Added some flex options to avoid compiler warnings.

[wine] / tools / winedump / README

Winedump - A Wine DLL tool
--------------------------

Background
----------

Most of the functions available in Windows, and in Windows applications, are
made available to applications from DLLs. Wine implements the Win32 API by
providing replacements for the essential Windows DLLs in the form of Unix
shared library (.so) files, and provides a tool, winebuild, to allow Winelib
applications to link to functions exported from shared libraries/DLLs.

The first thing to note is that there are many DLLs that aren't yet
implemented in Wine. Mostly this doesn't present a problem because the native
Win32 versions of lots of DLLs can be used without problems, at least on
x86 platforms. However, one of Wine's goals is the eventual replacement of
every essential O/S DLL so that the whole API is implemented. This not only
means that a copy of the real O/S is not needed, but also that non-x86
platforms can run most Win32 programs after recompiling.

The second thing to note is that applications commonly use their own or 3rd
party DLLs to provide functionality. In order to call these functions with
a Winelib program, some 'glue' is needed. This 'glue' comes in the form of
a .spec file. The .spec file, along with some dummy code, is used to create
a Wine .so corresponding to the Windows DLL. The winebuild program can then
resolve calls made to DLL functions to call your dummy DLL. You then tell
Wine to only use the native Win32 version of the DLL, and at runtime your
calls will be made to the Win32 DLL. If you want to re-implement the dll,
you simply add the code for the DLL calls to your stub .so, and then tell
Wine to use the .so version instead [1].

These two factors mean that if you are:

A: Reimplementing a Win32 DLL for use within Wine, or
B: Compiling a Win32 application with Winelib that uses x86 DLLs

Then you will need to create a .spec file (amongst other things). If you
won't be doing either of the above, then you won't need winedump.

Creating a .spec file is a labour intensive task during which it is easy
to make a mistake. The idea of winedump is to automate this task and create
the majority of the support code needed for your DLL. In addition you can
have winedump create code to help you re-implement a DLL, by providing
tracing of calls to the DLL, and (in some cases) automatically determining
the parameters, calling conventions, and return values of the DLL's functions.

You can think of winedump as somewhat similar to the IMPLIB tool when
only its basic functionality is used. In addition, winedump can be used to
dump other information from PE files; See the section 'Dumping' below.


Usage
-----
Winedump is a command line tool. For the list of options and the basic usage
see the the winedump(1) man page.

Spec mode: Generating stub DLLs
-------------------------------

If all you want to do is generate a stub DLL to allow you to link your
Winelib application to an x86 DLL, the above options are all you need.

As an example, lets assume the application you are porting uses functions
from a 3rd party dll called 'zipextra.dll', and the functions in the DLL
use the __stdcall calling convention. Copy zipextra.dll to an empty directory,
change to it, and run winedump as follows:

winedump spec zipextra  (Note: this assumes winedump is in your path)

The output will look something like the following:

22 named symbols in DLL, 22 in total ...
Export    1 - '_OpenZipFile' ... [Ignoring]
Export    2 - '_UnZipFile' ... [Ignoring]
...

"[Ignoring]" Just tells you that winedump isn't trying to determine the
parameters or return types of the functions, it's just creating stubs.

The following files are created:

zipextra.spec
This is the .spec file. Each exported function is listed as a stub:

@ stub _OpenZipFile
@ stub _UnZipFile
...

This means that winebuild will generate dummy code for this function. That
doesn't concern us, because all we want is for winebuild to allow the symbols
to be resolved when linking. At run-time, the functions in the native DLL will
be called; this just allows us to link.

zipextra_dll.h zipextra_main.c
These are source code files containing the minimum set of code to build
a stub DLL. The C file contains one function, ZIPEXTRA_Init, which does
nothing (but must be present).

Makefile.in
This is a template for 'configure' to produce a makefile. It is designed
for a DLL that will be inserted into the Wine source tree. If your DLL
will not be part of Wine, or you don't wish to build it this way,
you should look at the Wine tool 'winemaker' to generate a DLL project.

