine specific)
86 twain/ - TWAIN Imaging device communications
87 url/ - Internet shortcut shell extension
88 urlmon/ - URL Moniker allows binding to a URL
89 user/ - Window management, standard controls, etc.
90 version/ - File installation library
91 win32s/ - 32-bit function access for 16-bit systems
92 winaspi/ - 16 bit Advanced SCSI Peripheral Interface
93 winedos/ - DOS features and BIOS calls (interrupts)
94 wineps/ - Postscript driver (Wine specific)
95 wininet/ - Internet extensions
96 winmm/ - Multimedia (16 & 32 bit)
97 mciXXX/ - Various MCI drivers
98 midimap/ - MIDI mapper
99 wavemap/ - Audio mapper
100 winealsa/ - ALSA audio driver
101 winearts/ - aRts audio driver
102 winejack/ - JACK audio server driver
103 wineoss/ - OSS audio driver
104 winnls/ - National Language Support
105 winsock/ - Sockets 2.0 (networking)
106 wsock32/ - Sockets 1.1 (networking)
107 wintab32/ - Tablet device interface
108 winspool/ - Printing & Print Spooler
109 wintrust/ - Trust verification interface
110 wow32/ - WOW subsystem
111 x11drv/ - X11 display driver (Wine specific)
116 programs/ - All the Winelib programs
118 avitools/ - AVI information viewer and player
119 clock/ - Graphical clock
120 cmdlgtst/ - Common dialog tests
121 control/ - Control panel
122 expand/ - Decompress Lempel-Ziv compressed archive
123 notepad/ - Notepad with RichEdit functionality
124 osversioncheck/ - Check version of Windows being indicated
125 progman/ - Program manager
126 regapi/ - Command line Registry implementation
127 regedit/ - Registry editor
128 regsvr32/ - Register COM server
129 regtest/ - Registry testing program
130 rpcss/ - RPC services
131 rundll32/ - Execute DLL functions directly
132 uninstaller/ - Remove installed programs
133 view/ - Metafile viewer
134 wcmd/ - Command line interface
135 wineconsole/ - Console
137 winefile/ - File manager
138 winemine/ - Mine game
139 winepath/ - Translate between Wine and Unix paths
140 winhelp/ - Help viewer
141 winver/ - Windows Version Program
144 Support programs, libraries, etc:
145 ---------------------------------
147 documentation/ - some documentation
148 include/ - Windows standard includes
149 library/ - the Wine portability library
150 miscemu/ - the main Wine program
151 ole/ - global UUIDs static library
152 server/ - the Wine server
153 tools/ - relay code builder, new rc, bugreport
154 generator, wineconfigurator, etc.
155 unicode/ - Unicode support shared
161 Note: these directories will ultimately get moved into their
164 files/ - KERNEL file I/O
165 if1632/ - KERNEL relay code
166 loader/ - KERNEL loader code
167 memory/ - KERNEL memory management
168 misc/ - KERNEL shell, registry, winsock, etc.
169 msdos/ - KERNEL DOS support
170 relay32/ - KERNEL 32-bit relay code
171 scheduler/ - KERNEL process and thread management
172 win32/ - KERNEL misc Win32 functions
174 graphics/ - GDI graphics drivers
175 objects/ - GDI logical objects
177 controls/ - USER built-in widgets
178 windows/ - USER window management
182 IMPLEMENTING NEW API CALLS
183 ==========================
185 This is the simple version, and covers only Win32. Win16 is slightly
186 uglier, because of the Pascal heritage and the segmented memory model.
188 All of the Win32 APIs known to Wine are listed in the .spec file of
189 their corresponding dll. An unimplemented call will look like (from
191 269 stub PolyBezierTo
192 To implement this call, you need to do the following four things.
194 1. Find the appropriate parameters for the call, and add a prototype to
195 the correct header file. In this case, that means [include/wingdi.h],
196 and it might look like
197 BOOL WINAPI PolyBezierTo(HDC, LPCVOID, DWORD);
198 If the function has both an ASCII and a Unicode version, you need to
199 define both and add a #define WINELIB_NAME_AW declaration. See below
200 for discussion of function naming conventions.
202 2. Modify the .spec file to tell Wine that the function has an
203 implementation, what the parameters look like and what Wine function
204 to use for the implementation. In Win32, things are simple--everything
205 is 32-bits. However, the relay code handles pointers and pointers to
206 strings slightly differently, so you should use 'str' and 'wstr' for
207 strings, 'ptr' for other pointer types, and 'long' for everything else.
208 269 stdcall PolyBezierTo(long ptr long) PolyBezierTo
209 The 'PolyBezierTo' at the end of the line is which Wine function to use
210 for the implementation.
212 3. Implement the function as a stub. Once you add the function to the .spec
213 file, you must add the function to the Wine source before it will link.
