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[wine] / DEVELOPERS-HINTS

This document should help new developers get started. Like all of Wine, it
is a work in progress.


SOURCE TREE STRUCTURE
=====================

The Wine source tree is loosely based on the original Windows modules. 
Most of the source is concerned with implementing the Wine API, although
there are also various tools, documentation, sample Winelib code, and
code specific to the binary loader.  Note that several of the libraries
listed here are "stubbed out", meaning they still need to be implemented.

DLLs:
-----
        dlls/                   - All the DLLs implemented by Wine

                advapi32/       - Crypto, systeminfo, security, eventlogging
                avicap32/       - AVI capture window class
                avifil32/       - COM object to play AVI files
                cabinet/        - Cabinet file interface
                comcat/         - Component category manager
                comctl32/       - Common controls
                commdlg/        - Common dialog boxes (both 16 & 32 bit)
                crtdll/         - Old C runtime library
                crypt32/        - Cryptography
                ctl3d/          - 3D Effects for Common GUI Components
                d3d8/           - Direct3D (3D graphics)
                d3d9/           - Direct3D (3D graphics)
                d3dim/          - Direct3D Immediate Mode
                d3dx8/          - Direct3D (3D graphics)
                dciman32/       - DCI Manager (graphics)
                ddraw/          - DirectDraw (graphics)
                devenum/        - Device enumeration (part of DirectShow)
                dinput/         - DirectInput (device input)
                dinput8/        - DirectInput (device input)
                dmband/         - DirectMusic
                dmcompos/       - DirectMusic
                dmime/          - DirectMusic
                dmloader/       - DirectMusic
                dmscript/       - DirectMusic
                dmstyle/        - DirectMusic
                dmsynth/        - DirectMusic
                dmusic/         - DirectMusic
                dmusic32/       - DirectMusic
                dplay/          - DirectPlay (networking)
                dplayx/         - DirectPlay (networking)
                dpnhpast/       - DirectPlay NAT Helper
                dsound/         - DirectSound (audio)
                gdi/            - GDI (graphics)
                gdi/enhmfdrv/   - Enhanced metafile driver
                gdi/mfdrv/      - Metafile driver
                glu32/          - OpenGL Utility library (graphics)
                icmp/           - ICMP protocol (networking)
                imagehlp/       - PE (Portable Executable) Image Helper lib
                imm32/          - Input Method Manager
                iphlpapi/       - IP Helper API
                kernel/         - The Windows kernel
                lzexpand/       - Lempel-Ziv compression/decompression
                mapi32/         - Mail interface
                mpr/            - Multi-Protocol Router (networking)
                msacm/          - Audio Compression Manager (multimedia)
                msdmo/          - DirectX Media Objects
                msimg32/        - Gradient and transparency (graphics)
                msisys/         - System information
                msi/            - Microsoft Installer
                msnet32/        - Network interface
                msvcrt/         - C runtime library 
                msvcrt20/       - C runtime library version 2.0
                msvcrtd/        - C runtime library debugging
                msvideo/        - 16 bit video manager
                mswsock/        - Misc networking
                netapi32/       - Network interface
                ntdll/          - NT implementation of kernel calls
                odbc32/         - Open DataBase Connectivity driver manager
                ole32/          - 32 bit OLE 2.0 libraries
                oleaut32/       - 32 bit OLE 2.0 automation
                olecli/         - 16 bit OLE client
                oledlg/         - OLE 2.0 user interface support
                olepro32/       - 32 bit OLE 2.0 automation
                olesvr/         - 16 bit OLE server
                opengl32/       - OpenGL implementation (graphics)
                psapi/          - Process Status interface
                qcap/           - DirectShow runtime
                quartz/         - DirectShow runtime
                rasapi32/       - Remote Access Server interface
                richedit/       - Rich text editing control
                rpcrt4/         - Remote Procedure Call runtime
                serialui/       - Serial port property pages
                setupapi/       - Setup interface
                shdocvw/        - Shell document object and control
                shfolder/       - Shell folder service
                shell32/        - COM object implementing shell views
                shlwapi/        - Shell Light-Weight interface
                snmpapi/        - SNMP protocol interface (networking)
                sti/            - Still Image service
                tapi32/         - Telephone interface
                ttydrv/         - TTY display driver (Wine specific)
                twain/          - TWAIN Imaging device communications
                url/            - Internet shortcut shell extension
                urlmon/         - URL Moniker allows binding to a URL (like KIO/gnome-vfs)
                user/           - Window management, standard controls, etc.
                version/        - File installation library
                win32s/         - 32-bit function access for 16-bit systems
                winaspi/        - 16 bit Advanced SCSI Peripheral Interface
                winedos/        - DOS features and BIOS calls (interrupts) (wine specific)
                wineps/         - Postscript driver (Wine specific)
                wininet/        - Internet extensions
                winmm/          - Multimedia (16 & 32 bit)
                winmm/mcianim/  - MCI animation driver
                winmm/mciavi/   - MCI video driver
                winmm/mcicda/   - MCI audio CD driver
                winmm/mciseq/   - MCI MIDI driver
                winmm/mciwave/  - MCI wave driver
                winmm/midimap/  - MIDI mapper
                winmm/wavemap/  - Audio mapper
                winmm/winealsa/ - ALSA audio driver
                winmm/winearts/ - aRts audio driver
                winmm/winejack/ - JACK audio server driver
                winmm/wineoss/  - OSS audio driver
                winnls/         - National Language Support
                winsock/        - Sockets 2.0 (networking)
                wsock32/        - Sockets 1.1 (networking)
                wintab32/       - Tablet device interface
                winspool/       - Printing & Print Spooler
                wintrust/       - Trust verification interface
                wow32/          - WOW subsystem
                x11drv/         - X11 display driver (Wine specific)