FIXME: winemaker could run this tool automatically when generating projects
that use extra DLLs (*.lib in the "ADD LINK32" line in .dsp) ....

zipextra_install
A shell script for adding zipextra to the Wine source tree (see below).


Spec mode: Inserting a stub DLL into the Wine tree
--------------------------------------------------

To build your stub DLL as part of Wine, do the following:

 chmod a+x ./zipextra_install
 ./zipextra_install <wine-path>
 cd <wine-path>
 autoconf
 ./configure
 make depend && make
 make install

Your application can now link with the DLL.

If you receive the following error when running autoconf:

 autoconf: configure.in: No such file or directory

Then you need to install a newer version of autoconf. At the time of writing
version 2.53 or later is required to re-generate configure.

If you have problems with this step, you can post to the wine-devel mailing
list for help. The build process can change regularly and winebuild may lag
behind in support.

NOTE: **DO NOT** submit patches to Wine for 3rd party DLLs! Building DLLs
      into your copy of the tree is just a simple way for you to link. When
      you release your application you won't be distributing the Unix .so
      anyway, just the Win32 DLL. As you update your version of Wine
      you can simply re-run the procedure above (Since no patches are
      involved, it should be pretty resilient to changes).


Spec mode: Advanced Options
---------------------------

This section discusses features of winedump that are useful to Wine Hackers
or developers looking to re-implement a Win32 DLL for Unix. Using these
features means you will need to be able to resolve compilation problems and
have a general understanding of Wine programming.


For all advanced functionality, you must give winedump a directory or file that
contains prototypes for the DLL.

Once you have created your DLL, if you generated code (see below), you can
backup the DLL header file created and use it for rebuilding the DLL (you
should remove the DLLNAME_ prefix from the prototypes to make this work). This
allows you to add names to the function arguments, for example, so that the
comments and prototype in the regenerated DLL will be clearer.

Winedump searches for prototypes using 'grep', and then retrieves each
prototype by calling 'function_grep.pl', a Perl script. When you pass the -v
option on the command line, the calls to both of these programs are logged.
This allows you to see where each function definition has come from. Should
winedump take an excessively long time to locate a prototype, you can check
that it is searching the right files; you may want to limit the number of files
searched if locating the prototype takes too long.

You can compile function_grep.pl for a slight increase in performance; see
'man perlcc' for details.


If winedump does not find a prototype, it emits code like the following:

In the .spec file:

@stub _OpenZipFile

in the header file:

/* __cdecl ZIPEXTRA__OpenZipFile() */

in the C source file:

/*********************************************************************
 *      _OpenZipFile     (ZIPEXTRA.@)
 *
 */
#if 0
__stdcall ZIPEXTRA__OpenZipFile()
{
    /* '@Stubbed'ed in .spec */
}
#endif

If a prototype is found, or correctly demangled, the following is emitted:

.spec:
@ stdcall _OpenZipFile ZIPEXTRA__OpenZipFile

.h:
BOOL __stdcall ZIPEXTRA__OpenZipFile(LPCSTR pszFileName);

.c:
BOOL __stdcall ZIPEXTRA__OpenZipFile(LPCSTR pszFileName)
{
  TRACE("stub\n");
  return 0;
}

Note that if the prototype does not contain argument names, winedump will
add them following the convention arg0, arg1 ... argN. If the function is
demangled C++, the first argument will be called '_this' if an implicit this
pointer is passed (i.e. the function is a non-static class member function).


OPTION: -f dll   Forward calls to 'dll' (implies -t)

This is the most complicated level of code generation. The same code is
generated as -t, however support is added for forwarding calls to another
DLL. The DLL to forward to is given as 'dll'. Lets suppose we built the
examples above using "-f real_zipextra". The code generated will look like
the following:

.spec
As for -c, except if a function prototype was not found:

@ forward _OpenZipFile real_zipextra._OpenZipFile

In this case the function is forwarded to the destination DLL rather
than stubbed.

.h
As for -c.