214 Add a function called 'PolyBezierTo' somewhere. Good things to put
216 o a correct prototype, including the WINAPI
217 o header comments, including full documentation for the function and
218 arguments (see documentation/README.documentation)
219 o A FIXME message and an appropriate return value are good things to
222 /************************************************************
223 * PolyBezierTo (GDI32.269)
225 * Draw many Bezier curves
228 * nonzero on success or zero on faillure
233 BOOL WINAPI PolyBezierTo(HDC hdc, /* handle to device context */
234 LPCVOID p, /* ptr to array of Point structs */
235 DWORD count /* nr of points in array */
238 /* tell the user they've got a substandard implementation */
239 FIXME(gdi, ":(%x,%p,%d): stub\n", hdc, p, count);
241 /* some programs may be able to compensate,
242 * if they know what happened
244 SetLastError(ERROR_CALL_NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
245 return FALSE; /* error value */
248 4. Implement and test the rest of the function.
251 IMPLEMENTING A NEW DLL
252 ======================
257 Apart from writing the set of needed .c files, you also need to do the
260 1. Create a directory <MyDll> where to store the implementation of
261 the DLL. This directory has to be put under the dlls/ directory.
262 If the DLL exists under Windows as both 16 and 32 bit DLL, you
263 should have a single directory with both implementations.
265 2. Create the Makefile.in in the ./dlls/<MyDll>/ directory. You can
266 copy an existing Makefile.in from another ./dlls/ subdirectory.
267 You need at least to change the MODULE and C_SRCS macros.
269 3. Add the directory in ./configure.ac (in AC_OUTPUT macro at the end
270 of the file to trigger the Makefile generation)
272 4. Run ./make_dlls in the dlls directory to update Makefile.in in
275 5. You can now regenerate ./configure file (with 'make configure')
276 and the various Makefiles (with 'configure; make depend') (run
277 from the top of Wine's tree).
278 You should now have a Makefile file in ./dlls/<MyDll>/
280 6. Create the .spec file for the DLL exported functions in your
281 directory. Refer to 'Implementation of new API calls' earlier in
282 this document for more information on this part.
284 7. You can now start adding .c files. For the .h files, if they are
285 standard Windows one, put them in include/. If they are linked to
286 *your* implementation of the dll, put them in your newly created
292 If you need to create a new debug channel, just add the
293 WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL to your .c file(s), and use them.
294 All the housekeeping will happen automatically.
299 If you also need to add resources to your DLL, then create the .rc
300 file. Add to your ./dlls/<MyDll>/Makefile.in, in the RC_SRCS macro,
301 the list of .rc files to add to the DLL. See dlls/comctl32/ for an
307 If you're building a 16 & 32 bit DLLs pair, then from the 32 bit code
308 you might need to call 16 bit routine. The way to do it to add in the
309 code, fragments like:
310 /* ### Start build ### */
311 extern WORD CALLBACK <PREFIX>_CallTo16_word_wwlll(FARPROC16,WORD,WORD,LONG,LONG,LONG);
312 /* ### stop build ### */
313 Where <PREFIX>_ is an internal prefix for your module. The first
314 parameter is always of type FARPROC16. Then, you can get the regular
315 list of parameters. The _word_wwlll indicates the type of return (long
316 or word) and the size of the parameters (here l=>long, w=>word; which
317 maps to WORD,WORD,LONG,LONG,LONG.
318 You can put several functions between the Start/Stop build pair.
320 You can also read the winebuild manpage for more details on this.
322 Then, add to ./dlls/<MyDll>/Makefile.in a line like:
324 EXTRA_OBJS = $(MODULE).glue.o
326 See dlls/winmm/ for an example of this.
331 NE (Win16) executables consist of multiple segments. The Wine loader
332 loads each segment into a unique location in the Wine processes memory
333 and assigns a selector to that segment. Because of this, it's not
334 possible to exchange addresses freely between 16-bit and 32-bit code.
335 Addresses used by 16-bit code are segmented addresses (16:16), formed
336 by a 16-bit selector and a 16-bit offset. Those used by the Wine code
337 are regular 32-bit linear addresses.
339 There are four ways to obtain a segmented pointer:
340 - Using the MapLS function (recommended).
341 - Allocate a block of memory from the global heap and use
342 WIN16_GlobalLock to get its segmented address.
343 - Declare the argument as 'segptr' instead of 'ptr' in the spec file
344 for a given API function.
346 Once you have a segmented pointer, it must be converted to a linear
347 pointer before you can use it from 32-bit code. This can be done with
348 the MapSL function. The linear pointer can then be used freely with
349 standard Unix functions like memcpy() etc. without worrying about 64k
350 boundaries. Note: there's no easy way to convert back from a linear
351 to a segmented address.
353 In most cases, you don't need to worry about segmented address, as the
354 conversion is made automatically by the callback code and the API
355 functions only see linear addresses. However, in some cases it is
356 necessary to manipulate segmented addresses; the most frequent cases
358 - API functions that return a pointer
359 - lParam of Windows messages that point to a structure
360 - Pointers contained inside structures accessed by 16-bit code.
362 It is usually a good practice to used the type 'SEGPTR' for segmented
363 pointers, instead of something like 'LPSTR' or 'char *'. As SEGPTR is
364 defined as a DWORD, you'll get a compilation warning if you mistakenly
365 use it as a regular 32-bit pointer.