Winelib programs:
-----------------

        programs/               - All the Winelib programs

                avitools/       - AVI information viewer and player
                clock/          - Graphical clock
                cmdlgtst/       - Common dialog tests
                control/        - Control panel
                expand/         - Decompress Lempel-Ziv compressed archive
                notepad/        - Notepad with RichEdit functionality
                osversioncheck/ - Check version of Windows being indicated
                progman/        - Program manager
                regapi/         - Command line Registry implementation
                regedit/        - Registry editor
                regsvr32/       - Register COM server
                regtest/        - Registry testing program
                rpcss/          - RPC services
                rundll32/       - Execute DLL functions directly
                uninstaller/    - Remove installed programs
                view/           - Metafile viewer
                wcmd/           - Command line interface
                wineconsole/    - Console
                winedbg/        - Debugger
                winefile/       - File manager
                winemine/       - Mine game
                winepath/       - Translate between Wine and Unix paths
                winhelp/        - Help viewer
                winver/         - Windows Version Program


Support programs, libraries, etc:
---------------------------------

        documentation/          - some documentation
        include/                - Windows standard includes
        libs/                   - the Wine libraries
        libs/port/              - portability library
        libs/unicode/           - Unicode support shared
        libs/uuid/              - Windows-compatible UUID numbers
        libs/wine/              - Wine bootstrap library
        libs/wpp/               - C preprocessor
        loader/                 - the main Wine loader
        server/                 - the Wine server
        tools/                  - relay code builder, resource compiler, etc.


Miscellaneous:
--------------

Note: these directories will ultimately get moved into their
respective dlls.

        files/                  - KERNEL file I/O
        memory/                 - KERNEL memory management
        misc/                   - KERNEL shell, registry, winsock, etc.
        msdos/                  - KERNEL DOS support

        graphics/               - GDI graphics drivers
        objects/                - GDI logical objects

        controls/               - USER built-in widgets
        windows/                - USER window management



IMPLEMENTING NEW API CALLS
==========================

This is the simple version, and covers only Win32. Win16 is slightly
uglier, because of the Pascal heritage and the segmented memory model.