.c

A variable "hDLL" is added to hold a pointer to the DLL to forward to, and
the initialization code in ZIPEXTRA_Init is changed to load and free the
forward DLL automatically:

HMODULE hDLL = 0; /* DLL to call through to */

BOOL WINAPI ZIPEXTRA_Init(HINSTANCE hinstDLL, DWORD fdwReason, LPVOID lpvReserved)
{
    TRACE("(0x%08x, %ld, %p)\n", hinstDLL, fdwReason, lpvReserved);

    if (fdwReason == DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH)
    {
        hDLL = LoadLibraryA( "real_zipextra" );
        TRACE ("Forwarding DLL (real_zipextra) loaded\n" );
    }
    else if (fdwReason == DLL_PROCESS_DETACH)
    {
        FreeLibrary( hDLL );
        TRACE ("Forwarding DLL (real_zipextra) freed\n" );
    }

    return TRUE;
}

The stub function is changed to call the forwarding DLL and return that value.

BOOL __stdcall ZIPEXTRA__OpenZipFile(LPCSTR pszFileName)
{
  BOOL (__stdcall *pFunc)(LPCSTR) = (void*)GetProcAddress(hDLL,"_OpenZipFile");
  BOOL retVal;
  TRACE("((LPCSTR)%s) stub\n", pszFileName);
  retVal = pFunc(pszFileName);
  TRACE("returned (%ld)\n",(LONG)retVal));
  return retVal;
}

This allows you to investigate the workings of a DLL without interfering in
its operation in any way (unless you want to).

In the example I have been using, we probably should have used the -o option
to change the output name of our DLL to something else, and used the -f
option to forward to the real zipextra DLL:

winedump spec zipextra -f zipextra -o myzipextra -I "~/zipextra/include/*h"

Then in the .spec file for our Winelib application, we add the line:

import myzipextra

When we build our application, winebuild resolves the calls to our Unix .so.
As our application runs we can see the values of all parameters passed to
the DLL, and any values returned, without having to write code to dump
them ourselves (see below for a better way to wrap a DLL for forwarding).

This isn't a very realistic example of the usefulness of this feature,
however, since we could print out the results anyway, because it is our
application making the calls to the DLL. Where DLL forwarding is most useful
is where an application or DLL we didn't write calls functions in the DLL.
In this case we can capture the sequence of calls made, and the values passed
around. This is an aid in reimplementing the DLL, since we can add code for a
function, print the results, and then call the real DLL and compare. Only
when our code is the same do we need to remove the function pointer and the
call to the real DLL. A similar feature in wine is +relay debugging. Using a
forwarding DLL allows more granular reporting of arguments, because you can
write code to dump out the contents of types/structures rather than just
their address in memory. A future version of winedump may generate this
code automatically for common Win32 types.

See below for more information on setting up a forwarding DLL.


Spec mode: Problems compiling a DLL containing generated code
-------------------------------------------------------------

Unless you are very lucky, you will need to do a small amount of work to
get a DLL generated with -c, -t or -f to compile. The reason for this is
that most DLLs will use custom types such as structs whose definition
is not known to the code in the DLL.

Heres an example prototype from crtdll:

double __cdecl _cabs(struct _complex arg0)

The definition for the _complex struct needs to be given. Since it is passed
by value, its size also needs to be correct in order to forward the call
correctly to a native DLL. In this case the structure is 8 bytes in size, which
means that the gcc compile flag -freg-struct-return must be given when
compiling the function in order to be compatible with the native DLL. (In
general this is not an issue, but you need to be aware of such issues if you
encounter problems with your forwarding DLL).

For third party (non C++) DLLs, the header(s) supplied with the DLL  can
normally be added as an include to the generated DLL header. For other DLLs
I suggest creating a separate header in the DLL directory and adding any
needed types to that. This allows you to rebuild the DLL at whim, for example
if a new version of winedump brings increased functionality, then you
only have to overwrite the generated files and re-include the header to take
advantage of it.