371 Under Windows, data structures are tightly packed, i.e. there is no
372 padding between structure members. On the other hand, by default gcc
373 aligns structure members (e.g. WORDs are on a WORD boundary, etc.).
374 This means that a structure like
376 struct { BYTE x; WORD y; };
378 will take 3 bytes under Windows, but 4 with gcc, because gcc will add a
379 dummy byte between x and y. To have the correct layout for structures
380 used by Windows code, you need to embed the struct within two special
381 #include's which will take care of the packing for you:
383 #include "pshpack1.h"
384 struct { BYTE x; WORD y; };
385 #include "poppack1.h"
387 For alignment on a 2-byte boundary, there is a "pshpack2.h", etc.
389 The use of the WINE_PACKED attribute is obsolete. Please remove these
390 in favour of the above solution.
391 Using WINE_PACKED, you would declare the above structure like this:
393 struct { BYTE x; WORD y WINE_PACKED; };
395 You had to do this every time a structure member is not aligned
396 correctly under Windows (i.e. a WORD not on an even address, or a
397 DWORD on a address that was not a multiple of 4).
400 NAMING CONVENTIONS FOR API FUNCTIONS AND TYPES
401 ==============================================
403 In order to support both Win16 and Win32 APIs within the same source
404 code, the following convention must be used in naming all API
405 functions and types. If the Windows API uses the name 'xxx', the Wine
408 - 'xxx16' for the Win16 version,
409 - 'xxx' for the Win32 version when no ASCII/Unicode strings are
411 - 'xxxA' for the Win32 version with ASCII strings,
412 - 'xxxW' for the Win32 version with Unicode strings.
414 If the function has both ASCII and Unicode version, you should then
415 use the macros WINELIB_NAME_AW(xxx) or DECL_WINELIB_TYPE_AW(xxx)
416 (defined in include/windef.h) to define the correct 'xxx' function
417 or type for Winelib. When compiling Wine itself, 'xxx' is _not_
418 defined, meaning that code inside of Wine must always specify
419 explicitly the ASCII or Unicode version.
421 If 'xxx' is the same in Win16 and Win32, you can simply use the same
422 name as Windows, i.e. just 'xxx'. If 'xxx' is Win16 only, you could
423 use the name as is, but it's preferable to use 'xxx16' to make it
424 clear it is a Win16 function.
428 typedef struct { /* Win32 ASCII data structure */ } WNDCLASSA;
429 typedef struct { /* Win32 Unicode data structure */ } WNDCLASSW;
430 typedef struct { /* Win16 data structure */ } WNDCLASS16;
431 DECL_WINELIB_TYPE_AW(WNDCLASS);
433 ATOM RegisterClass16( WNDCLASS16 * );
434 ATOM RegisterClassA( WNDCLASSA * );
435 ATOM RegisterClassW( WNDCLASSW * );
436 #define RegisterClass WINELIB_NAME_AW(RegisterClass)
438 The Winelib user can then say:
440 WNDCLASS wc = { ... };
441 RegisterClass( &wc );
443 and this will use the correct declaration depending on the definition
444 of the UNICODE symbol.
447 NAMING CONVENTIONS FOR NON-API FUNCTIONS AND TYPES
448 ==================================================
450 Functions and data which are internal to your code (or at least shouldn't be
451 visible to any Winelib or Windows program) should be preceded by
452 an identifier to the module:
456 ENUMPRINTERS_GetDWORDFromRegistryA() (in dlls/winspool/info.c)
457 IAVIFile_fnRelease() (in dlls/avifil32/avifile.c)
458 X11DRV_CreateDC() (in graphics/x11drv/init.c)
460 if you need prototypes for these, there are a few possibilities:
461 - within same source file only:
462 put the prototypes at the top of your file and mark them as prototypes.
463 - within the same module:
464 create a header file within the subdirectory where that module resides,
465 e.g. graphics/ddraw_private.h
466 - from a totally different module, or for use in winelib:
467 you should never do that. Only exported APIs can be called across
474 To display a message only during debugging, you normally write something
482 depending on the seriousness of the problem. (documentation/degug-msgs
483 explains when it is appropriate to use each of them). You need to declare
484 the debug channel name at the top of the file (after the includes) using
485 the WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL macro, like so:
487 WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL(win);
489 If your debugging code is more complex than just printf, you can use
492 TRACE_ON(xxx), WARN_ON(xxx), ERR_ON(xxx) and FIXME_ON(xxx)
494 to test if the given channel is enabled. Thus, you can write:
496 if (TRACE_ON(win)) DumpSomeStructure(&str);
498 Don't worry about the inefficiency of the test. If it is permanently
499 disabled (that is TRACE_ON(win) is 0 at compile time), the compiler will
500 eliminate the dead code.
502 For more info about debugging messages, read:
504 documentation/debug-msgs
510 1. There is a FREE online version of the MSDN library (including
511 documentation for the Win32 API) on http://msdn.microsoft.com/
513 2. Windows apilist: http://www.mentalis.org/apilist/apilist.php
515 3. http://www.sonic.net/~undoc/bookstore.html
517 4. In 1993 Dr. Dobbs Journal published a column called "Undocumented Corner".
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