All of the Win32 APIs known to Wine are listed in the .spec file of
their corresponding dll. An unimplemented call will look like (from
gdi32.spec)
  269 stub PolyBezierTo
To implement this call, you need to do the following four things.

1. Find the appropriate parameters for the call, and add a prototype to
the correct header file. In this case, that means [include/wingdi.h],
and it might look like
  BOOL WINAPI PolyBezierTo(HDC, LPCVOID, DWORD);
If the function has both an ASCII and a Unicode version, you need to
define both and add a #define WINELIB_NAME_AW declaration. See below
for discussion of function naming conventions.
  
2. Modify the .spec file to tell Wine that the function has an
implementation, what the parameters look like and what Wine function
to use for the implementation. In Win32, things are simple--everything
is 32-bits. However, the relay code handles pointers and pointers to
strings slightly differently, so you should use 'str' and 'wstr' for
strings, 'ptr' for other pointer types, and 'long' for everything else.
  269 stdcall PolyBezierTo(long ptr long) PolyBezierTo
The 'PolyBezierTo' at the end of the line is which Wine function to use
for the implementation.

3. Implement the function as a stub. Once you add the function to the .spec
file, you must add the function to the Wine source before it will link.
Add a function called 'PolyBezierTo' somewhere. Good things to put
into a stub:
  o a correct prototype, including the WINAPI
  o header comments, including full documentation for the function and
    arguments (see documentation/README.documentation)
  o A FIXME message and an appropriate return value are good things to
    put in a stub.

  /************************************************************
   *                    PolyBezierTo   (GDI32.269)  
   *  
   * Draw many Bezier curves.
   *
   * RETURNS
   *   Success: Non-zero.
   *   Failure: FALSE. Use GetLastError() to find the error cause.
   *
   * BUGS
   *   Unimplemented
   */
   BOOL WINAPI PolyBezierTo(HDC hdc,     /* [In] Device context to draw to */
                            LPCVOID p,   /* [In] Array of POINT structs */
                            DWORD count  /* [In] Number of points in p */
   ) 
   {
      /* tell the user they've got a substandard implementation */
      FIXME(gdi, ":(%x,%p,%d): stub\n", hdc, p, count);

      /* some programs may be able to compensate, 
       * if they know what happened 
       */
      SetLastError(ERROR_CALL_NOT_IMPLEMENTED);  
      return FALSE;    /* error value */
   }

4. Implement and test the rest of the function.


IMPLEMENTING A NEW DLL
======================

Generic directions
------------------

Apart from writing the set of needed .c files, you also need to do the 
following:

1.  Create a directory <MyDll> where to store the implementation of
    the DLL. This directory has to be put under the dlls/ directory.
    If the DLL exists under Windows as both 16 and 32 bit DLL, you
    should have a single directory with both implementations.

2.  Create the Makefile.in in the ./dlls/<MyDll>/ directory. You can
    copy an existing Makefile.in from another ./dlls/ subdirectory.
    You need at least to change the MODULE and C_SRCS macros. 

3.  Add the directory in ./configure.ac (in AC_OUTPUT macro at the end
    of the file to trigger the Makefile generation)

4.  Run ./make_dlls in the dlls directory to update Makefile.in in
    that directory.

5.  You can now regenerate ./configure file (with 'make configure')
    and the various Makefiles (with 'configure; make depend') (run
    from the top of Wine's tree).
    You should now have a Makefile file in ./dlls/<MyDll>/

6.  Create the .spec file for the DLL exported functions in your
    directory. Refer to 'Implementation of new API calls' earlier in
    this document for more information on this part.

7.  You can now start adding .c files. For the .h files, if they are
    standard Windows one, put them in include/. If they are linked to
    *your* implementation of the dll, put them in your newly created
    directory.

Debug channels
--------------

If you need to create a new debug channel, just add the
WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL to your .c file(s), and use them. 
All the housekeeping will happen automatically.

Resources
---------

If you also need to add resources to your DLL, then create the .rc
file. Add to your ./dlls/<MyDll>/Makefile.in, in the RC_SRCS macro,
the list of .rc files to add to the DLL. See dlls/comctl32/ for an
example of this.