Usually there isn't much work to do to get the DLL to compile if you have
headers. As an example, building a forwarded crtdll, which contains 520
functions, required 20 types to be defined before it compiled. Of these,
about half were structures, so about 35 lines of code were needed. The only
change to the generated code was one line in the header to include the type
definitions.

To save some typing in case you don't have headers for your DLL type, winedump
will dump dummy declarations for unknown classes and types it encounters,
if you use the -v option. These can be piped directly into a fix-up header
file for use in compiling your DLL. For example, if winedump encounters the
(C++ ) symbol:

??0foobar@@QAE@ABV0@@Z   (Which is a constructor for a foobar object)

It will emit the following with -v set:

struct foobar { int _FIXME; };

(Classes are mapped to C structs when generating code).

The output should be piped through 'sort' and 'uniq' to remove multiple
declarations, e.g:

winedump foo -c -I "inc/*.h" -v | grep FIXME | sort | uniq > fixup.h

By adding '#include "fixup.h"' to foobar_dll.h your compile errors will be
greatly reduced.

If winedump encounters a type it doesn't know that is passed by value (as in
the _cabs example above), it also prints a FIXME message like:

/* FIXME: By value type: Assumed 'int' */ typedef int ldiv_t;

If the type is not an int, you will need to change the code and possibly
the .spec entry in order to forward correctly. Otherwise, include the typedef
in your fixup header to avoid compile errors.


Spec mode: Using a forwarding DLL
---------------------------------

To create and use a forwarding DLL to trace DLL calls, you need to first
create a DLL using the -f option as outlined above, and get it to compile.
In order to forward calls the following procedure can be used (for this
example we are going to build a forwarding msvcrt.dll for the purpose
of reimplementing it).

First we create the forwarding DLL. We will rename the real msvcrt.dll on our
system to ms_msvcrt.dll, and our msvcrt implementation will call it:

winedump spec msvcrt -C -f ms_msvcrt -I "inc/*.h"

We then install this DLL into the Wine tree and add the types we need to
make it compile. Once the DLL compiles, we create a dummy ms_msvcrt DLL so
winebuild will resolve our forward calls to it (for the cases where winedump
couldn't generate code and has placed an '@forward' line in the .spec file):

winedump spec msvcrt -C -o ms_msvcrt

Install this DLL into the wine tree (since its a stub DLL, no changes are
needed to the code).

Now uncomment the line that winedump inserted into msvcrt.spec:

#import ms_msvcrt.dll

And recompile Wine.

Finally, we must tell Wine to only use the built in msvcrt.dll and to only use
the native (Win32) ms_msvcrt.dll. Add the following two lines to ~/.wine/config
under the [DllOverrides] section:

;Use our implementation of msvcrt
"msvcrt" = "builtin, so"
;Use only the Win32 ms_msvcrt
"ms_msvcrt" = "native"

At this point, when any call is made to msvcrt.dll, Our libmsvcrt.so receives
the call. It then forwards or calls ms_msvcrt.dll, which is the native dll. We
receive a return value and pass it back to our caller, having TRACEd the
arguments on the way.

At this point you are ready to start reimplementing the calls.



Final comments
--------------

If you have any suggestions for improving this tool, please let me know.
If anyone can help answer the FIXME questions in msmangle.c or can fill me in
on any aspect of the C++ mangling scheme, I would appreciate it. In particular
I want to know what _E and _G represent.

If you encounter a C++ symbol that doesn't demangle **AND** you have the
prototype for it, please send me the symbol as reported by winedump and the
prototype. The more examples I have the easier it is to decipher the scheme,
and generating them myself is very slow.

Finally, although it is easy to generate a DLL, I _very strongly_ suggest that
you don't submit a generated DLL for inclusion into Wine unless you have
actually implemented a fairly reasonable portion of it. Even then, you should
only send the portions of the DLL you have implemented. Thousands of lines of
stub code don't help the project at all.

Please send questions and bug reports to jon_p_griffiths@yahoo.com.


References
----------

[1] See the wine and wine.conf man pages for details on how to tell Wine
    whether to use native (Win32) or internal DLL's.