Thunking
--------

If you're building a 16 & 32 bit DLLs pair, then from the 32 bit code
you might need to call 16 bit routine. The way to do it to add in the
code, fragments like:
/* ### Start build ### */
extern WORD CALLBACK <PREFIX>_CallTo16_word_wwlll(FARPROC16,WORD,WORD,LONG,LONG,LONG);
/* ### stop build ### */
Where <PREFIX>_ is an internal prefix for your module. The first
parameter is always of type FARPROC16. Then, you can get the regular
list of parameters. The _word_wwlll indicates the type of return (long
or word) and the size of the parameters (here l=>long, w=>word; which
maps to WORD,WORD,LONG,LONG,LONG.
You can put several functions between the Start/Stop build pair.

You can also read the winebuild manpage for more details on this.

Then, add to ./dlls/<MyDll>/Makefile.in a line like:

EXTRA_OBJS = $(MODULE).glue.o

See dlls/winmm/ for an example of this.

MEMORY AND SEGMENTS
===================

NE (Win16) executables consist of multiple segments.  The Wine loader
loads each segment into a unique location in the Wine processes memory
and assigns a selector to that segment.  Because of this, it's not
possible to exchange addresses freely between 16-bit and 32-bit code.
Addresses used by 16-bit code are segmented addresses (16:16), formed
by a 16-bit selector and a 16-bit offset.  Those used by the Wine code
are regular 32-bit linear addresses.

There are four ways to obtain a segmented pointer:
  - Using the MapLS function (recommended).
  - Allocate a block of memory from the global heap and use
    WIN16_GlobalLock to get its segmented address.
  - Declare the argument as 'segptr' instead of 'ptr' in the spec file
    for a given API function.

Once you have a segmented pointer, it must be converted to a linear
pointer before you can use it from 32-bit code.  This can be done with
the MapSL function.  The linear pointer can then be used freely with
standard Unix functions like memcpy() etc. without worrying about 64k
boundaries.  Note: there's no easy way to convert back from a linear
to a segmented address.

In most cases, you don't need to worry about segmented address, as the
conversion is made automatically by the callback code and the API
functions only see linear addresses. However, in some cases it is
necessary to manipulate segmented addresses; the most frequent cases
are:
  - API functions that return a pointer
  - lParam of Windows messages that point to a structure
  - Pointers contained inside structures accessed by 16-bit code.

It is usually a good practice to used the type 'SEGPTR' for segmented
pointers, instead of something like 'LPSTR' or 'char *'.  As SEGPTR is
defined as a DWORD, you'll get a compilation warning if you mistakenly
use it as a regular 32-bit pointer.


STRUCTURE PACKING
=================

Under Windows, data structures are tightly packed, i.e. there is no
padding between structure members. On the other hand, by default gcc
aligns structure members (e.g. WORDs are on a WORD boundary, etc.).
This means that a structure like

struct { BYTE x; WORD y; };

will take 3 bytes under Windows, but 4 with gcc, because gcc will add a
dummy byte between x and y. To have the correct layout for structures
used by Windows code, you need to embed the struct within two special
#include's which will take care of the packing for you:

#include "pshpack1.h"
struct { BYTE x; WORD y; };
#include "poppack1.h"

For alignment on a 2-byte boundary, there is a "pshpack2.h", etc.

The use of the WINE_PACKED attribute is obsolete. Please remove these 
in favour of the above solution. 
Using WINE_PACKED, you would declare the above structure like this:

struct { BYTE x; WORD y WINE_PACKED; };

You had to do this every time a structure member is not aligned
correctly under Windows (i.e. a WORD not on an even address, or a
DWORD on a address that was not a multiple of 4).


NAMING CONVENTIONS FOR API FUNCTIONS AND TYPES
==============================================

In order to support both Win16 and Win32 APIs within the same source
code, the following convention must be used in naming all API
functions and types. If the Windows API uses the name 'xxx', the Wine
code must use:

 - 'xxx16' for the Win16 version,
 - 'xxx'   for the Win32 version when no ASCII/Unicode strings are
   involved,
 - 'xxxA'  for the Win32 version with ASCII strings,
 - 'xxxW'  for the Win32 version with Unicode strings.

If the function has both ASCII and Unicode version, you should then
use the macros WINELIB_NAME_AW(xxx) or DECL_WINELIB_TYPE_AW(xxx)
(defined in include/windef.h) to define the correct 'xxx' function
or type for Winelib. When compiling Wine itself, 'xxx' is _not_
defined, meaning that code inside of Wine must always specify
explicitly the ASCII or Unicode version.

If 'xxx' is the same in Win16 and Win32, you can simply use the same
name as Windows, i.e. just 'xxx'.  If 'xxx' is Win16 only, you could
use the name as is, but it's preferable to use 'xxx16' to make it
clear it is a Win16 function.

Examples:

typedef struct { /* Win32 ASCII data structure */ } WNDCLASSA;
typedef struct { /* Win32 Unicode data structure */ } WNDCLASSW;
typedef struct { /* Win16 data structure */ } WNDCLASS16;
DECL_WINELIB_TYPE_AW(WNDCLASS);

ATOM RegisterClass16( WNDCLASS16 * );
ATOM RegisterClassA( WNDCLASSA * );
ATOM RegisterClassW( WNDCLASSW * );
#define RegisterClass WINELIB_NAME_AW(RegisterClass)

The Winelib user can then say:

    WNDCLASS wc = { ... };
    RegisterClass( &wc );

and this will use the correct declaration depending on the definition
of the UNICODE symbol.


NAMING CONVENTIONS FOR NON-API FUNCTIONS AND TYPES
==================================================

Functions and data which are internal to your code (or at least shouldn't be
visible to any Winelib or Windows program) should be preceded by
an identifier to the module:

Examples:

ENUMPRINTERS_GetDWORDFromRegistryA()    (in dlls/winspool/info.c)
IAVIFile_fnRelease()                    (in dlls/avifil32/avifile.c)
X11DRV_CreateDC()                       (in graphics/x11drv/init.c)

if you need prototypes for these, there are a few possibilities:
- within same source file only:
  put the prototypes at the top of your file and mark them as prototypes.
- within the same module:
  create a header file within the subdirectory where that module resides,
  e.g.  graphics/ddraw_private.h
- from a totally different module, or for use in winelib:
  you should never do that. Only exported APIs can be called across
  module boundaries.


DEBUG MESSAGES
==============

To display a message only during debugging, you normally write something
like this:

        TRACE("abc...");  or
        FIXME("abc...");  or
        WARN("abc...");   or
        ERR("abc...");

depending on the seriousness of the problem. (documentation/debugging.sgml
explains when it is appropriate to use each of them). You need to declare
the debug channel name at the top of the file (after the includes) using
the WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL macro, like so:

        WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL(win);

If your debugging code is more complex than just printf, you can use 
the macros:

        TRACE_ON(xxx), WARN_ON(xxx), ERR_ON(xxx) and FIXME_ON(xxx) 

to test if the given channel is enabled. Thus, you can write:

        if (TRACE_ON(win)) DumpSomeStructure(&str);

Don't worry about the inefficiency of the test. If it is permanently 
disabled (that is TRACE_ON(win) is 0 at compile time), the compiler will 
eliminate the dead code.

For more info about debugging messages, read:

http://www.winehq.org/site/docs/wine-devel/debugging


MORE INFO
=========

1. There is a FREE online version of the MSDN library (including
   documentation for the Win32 API) on http://msdn.microsoft.com/
   or http://www.msdn.com/

2. Windows apilist:  http://www.mentalis.org/apilist/apilist.php

3. http://www.sonic.net/~undoc/bookstore.html

4. In 1993 Dr. Dobbs Journal published a column called "Undocumented Corner".

5. www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/4942/